unit8汉英对比与翻译(一)

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Unit8汉英对比与翻译（一）课时：2H教学目的要求：掌握句子翻译中的基本元素的翻译，主要掌握主语和谓语的正确确立。教学重点：汉英翻译中句子主语和谓语的确立。教学难点：如何使译文的主语和谓语符合语法和语言使用规范。教学内容：正确确立单句的主干：(一)主语的确立：英语主语的严格性，只能由名词（或）代词，例如Wecansolvetheproblem.Thisproblemcanbesolvedinmanyways.）或具有名词语法功能的语言单位（如动词不定式、动名词、名词性从句>一般指主语从句，例如Tosolvethisproblemneedspatience.Workingingeniously>adj.有独创性的，具有创造才能的adv.workingingeniously有才能地，巧干>mayhelpyoulearnEnglishwell.Itisnotknownyetwhethertheywillreturntoday.）来充当。试找出下列句子英译的恰当主语，并进行翻译？l>>直接用原文的主语1)如果不适当地处理，锅炉及机动车辆排出的废气就会造成城市空气污染。Exhaustfromboilersandvehicles,unlessproperlytreated,causesairpollutionincities.2)如果说，词汇是语言的“建筑材料”，那么，句子便是文章的“基本部件”。Ifvocabularyisthe“buildingmaterials”forlanguage,sentencesarethe“fundamentalparts”ofwritings.l>>替换主语以符合英语表达1)鲁迅的骨头是最硬的，他没有丝毫的奴颜和媚骨，这是殖民地半殖民地人民最可宝贵的性格。LuHsunwasamanofunyieldingintegrity,freefromallsycophancy－拍马屁，奉承orobsequiousness-谄媚;thisqualityisinvaluableamongcolonialandsemi-colonialpeople.LuHsun’sboneswerethehardest;hewasfreefromallsycophancyorobsequiousness;thisisinvaluableamongcolonialandsemi-colonialpeople.2)胎又瘪了。We’vegotanotherflattire.Thetireturnsflatagain?3)人不可貌相，海水不可斗量。Itisimpossibletojudgepeoplefromtheirappearance,andimpossibletomeasuretheoceanbypints.(刘鹗《老残游记》，杨宪益、戴乃迭译)Wecan’tjudgepeoplefromtheirappearance,justaswecan’tmeasuretheoceanbypints.4 l>>找出译文中合适的主语1)在历史上，由于长江不断改道，在武汉地区形成了众多的湖泊。TheconstantchangeofthecourseoftheChangjiangRiverinhistoryhelpedformagreatmanylakesintheareasaroundWuhan-acityincentralChina.BecauseoftheconstantchangeofthecourseoftheChangjiangRiverinhistory,therehaveformed>vi.形成agreatmanylakes(“therebe”,“agreatmanylakes”)intheareasaroundWuhan-acityincentralChina.2)健康不佳就无法有效工作。（表示条件的主语用抽象的英语名词短语表达）Poorhealthmaycauseone’sinefficiencyatwork.One’spoorhealthwillincapacitate>使不能胜任himforefficientwork(fromefficientwork).Youcannotworkefficientlyifyouareinpoorhealth.>口语体3)北京地区由于近些年加强了植树造林，在一些地方飞来了稀有的鸟类。TheexpansionofwoodsinsomeplacesaroundBeijingtheseyearsattractsquiteafewrarebirds.QuiteafewrarebirdscometosettledowninsomeplacesaroundBeijingthankstotheexpansionofwoodstheretheseyears.4)世纪交替，千年更迭，人类社会的发展正在揭开新的篇章。Theturnofthecenturyhasopenedanewchapterinthedevelopmentofhumansociety.5)世纪之交，中国外交空前活跃。TheturnofthecenturyfindsChinamostactiveonthediplomaticarena.Attheturnofthecentury,Chinaismostactiveinitsdiplomaticactivities.l>>主语的客观性1)你做这事不费吹灰之力。Itisveryeasyforyoutodosuchathing.2)决定把这问题提到下次会上讨论。Itwasdecidedtobringthematterupatthenextmeeting.3)这时我激动得说不出话来。Wordsfailmehere.Iamtooexcited/stirred/agitated(前一表示激动人心的那种，后两个表示焦躁，不安产生的激动等)toutteranywords.Ø英语多用被动式1)成都新改建的府南河两岸将修建许多草坪和居民大楼。Plentyoflawnsandapartmenthouseswillbebuiltalongboththebanksofthenewly-renovatedFunanRiver.2)公共场所禁止吸烟。Smokingisforbiddeninpublicplaces.3)这件事至今还没有得出正确的结论。Sofarnocorrectconclusionhasbeendrawnonthematter.4)有明显的迹象表明，一些古老的传统和价值观不再为年轻人所珍藏。4 Obvioussignsshowthatsomeoldtraditionsandvaluesarenotcherishedbyyouthanymore.5)收音机的成本降低了80％。Thecostofradiosetswasreducedby80%.6)可以预见，在一个不太长的时间内，中国必在科学技术方面赶上世界最先进的国家。ItcanbepredictedthatChinawillcertainlycatchupwiththemostadvancednationsintheworldinscienceandtechnologyinnottoolongatime.ØTherebe专练1)好像有点不大对头。Thereseemssomethingwrongaboutit.2)古今中外，在商贸市场上历来都是大鱼吃小鱼。Thereexistsalaw(“therebe”,thelogicalsubjecttobe“alaw”,latentinthecontext)atalltimesandinallcountriesthatthegreatfisheatupthesmallintheworldofbusiness.3)古今中外，这种情况概莫能外。Thereisnoexceptiontothisinmodernorancienttimes,inChinaorelsewhere.Ø无主句－增补主语到了济南府，进得城来，家家泉水，户户垂杨，比那江南风景，觉得更具为有趣。WhenhereachedJinanandenteredthecity,therewereflowingstreamsbyeveryhouseandwillowtreesbyeverydoor,whichdelightedhimevenmorethanthesceneryofthesouth.(刘鹗《老残游记》，杨宪益、戴乃迭译)(一)谓语的确立Ø谓语只能由动词（系动词或实义动词）或动词短语担当。1）北京很好玩。Beijingisagreatcitytohavefun.2）北京外来人口逐年增多。ThenumberofpeoplefromotherplacesinBeijingincreasesyearbyyear.3）从北京乘火车到郑州要花十多个小时。IttakesmorethantenhourstoridebytrainfromBeijingtoZhengzhou,thecapitalcityofHenanprovincenearBeijing.4）总统明天准备乘专机前往上海参观访问。ThepresidentpreparestogotoShanghaibyhisspecialplaneforavisittomorrow.5）晚上过来跟我们一块打保龄球如何？Wouldyoucometojoinusforplayingbowlingthisevening?Ø注意谓语动词的选择的准确性1）中央政府不干预香港特别行政区的事务。ThecentralgovernmenthasneverintervenedintheaffairsoftheHKSAR.(refrainfromdoingsth>克制自己不去干预，intervene>不干预也不想干预之意思)2）中国经济将融入世界经济的大潮。4 TheeconomyofChinawillconvergewiththatoftheworld.(mergeinto>意为消没在。。。之中，不恰当)3）新的景点不断出现，观光人数不断增加，地区经济也有了很大发展。Theemergenceofonenewscenicspotafteranotherandtheinfluxofmoreandmoretouristshavealsoboostedtheeconomy.作业：Ø比较以下译文，哪个更好？1）本文所讲的内容对通讯工程来说是很有趣的。a.Thecontentthatthispapertalksaboutisofgreatinteresttocommunicationengineers.b.Whatthispaperdiscussesisofgreatinteresttocommunicationengineers.2)在零售和烹调行业方面，家办企业的买卖完全超过了国家办的。a.Intheretailandcateringsectors,householdoperationshavecompletelyoutmarketedthestate.b.Intheretailandcateringsectors,householdoperationshavesurpassedthatofthestate.3）和古庙正好隔河相对的那坐宝塔据说是明代的建筑。a.ThepagodathatstandsfacingtheancienttempleandisseparatedfromeachotherbytheriverissaidtohavebeenbuiltintheMingDynasty.b.ItissaidthatthepagodajustacrosstheriverfromtheancienttemplewasbuiltintheMingDynasty.4)我们大为惊奇的是，那幢经受强烈地震而幸存下来的惟一建筑物竟是砖木结构。a.Toourgreatsurprise,theonlybuildingthatsurvivedtheviolentearthquakewasoneofbrickandwoodstructure.b.Toourgreatsurprise,theonlybuildingthatfortunatelyexistedaftertheviolentearthquakewasoneofbrickandwoodstructure.4