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2023年高考真题变式题分类汇编专题04阅读理解D篇真题变式题（全国甲卷）【2023年高考真题】Grizzlybears,whichmaygrowtoabout2.5mlongandweighover400kg,occupyaconflictedcorneroftheAmericanpsyche—werevere(敬畏)themevenastheygiveusfrighteningdreams.AskthetouristsfromaroundtheworldthatfloodintoYellowstoneNationalParkwhattheymosthopetosee,andtheiranswerisoftenthesame:agrizzlybear.“Grizzlybearsarere-occupyinglargeareasoftheirformerrange,”saysbearbiologistChrisServheen.Asgrizzlybearsexpandtheirrangeintoplaceswheretheyhaven’tbeenseeninacenturyormore,they’reincreasinglybeingsightedbyhumans.ThewesternhalfoftheUSwasfullofgrizzlieswhenEuropeanscame,witharoughnumberof50,000ormorelivingalongsideNativeAmericans.Bytheearly1970s,aftercenturiesofcruelandcontinuoushuntingbysettlers,600to800grizzliesremainedonamere2percentoftheirformerrangeintheNorthernRockies.In1975,grizzlieswerelistedundertheEndangeredSpeciesAct.Today,thereareabout2,000ormoregrizzlybearsintheUS.TheirrecoveryhasbeensosuccessfulthattheUSFishandWildlifeServicehastwiceattemptedtodelistgrizzlies,whichwouldloosenlegalprotectionsandallowthemtobehunted.Botheffortswereoverturnedduetolawsuitsfromconservationgroups.Fornow,grizzliesremainlisted.Obviously,ifprecautions(预防)aren’ttaken,grizzliescanbecometroublesome,sometimeskillingfarmanimalsorwalkingthroughyardsinsearchoffood.Ifpeopleremovefoodandattractantsfromtheiryardsandcampsites,grizzlieswilltypicallypassbywithouttrouble.Puttingelectricfencingaroundchickenhousesandotherfarmanimalquartersisalsohighlyeffectiveatgettinggrizzliesaway.“Ourhopeistohaveaclean,attractant-freeplacewherebearscanpassthroughwithoutlearningbadhabits,”saysJamesJonkel,longtimebiologistwhomanagesbearsinandaroundMissoula.1．HowdoAmericanslookatgrizzlies?A．Theycausemixedfeelingsinpeople.B．Theyshouldbekeptinnationalparks.C．Theyareofhighscientificvalue.D．TheyareasymbolofAmericanculture.学科网（北京）股份有限公司
2．Whathashelpedtheincreaseofthegrizzlypopulation?A．TheEuropeansettlers’behavior.B．Theexpansionofbears’range.C．Theprotectionbylawsince1975.D．ThesupportofNativeAmericans.3．WhathasstoppedtheU.S.FishandWildlifeServicefromdelistinggrizzlies?A．Theoppositionofconservationgroups.B．Thesuccessfulcomebackofgrizzlies.C．Thevoiceofthebiologists.D．Thelocalfarmers’advocates.4．Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?A．Foodshouldbeprovidedforgrizzlies.B．Peoplecanliveinharmonywithgrizzlies.C．Aspecialpathshouldbebuiltforgrizzlies.D．Technologycanbeintroducedtoprotectgrizzlies.【高考真题变式题1】Theevolutionofbutterfliescontinuesveryfast.Specieswithlargerwingspans(翼幅)haveexpandedtheirrangeinhigh-latitudepartsofNorthAmericaastheclimatehaswarmed,whilesmallerbutterfliesandthoseadaptedtocoldconditionshavetendedtodecline.VaughnShireyatGeorgetownUniversityinWashingtonDCandhiscolleaguesbuiltacomputationalmodeltoanalysethepresenceof90butterflyspeciesabove45northinNorthAmericafrom1970to2019.Theteamanalysedhowshiftingmonthlyminimumtemperaturesoverthepast50yearsmayhaveaffectedtherangesofbutterflies.Themonthlyminimumtemperaturesincreasedby0.86℃(1.5°F),onaverage,acrossthestudyregionfromthe1970stothe2010s.Astemperaturesrose,butterflyspecieswithlargerwingspansweremorelikelytospreadoutintoagreaterproportionofthestudyregion.Butforsmallerbutterflies,risingtemperatureswerelinkedwithaasmallernumberintheareaoverwhichtheywerefound.“Itseemslogicaltoassumethat,ifspecieswithlargerwingspanshavethecapacitytobettertraveltonewsuitablehabitats,itgivesthosespeciesanadvantageinachangingclimate,”saysYoanFourcadeattheInstituteof学科网（北京）股份有限公司
EcologyandEnvironmentalSciencesinParis.Butterfliesadaptedtowarmertemperaturesalsoseemedtohavedispersed(分散)moreacrossthestudyregionthanthoseadaptedtocolderclimates.Climatechangehasbeenlinkedwithafallinsomebutterflyspecies,includingthemonarch（Danausplexippus）inNorthAmerica.Butsomeappeartobeadapting:a2022studyfoundthatBritishbutterfliesaresteadilygettingbiggerinresponsetorisingtemperatures.5．Whatisthefocusofthearticle?A．Theimpactofclimatechangeonbutterflies.B．Themigrationpatternsofbutterflies.C．Thesizeofbutterflywingspans.D．Thesmallernumberofbutterflies.6．Whatistherelationshipbetweenrisingtemperaturesandsmallerbutterflies?A．Temperatureshavelittleeffectonsmallerbutterflies.B．Smallerbutterflieshaveincreasedinnumber.C．Smallerbutterflieshavereducedinnumber.D．Smallerbutterflieshavemigratedtocolderclimates.7．Whatadvantagedospecieswithlargerwingspanshaveinarisingclimate?A．Theyarebetterabletotraveltonewsuitablehabitats.B．Theyarebetteradaptedtocolderclimates.C．Theyaremoreresistanttoclimatechange.D．Theyaremorelikelytodisperseacross.8．Whatdoestheauthoremphasizeaboutbutterfliesinthelastparagraph?A．Theyaremigratingtowarmerclimates.B．Theyarebecomingsmallerinsize.C．Theyarereducinginnumber.D．Theyaregettingbigger.【高考真题变式题2】Nexttimeyou’rehavingtroublesolvingatrickypuzzle,consideraskinganearbybumblebee.AnewstudyinthejournalPLOSBiologyfindsthatbumblebeescanlearncertainbehaviorsfromeachother,学科网（北京）股份有限公司
suggestingthesesocialinsectshaveacapacityforwhatwehumanscall“culture.”Inthepastcoupleofdecades,agrowingbodyofevidencehasshownthatanimalslikechimpsandbirdsshowbehaviorsoflearning.Ifwhattheylearnlastsforalongtime,itturnsintoatradition.Andcultureismadeupofmultipletraditions.“Bumblebees,though,havesomeofthemostcomplexbehavioralabilities,nobody’sreallythoughttolookatcultureinsuchinsectsandgenerallyassumethey’remostlydrivenbyinbornfactorsinstead,”saysAliceBridges,abehavioralecologistatAngliaRuskinUniversityinEngland.Toprovethemwrong,Bridgesbuiltapuzzlebox,whosebaseheldthereward:adropofsupersweetsugarwater.Theboxwasdesignedwitharotating(旋转)topthatcanberotatedbypushingeitheronaredtabclockwiseorabluetabanti-clockwise.Somebeesweretrainedtopushtheredtabtogetthesugarwaterwhileotherspushedtheblueone.Then,thesetutorbeeswereplacedinsidedifferentcolonies(蜂群),alongwiththepuzzleboxes.Theexperimentultimatelyplayeditselfout.Incolonieswherethetutorbeehadoriginallylearnedtopushtheredtab,theotherbeesinthecolonyusuallypushedtheredtab.Incolonieswherethetutorbeewastrainedtopushthebluetab,theirfellowbeesalsotendedtodothesame.Incontrast,inthecontrolgroupswithouttutors,thebeessometimeslearnedhowtoopentheboxes,butmostofthemwoulddoitonceortwiceandthenneveragain.“Theyperhapshadn’tquitemadethelinkbetweentheirbehaviorandthereward,”Bridgessupposes.“Manyofusconsiderourselvestoberatherspecial…becausewehaveculture,wecanlearnandwe’resocial,”Bridgessays.“Butnowitturnsoutthateventhebeealsohasculture,whichisanuncomfortabletruth:humanculture,oncethoughtunique,doesnotemerge‘outoftheblue’buthasobviouslybuiltondeepevolutionaryfoundations.9．Whatispeople’scommonattitudetobumblebeeshavingculture?A．Positive.B．Indifferent.C．Interested.D．Doubtful.10．WhydoesBridgesplacetrainedbeesinsidedifferentcolonies?A．Totesttheirlearningcapabilityinnewsettings.B．Toseeiftheywillspreadthesecretoftheboxes.C．Toevaluatetheirrulingpowerinvariousgroups.D．Toobserveiftheywillsharetheirfoodwithpeers.11．Whatdoesthelastparagraphmainlytalkaboutconcerningthestudy?A．Itsappealtothepublic.B．Implicationsonculturalorigins.C．Itspracticalapplication.D．Suggestionsforfuturedirections.学科网（北京）股份有限公司
12．Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A．HumanCultureIsLosingItsUniquenessB．Bee’sBehaviorBuildsonBiologicalFactorsC．CultureMayBePresentAmongBumblebeesD．Animals’EvolutionMayStartFromColonies【高考真题变式题3】Floridawildlifeofficialssaymanatees(海牛)facingstarvationarebenefittingfromaprogramthatfeedsthemontonsofdonatedlettuce(生菜).Theprogramaimstosaveasmanyofthelargeanimalsaspossibleaswaterpollutionhasledtoshortagesoftheirfavoritefood,seagrass.Theefforthasprovidedthemanateeswithmorethan25tonsoflettuce.Thefeedingsusuallydrawabout300to350manateesperday.Sometimes,thereareasmanyas800manatees.Normally,wildlifeexpertsadviseagainstpeoplefeedingwildanimals.Thisisbecauseitcanleadtheanimalstomakeanunhealthyconnectionbetweenhumansandfood.ItisacrimeinFloridaforapersontofeedmanateesontheirown,eventhoughofficialssaymanypeoplewanttodoso.Expertsbelievethebestwaypeoplecanhelpistodonatemoneythroughanofficialinstitution(机构).In2021,1101manateedeathswerereported,largelyfromstarvation.Thenormalfive-yearaverageisabout625deaths.Statewildlifeofficialssaythatsofarthisyear,164manateedeathshavebeenrecorded.TomReinert,thelocaldirectorofstate’sFishandWildlifeConservationCommission,saidthefeedingprogramhashelpedtoreducetherisingdeathrates.Officialsestimatethereareabout8,800manateesinFloridawaters.Thatisabigimprovementfromabout2,000thatexistedinthe1990s.Theincreasednumberswereresponsibleformanateesbeingremovedfromtheendangeredspecieslist.Themostimportantelementforsupportingtheremainingpopulationwillberestoringseagrassbeds.Sofar,Floridahassetaside$8milliontodealwiththatproblem.“Youcan’tjustgooutandplantabunchofseagrass,”Reinertsaid.Butheadded,“Projectsaregettingstartedandareintheplanningstages.”13．Whatistheprogramintendedtodo?A．Toreducefoodwaste.B．Tostudymanatees’eatinghabits.C．Torescuelargeanimalsfromstarvation.D．Tosolvetheproblemofwaterpollution.学科网（北京）股份有限公司
14．Whatdoexpertsadvisethepublictodoformanatees?A．Feedhealthyfoodtothem.B．Setupspecialrescuegroups.C．Paymorevisitstowildlifereserves.D．Offerfinancialaidtoofficialorganizations.15．Whichofthefollowingcanbestdescribethefeedingprogram?A．Impractical.B．Significant.C．Complicated.D．Time-consuming.16．What’sthebesttitleforthetext?A．ManateeSavingProgramB．OceanProtectingProgramC．ManateeFeedingProgramD．SeagrassBedsRestoringProgram【高考真题变式题4】Dogsandhumansclearlyhaveaspecialbond.Butdodogs,likehumans,producemoretearsattimeswhentheyarefloodedwithemotion?Anewstudy,whichmaybethefirsttolookatthisquestion,saysthat,indeed,theeyesofdogsdowellupwithtears.Infact,ithappensregularlywhenthey’rereunited(团聚)withtheowners.“Wefoundthatdogsproducetearsassociatedwithpositiveemotions,”saysTakefumiKikusuiofAzabuUniversityinJapan.“Wealsomadethediscoveryofachemical,oxytocin,asapossiblemechanism(机制)behindit.”Kikusuiandhiscolleaguesmadethediscoveryafteroneofhistwodogshadbabies6yearsago.Henoticedthat,whenhisdogwasnursingthebabies,somethingchangedinthedog’sface—thereweretears.Thosetearsdon’tfallastheyoftendoinhumansbuttheydogettearyeyes.“Thatgavemetheideathatoxytocinislikelytoincreasetears,”Kikusuisays.Theydecidedtorunareunificationexperimentandseeifoxytocinbroughtdogstotears.First,theyusedastandardtesttomeasuredogs’tearvolume(量)beforeandafterreunitingwiththeirowners.Theyfoundthattearvolumeindeedascendedwhentheygotbacktogetherwiththefamiliarhumanandnotwithapersontheydidn’tknow.Whentheyaddedoxytocintothedogs’eyes,theirtearvolumealsoincreased.Thatfindingsupportstheideathatthereleaseofoxytocinplaysaroleintearproductionwhendogsandtheirownersgetbacktogether.Theyalsoaskedpeopletoratepicturesofdogs’faceswithandwithoutartificialtearsinthem,anditturnedoutthatpeoplegavemorepositiveresponseswhentheysawdogswithtearyeyes.Thesefindingssuggestthatdogs’学科网（北京）股份有限公司
tearproductionhelpstodevelopstrongerconnectionsbetweenpeopleandtheirdogs.Kikusuisaystheyhadneverheardofthediscoverythatanimalsproducetearsinjoyfulsituations,suchasreunitingwiththeirowners,andthattheywereallexcitedthatthiswouldbeaworldfirst!17．What’stheauthor’spurposeinraisingthequestioninthefirstparagraph?A．Tocomparedifferentideas.B．Toexpresshispersonaldoubt.C．Toleadinthetopicfordiscussion.D．Tointroducetherichemotionsofdogs.18．WhatmadeKikusuithinkoxytocinmightincreasetears?A．Alessonatuniversity.B．Anexperienceofhisown.C．Theinteractionwithadog.D．Areminderfromhiscolleagues.19．Theunderlinedword“ascended”inparagraph4isclosestinmeaningto“________”.A．remainedunchangedB．roseC．becamezeroD．decreased20．InKikusui’sopinion,theexperiment’sfindings________.A．cameasabigsurpriseB．requiredfurtherevidenceC．werewithintheirexpectationD．werecontrarytopreviousones学科网（北京）股份有限公司
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