现代语言学笔记及课后答案.docx

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1、现代语言学笔记及课后答案Linguistics:Itisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.Generallinguistics:Thestudyoflanguageasawholeiscalledgenerallinguistics.Appliedlinguistics:Inanarrowsense,appliedlinguisticsreferstotheapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearn

2、ing,especiallytheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguages.Inabroadsense,itreferstotheapplicationoflinguisticfindingstothesolutionofpracticalproblemssuchastherecoveryofspeechability.Synchronicstudy:Thestudyofalanguageatsomepointintime.e.g.AstudyofthefeaturesoftheEnglishusedinShakespear

3、e’stimeisasynchronicstudy.Diachronicstudy:Thestudyofalanguageasitchangesthroughtime.Adiachronicstudyoflanguageisahistoricalstudy,whichstudiesthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime.e.g.astudyofthechangesEnglishhasundergonesinceShakespeare’stimeisadiachronicstudy.Langu

4、agecompetence:Theidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.Atransformational-generativegrammar（转化死针言法）isamodeloflanguagecompetence.Languageperformance:performanceistheactualrealizationoftheideallanguageuser’sknowledgeoftherulesinlinguisticcommunication.Langue:Languereferstothea

5、bstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity;Langueisthesetofconventionsandruleswhichlanguageusersallhavetofollow;Langueisrelativelystable,itdoesnotchangefrequently.Parole:Parolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse;paroleistheconcreteuseoftheconventionsandt

6、heapplicationoftherules;parolevariesfrompersontoperson,andfromsituationtosituation.Language:Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Arbitrariness:Itisoneofthedesignfeaturesoflanguage.Itmeansthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.Agoodexam

7、pleisthefactthatdifferentsoundsareusedtorefertothesameobjectindifferentlanguages.Productivity:Languageisproductiveorcreativeinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.Duality:Languageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructure,ortwolevels,oneofsou

8、ndsatthelowerorbasiclevel,andtheotherofm