2021-2023年高考英语真题分项解读及变式汇编22 阅读理解D篇真题变式题（新高考原卷版）.docx

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2023年高考真题变式题分类汇编专题22阅读理解D篇真题变式题（新高考卷）【2023年高考真题】OnMarch7,1907,theEnglishstatisticianFrancisGaltonpublishedapaperwhichillustratedwhathascometobeknownasthe“wisdomofcrowds”effect.Theexperimentofestimationheconductedshowedthatinsomecases,theaverageofalargenumberofindependentestimatescouldbequiteaccurate.Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,thoseerrorsaren’talwaysthesame.Somepeoplewilltendtooverestimate,andsometounderestimate.Whenenoughoftheseerrorsareaveragedtogether,theycanceleachotherout,resultinginamoreaccurateestimate.Ifpeoplearesimilarandtendtomakethesameerrors,thentheirerrorswon’tcanceleachotherout.Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople’sestimatesbeindependent.Ifforwhateverreasons,people’serrorsbecomecorrelatedordependent,theaccuracyoftheestimatewillgodown.ButanewstudyledbyJoaquinNavajasofferedaninterestingtwist(转折)onthisclassicphenomenon.Thekeyfindingofthestudywasthatwhencrowdswerefurtherdividedintosmallergroupsthatwereallowedtohaveadiscussion,theaveragesfromthesegroupsweremoreaccuratethanthosefromanequalnumberofindependentindividuals.Forinstance,theaverageobtainedfromtheestimatesoffourdiscussiongroupsoffivewassignificantlymoreaccuratethantheaverageobtainedfrom20independentindividuals.Inafollow-upstudywith100universitystudents,theresearcherstriedtogetabettersenseofwhatthegroupmembersactuallydidintheirdiscussion.Didtheytendtogowiththosemostconfidentabouttheirestimates?Didtheyfollowthoseleastwillingtochangetheirminds?Thishappenedsomeofthetime,butitwasn’tthedominantresponse.Mostfrequently,thegroupsreportedthatthey“sharedargumentsandreasonedtogether”.Somehow,theseargumentsandreasoningresultedinaglobalreductioninerror.AlthoughthestudiesledbyNavajashavelimitationsandmanyquestionsremain,thepotentialimplicationsforgroupdiscussionanddecision-makingareenormous.1．Whatisparagraph2ofthetextmainlyabout?A．Themethodsofestimation.B．Theunderlyinglogicoftheeffect.C．Thecausesofpeople’serrors.D．ThedesignofGalton’sexperiment.2．Navajas’studyfoundthattheaverageaccuracycouldincreaseevenif________.A．thecrowdswererelativelysmallB．therewereoccasionalunderestimatesC．individualsdidnotcommunicateD．estimateswerenotfullyindependent学科网（北京）股份有限公司 3．Whatdidthefollow-upstudyfocuson?A．Thesizeofthegroups.B．Thedominantmembers.C．Thediscussionprocess.D．Theindividualestimates.4．Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardNavajas’studies?A．Unclear.B．Dismissive.C．Doubtful.D．Approving.Ascitiesballoonwithgrowth,accesstonatureforpeoplelivinginurbanareasisbecominghardertofind.Ifyou’relucky,theremightbeapocketparknearwhereyoulive,butit’sunusualtofindplacesinacitythatarerelativelywild.Pastresearchhasfoundhealthandwellnessbenefitsofnatureforhumans,butanewstudyshowsthatwildnessinurbanareasisextremelyimportantforhumanwell-being.Theresearchteamfocusedonalargeurbanpark.Theysurveyedseveralhundredpark-goers,askingthemtosubmitawrittensummaryonlineofameaningfulinteractiontheyhadwithnatureinthepark.Theresearchersthenexaminedthesesubmissions,coding(编码)experiencesintodifferentcategories.Forexample,oneparticipant’sexperienceof“Wesatandlistenedtothewavesatthebeachforawhile”wasassignedthecategories“sittingatbeach”and“listeningtowaves.”Acrossthe320submissions,apatternofcategoriestheresearcherscalla“naturelanguage”begantoemerge.Afterthecodingofallsubmissions,halfadozencategorieswerenotedmostoftenasimportanttovisitors.Theseincludeencounteringwildlife,walkingalongtheedgeofwater,andfollowinganestablishedtrail.Namingeachnatureexperiencecreatesausablelanguage,whichhelpspeoplerecognizeandtakepartintheactivitiesthataremostsatisfyingandmeaningfultothem.Forexample,theexperienceofwalkingalongtheedgeofwatermightbesatisfyingforayoungprofessionalonaweekendhikeinthepark.Backdowntownduringaworkday,theycanenjoyamoredomesticformofthisinteractionbywalkingalongafountainontheirlunchbreak.“We’retryingtogeneratealanguagethathelpsbringthehuman-natureinteractionsbackintoourdailylives.Andforthattohappen,wealsoneedtoprotectnaturesothatwecaninteractwithit,”saidPeterKahn,aseniorauthorofthestudy.5．Whatphenomenondoestheauthordescribeatthebeginningofthetext?A．Pocketparksarenowpopular.B．Wildnatureishardtofindincities.学科网（北京）股份有限公司 C．Manycitiesareoverpopulated.D．Peopleenjoylivingclosetonature.6．Whydidtheresearcherscodeparticipantsubmissionsintocategories?A．Tocomparedifferenttypesofpark-goers.B．Toexplainwhytheparkattractstourists.C．Toanalyzethemainfeaturesofthepark.D．Tofindpatternsinthevisitors’summaries.7．Whatcanwelearnfromtheexamplegiveninparagraph5?A．Walkingisthebestwaytogainaccesstonature.B．Youngpeoplearetoobusytointeractwithnature.C．Thesamenatureexperiencetakesdifferentforms.D．Thenaturelanguageenhancesworkperformance.8．WhatshouldbedonebeforewecaninteractwithnatureaccordingtoKahn?A．Languagestudy.B．Environmentalconservation.C．Publiceducation.D．Interculturalcommunication.【高考真题变式题1】Alittlebrainstimulationatnightappearstohelppeoplerememberwhattheylearnedthepreviousday,astudyof18severeepilepsy(癫痫)patientshasfound.Duringsleep,braincellsfireinrhythmicpatterns.Whentwobrainareassynchronize(同步)theirfiringpatterns,theyareabletocommunicate.Duringnon-rapideyemovementsleep,thehippocampus,founddeepinthebrain,synchronizesitsactivitywiththeprefrontalcortex,whichliesjustbehindtheforehead.Thishelpstransformmemoriesfromthedayintomemoriesthatcanlastalifetime.Dr.ItzhakFriedattheUniversityofCaliforniaandhisteamgathered18epilepsypatientswhoalreadyhadelectrodes(电极)intheirbrainsformedicalevaluation.Thisofferedthescientistsawaytobothmonitorandchangeaperson’sbrainrhythms.Theyuseda“celebritypet”testinwhichparticipantswereshownimagesmatchingaparticularcelebritywithaspecificanimal.Thegoalwastorememberwhichanimalwentwithwhichcelebrity.Patientssawtheimagesbeforegoingtobed.Whilesleeping,someofthemgottinyelectricalstimulationthroughthewiresintheirbrains.Inpatientswhogotthestimulation,rhythmsinthetwobrainareasbecamemore学科网（北京）股份有限公司 synchronized.Andwhentheywokeuptheyscoredhigheronthetest.Theexperimentwasbasedondecadesofresearchdonebyscientists,includingDr.GyörgyBuzsáki,aneuroscientistatNewYorkUniversity.Butchangingrhythmsinhealthypeoples’brainsmightnotimprovetheirmemory,hesays,becausethosecommunicationchannelsarealreadyinperfectcondition.Theepilepsypatientsmayhaveimprovedbecausetheystartedoutwithsleepandmemoryproblemscausedbyboththedisorderandthedrugsusedtotreatit.Evenso,hesays,theapproachhasthepotentialtohelpmillionsofpeoplewithdamagedmemory.Andbrainrhythmsprobablyplaypartsinmanyotherproblems.“Theyarenotspecifictomemory.Theyaredoingalotofotherthings,”Buzsákisays,likeregulatingmoodandemotion.9．Whatisparagraph2mainlyabout?A．Theformingprocessofmemories.B．Theworkingprinciplefortheresearch.C．Theanalysisofbraincells’firingpatterns.D．Theadvantagesforstudiesinbrainactivities.10．Whywereelectricalstimulationsdeliveredtosomepatientsatnight?A．Toconducttheirmedicalevaluation.B．Tomonitortheirbrainrhythms.C．Tofacilitatesynchronyoftheirbrainareas.D．Torecordscoresofthememorytests.11．Whatcanbeexpectedoftheapproachproposedintheresearch?A．Itwillstrengthenhealthypeople’smemory.B．Itmayenhancepeople’scommunicationskills.C．Itcanhelpreduceepilepsypatients’druguse.D．Itmighthelppeoplewithmentalproblems.12．WhatisGyörgyBuzsáki’sattitudetowardFried’sresearch?A．Hesitant.B．Favorable.C．Critical.D．Dismissive.【高考真题变式题2】Studentswithdyscalculiaexperiencedifficultyinmathematicsandnumber-basedlearning.Thesestudentscanhavetroublegraspingmeaningsofnumericalsymbolsorunderstandingspatialprocessingsuchasthe学科网（北京）股份有限公司 rotation(旋转)ofanobjectintheirmind.Nationwide,about15percentofstudentshavebeenscreenedforthedisability,yetmanymoreseemtobestruggling.AccordingtoanationallyrepresentativesurveyinApril2023,about40percentofmathteachersnationwidesaythattheirstudentsareperformingbelowgradelevelinmath.Whiletheterm“dyscalculia”wascoinedinthe1940s,itdidnotbecomemorewidelyknownuntilthe1970s.Researchonthedisorderpickedupinthe1990swiththewidespreaduseofMRItechnology,butit’sstillnotwidelyunderstood,accordingtoadvocates.SomeadultswithdyscalculiaspokeaboutwhatitwasliketostruggleinK-12schoolswithadisabilitythatwaslargelyunrecognizedandhowtheyhadtolearntoaccepttheirdisabilityandgetthehelptheyneed.Navigatinggrowingupalongsideacademicdemandsisadifficultphaseoflifeforanyone.“ThehardestpartofhavingdyscalculiainmyK-12experiencewasdealingwithadisabilityontopofthenormalaspectsofgrowingup,”Cladeksaid.“Growingupwithdyscalculiagreatlyaffectedmyself-worthandnotfeelinglikeIamenough,”saidCladek,whoisnowacollegestudent.“IflcouldonlybeabletofitinwiththerestofthekidsandnothavethisanxietyandfrustrationeverytimeIlookatamathproblemonmyworksheet,thenI’llbeenough,whichwasacommonthoughtIhad.”Whilereceivingthediagnosiscanbescary,itisactuallyhelpful.Somesaidthediagnosiscanbringasenseofreliefafterstrugglingforsolong.“Iliterallybrokedownintears,becausemyentirelifeIwastellingmyself,‘I’mstupid,’”Hadbahsaid.Pikula,whowasdiagnoseddyscalculiainherK-12careerandnowisasocialmediamanager,offeredwordsofencouragementtostudentswhomaybegoingthroughsimilarexperiences.“Peoplewithdyscalculiacanbecomeengineers,andtheycanbecomescientists.”13．Whatcanwelearnabout“dyscalculia”?A．About40%studentsareexperiencingdyscalculianationwide.B．Itsgeneralrecognitionis40yearslaterthanitsfirstappearance.C．Studentswithdyscalculiarefusetomemorizenumericalsymbols.D．Studentswithdyscalculiastrugglemorewithabstractmathproblems.14．Accordingtoadvocates,whatcontributestoresearchingon“dyscalculia”?A．Applicationoftechnology.B．Mostpatients’strongappeal.C．Nationalmathteachers’demand.D．Publicawarenessoflearningdisabilities.学科网（北京）股份有限公司 15．WhatdoestheauthorwanttosaybymentoningCladek’sexperience?A．Cladekhasfantasticmemoriesofschooling.B．It’sbettertohavedyscalculiadiagnosedearlier.C．Growingupwithdyscalculiaisabigchallenge.D．Academicdemandsoutweighstrugglingwithdyscalculia.16．Inwhichpartofawebsitemaythistextappear?A．Culture.B．Education.C．Fashion.D．Psychology.【高考真题变式题3】AnewresearchinNaturerevealsthatawarmingworldisincreasinghuman-wildlifeconflicts.“Wefoundevidenceofconflictsbetweenpeopleandwildlifeexacerbatedbyclimatechangeonsixcontinents,infivedifferentoceans,inmarinesystems,infreshwatersystems-involvingmammals,birds,fishandsoon,”saidleadauthorBrianaAbrahms.Toidentifytrends,theteamstudiedpublished,peer—reviewedincidentsofhuman—wildlifeconflictsandidentifiedcasesthatwerelinkedspecificallytotheeffectsofclimatechange.Theseincludebothshort-termclimateevents-suchasadrought-aswellaslonger-termchanges.WarmingintheArctic,forexample,isleadingtolossofseaicewhichhasleftpolarbearsshortoffood.Theyincreasinglytravelonland,sometimesenteringhumansettlementsandattackingpeople,asarecentincidentinAlaskaillustrates.Mostcasesofhuman-wildlifeconflictslinkedtoclimateinvolveashiftinresources—notjustforwildlife,butalsoforpeople.Amajorityofcasesonlandalsoinvolvedachangeinprecipitation(降水),whichwillcontinuetobeaffectedbyclimatechange.Manyresultedinhumandeathsorinjuries,aswellaspropertydamage.“Identifyingandunderstandingthislinkbetweenhuman-wildlifeconflictsisnotonlyaconservationissue,”saidAbrahms.“Itisalsoasocialjusticeandhumansafetyissue.Thesetypesofconflictsarelikelytoriseasclimatechangeintensifies(加剧),particularlyasmassmigrationsofpeopleandwildlifeincreaseandresourcesshift.”But,itdoesn’thavetobeallbadnews.“Onemajormotivationinstudyingthelinkbetweenclimatechangeandhuman-wildlifeconflictsisfindingsolutions,”saidAbrahms.“Aswelearnaboutspecificincidents,wecanidentifypatternsandtends-andcomeupwithinterventions(干预)totrytoaddresstheseconflicts.”Someinterventionsmaybeassimpleaspublic-awarenesscampaigns.Governmentscanalsoplanfortimeswhenextremeclimateeventswillbringpeopleandwildlifeintoclosercontact.“Onceyouknowtherootcauses学科网（北京）股份有限公司 ofaconflict,youcandesigninterventionstohelpbothpeopleandwildlife,”saidAbrahms.“Wecanchange.”17．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“exacerbated”inparagraph1mean?A．Anticipated.B．Perceived.C．Worsened.D．Faded.18．Whydoestheauthormentionthecaseofpolarbearsinparagraph2?A．Toshowclimatechangecandriveconflictsbyalteringanimalhabitats.B．Tocomparehumans’behaviorswithanimal’sinincreasingconflicts.C．Toinformhumansofprotectingwildlifeinresponsetoclimatechange.D．Toproveanimalshaveahardlifeinfaceofglobalwarmingnowadays.19．WhichofthefollowingstatementswouldAbrahmsagreewith?A．Human-wildlifeconflictswillbesettledsoon.B．Human-wildlifeconflictscanincreaseasresourcesshift.C．Therewillbenoconflictsifpeopleandwildlifestaywheretheyare.D．Thegoalinstudyinghuman-wildlifeconflictsisgainingsupport.20．WhatdoesAbrahmsthinkofinterventions?A．Theyaretoosimple.B．Theyareout-of-date.C．Theyarechangeable.D．Theyarebeneficial.【高考真题变式题4】Duringthe20thcentury,anestimated3milliongreatwhaleswerehuntedtoprovidehumanswithoil,meatandrosefertiliser.RogerPayne,abiologistandenvironmentalist,spurred(推动)aworldwideenvironmentalconservationmovementwithhisdiscoverythatwhalescouldsing.Thisdiscoverywasmadein1967duringhisresearchtriptoBermuda(百慕大)whenanavyengineerprovidedhimwitharecordingofcuriousunderwatersoundsdocumented.Payneidentifiedthetonesassongswhalessingtooneanotherandhewasconsciousfromthestartthatwhalesongwastogetthepublicinterestedinprotectingananimalpreviouslyconsideredlittlemorethanaresource,curiosityornuisance.Paynesawthediscoveryofwhalesongasachancetospurinterestinsavingthegiantanimals,whoweredisappearingfromtheplanet.In1970,PaynereleasedthealbumSongsoftheHumpbackWhale.Therecord,asurprisehit,fueledaglobalmovementtoendthepracticeofcommercialwhalehuntingandsavethewhalesfromextinction.Itremainsthebestsellingenvironmentalalbuminhistory.Theimpactofthewhalesongdiscoveryontheearlyenvironmentalmovementwasimmense.Manyantiwar学科网（北京）股份有限公司 protestersofthedaytookonsavinganimalsandtheenvironmentasanewcause.Thehumpbackwhalebecametheiconofanewenvironmentalawareness.Andthewhalesenteredpopculture,nolongerthefearsomebeasts.In1977,thewhalecallswereloadedontotheVoyagerprobesandsentintoouterspace.Payne,graduatingfromHarvardUniversityandCornellUniversitywithadoctor’sdegree,authoredorcoauthoreddozensofscientificpapers,gavehundredsoflectures,madecountlesstelevisionprogrammesandfilms,andled100oceanicexpeditions.Paynehadstartedanambitiousnewproject:CETI,acombinationofscientistsusingnewtechnologytointerpretwhatwhalesmightbe“saying”.21．Whatcausedthedeclineofthewhalepopulationinthe20thcentury?A．Habitatloss.B．Theclimatechange.C．Uncontrolledhunting.D．Theoceanpollution.22．Whatwasthepurposeofreleasingthealbumofwhalesongs?A．Toboostinterestinprotectingwhales.B．Tosatisfypeople’scuriosityaboutsea.C．Toachievegreatcommercialsuccess.D．Toearnareputationasaresearcher.23．WhichofthefollowingcanbestdescribeRogerPayne?A．Considerate.B．Accomplished.C．Courageous.D．Patient.24．Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A．Theconservationofoceanenvironment.B．Effortstoawakepublicoceanawareness.C．Ahigh-techwaytodocumentwhaletones.D．Awhaleprotectioncampaignbyabiologist.学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司