英国社会与文化论文

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1、ResearchonEnglishWomen'sEmploymentandIncomeinthe19thCenturySummary:本文主要研究19世纪英国妇女的工资情况，从19世纪就业妇女的工作种类、工资情况分析着手，再深入剖析其原因。通过分析可以看出，在19世纪的英国，就业妇女的工作大多是知识、技术含量低下的种类，其工资情况也不容乐观，究其主要原因是受“男主外女主内”传统观念的影响，通过妇女的就业与工资情况可以看出当时英国社会下妇女的地位，也从侧面揭示了男性的主导地位，向世界展示了部分欧洲的社会与文化风貌。另外，研究这一课题对于我国现代化建设中如何处理妇女在劳动市场中的经济地位、

2、社会地位具有指导性的意义。ResearchonEnglishWomen'sEmploymentandIncomeinthe19thCentury1、TypesofEmploymentDuringtheprocessofmodernizationinthe19thcentury,womenwasattheborderofjobs.Therewereabout4typesoftheiremployment.Mostwomenworkedathomeorinthepartwhichwasrelatedtotheextensionofhomejobs.Themajorityofthesejob

3、sbelongedtonon-skillfulandlow-paidindustryandwecalledthesejobshomeservicetrades.Homeservicetradescanbedividedbylong-termserviceandshort-timeservice.Bothofthemtookthejobofcookingmeals,washingclothes,lookingafterthechildrenandcleaningtheroom.Thesecondbiggestwomenindustrywastextile.Womenintheindust

4、rycouldonlyworkinthedepartmentofspinningandweavingwhichwasdirtyandstrength-consuming.Thesedepartmentswereoflow-techniqueandlow-income.Womenwereexcludedfromtheskillfuljobs.Anotherkindofjobwascalledbloodandsweatindustrywhichwasalsooneofdepartmentsmanywomenworkingin.Thisdepartmentincludedsewing,kni

5、ttingandsuchsokindsofmanufacturingjobs.Incomeofthiskindofdepartmentismuchlowerthanthatofwomeninfactory.However,after1970s,withthedevelopmentofindustry,becauseofarevolution,white-collarrevolution,anewdepartmentcameintobeing.Womenbegantotakeupsometechnicaljobs.Butthegradewasstilllow.Theiroccupatio

6、nswerefocusedtypist,telegrapherandtelephoneoperatorandsoon.Justlikeotherdepartments,theirincomewereonlyabout25%to50%ofmen.Evenifonewomanandmantookupthesamekindofjob,man'sincomewasmuchhigherthanthoseofwoman.2、IncomeofEmploymentOnthewhole,women'spaywaslowerthantheman'sinthesametradeandwomenbelonge

7、dtothelow-paygroup.Inthelate20sandtheearly30softhe19thcentury,women'saverageincomewasabout1/3to1/2ofmen's.Itwasjustnearly40%ofmenworkers'incomeevenifthehighestwage.Manymaidservantscouldn'tevensupportthemselvesfortheirannuali