资源描述：
《备战2024年新高考英语名校模拟真题专题06 阅读理解之说明文10篇(第二期).docx》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在教育资源-天天文库。
备战2024年高考英语名校模拟真题速递(新高考专用)第二期专题06阅读理解之说明文10篇（2023秋·湖北·高三统考阶段练习）The“diet”indietdrinksmaybeafalsepromiseforsomesodalovers.True,theydeliverthetasteofasodaexperience,withoutthecalories.Yet,newresearchshowstheycanalsoleavepeoplewithincreasedappetite.AstudypublishedrecentlyinJAMANetworkopenaddstotheevidencethatdrinksmadewithsucralose,anartificialsweetener(甜味剂),mayincreasetheappetiteamongsomepeople.“Wefoundfemalesandoverweightpeoplehadgreaterbrainrewardactivityafterconsumingtheartificialsweetener,”saysstudyauthorKatiePage,aphysicianattheUniversityofSouthernCalifornia.Bothgroupsatemorefoodafterconsumingdrinkswithsucralose,comparedwithafterregularsugar-sweeteneddrinks.Incontrast,thestudyfoundmalesandpeopleofhealthyweightdidnothaveanincreaseineitherbrainrewardactivityorhungerresponse,suggestingthey’renotaffectedinthesameway.Onetheoryisthatit’snottheartificialsweeteneritselfthathasadirecteffectonthebody.Theideaisthatartificialsweetenersmayconfusethebodybytrickingitintothinkingsugariscoming.“Youaresupposedtogetsugaraftersomethingtastessweet,”explainsSwithers,“Yourbodyhasbeenusedtothat.”Butthesugarneverarrives,whichmayleadtothebody’slessefficiencyinprocessingsugarthatsconsumedlater.Swithers’labhasalsodocumentedthatwhenanimalswithahistoryofconsumingartificialsweetenersgetrealsugar,theirbloodsugarlevelsrisehigherthanthoseofanimalsnotfedartificialsweeteners.“It’sasmalleffect,butovertimethiscouldcontributetopotentiallysignificantconsequences,”shesays.Ifthisishappeninginsomepeoplewhoconsumedietsoda,itcouldaddtotheriskofType2diabetes(糖尿病),becausewhenbloodsugarrises,thebodyhastoreleasemoreinsulin(胰岛素)toabsorbthesugar.“Sowhatyou’redoingisthatyouarekindofpushingthesystemharder,”Switherssays.1．WhatcanwelearnfromKatiepage’sstudy?A．Femalesenjoyingdietdrinksconsumemorefood.B．Artificialsweetenershelpmaleswithbetterappetite.C．Dietdrinksincreasehungerresponseofhealthypeople.D．peopleconsumingsucralosehavegreaterbrainrewardactivity.2．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“that”inparagraph3referto?A．Theeffectofsugar.B．Responsetosweetness.C．Artificialsweetener.D．Theabsenceofsweetness.学科网（北京）股份有限公司
3．WhatcanweinferfromSusanSwithers’wordsinthelastparagraph?A．Moreinsulinreleasehelpssugarlevelrise.B．peopledrinkingdietsodahardlyabsorbsugar.C．Type2diabetesmainlyresultsfromartificialsweeteners.D．Consumingartificialsweetenersmightcausehealthproblems.4．Whatdoesthepassagemainlytalkabout?A．Thepotentialofartificially-sweeteneddrinks.B．Thewisdomofchoosinghealthysweetdrinks.C．Theunderlyinglinkbetweendietdrinksandhealth.D．Thedifferencesamongartificially-sweeteneddrinks.（2023秋·广西柳州·高三柳州高级中学校考阶段练习）WhentheGreatBackyardBirdCount(GBBC)beganlastFriday,SteveandJanetKistlerofHartCounty,Kentucky,joinedin.They’vedonesoeveryyearsincethenow-globaltraditionbegan25yearsago.ForMoiraDalibor,whoteachesmathataschool,thiswasthefirstcount.Sheledagroupofstudentsandparentstoanarboretum(植物园)foranexerciseindata-gathering.Theywereamonghundredsofthousandsofpeoplearoundtheworldcountingandrecordingoverfourdays.Lastyear,about385,000peoplefrom192countriestookpartintheGBBC．ThisglobaldatagoesintotheeBirddatabaseusedbyscientistsforresearchonbirdpopulations,whichhavedeclinedsharplyoverallinpastdecades.It’spartofarisein“citizenscience”projectsinwhichvolunteerscollectdataaboutthenaturalworldforusebyresearchers.Manybird-watchersuseeBirdyear-round,andithascollectedhugeamountsofdata-oftenbetween1millionand2millionbirdchecklistsamonthfromaroundtheworldinthepastcoupleofyears,saysBeccaRodomsky-Bish,theproject’sleaderattheCornellLabofOrnithology,inIthaca,NewYork.“Observingbirdsisagoodwaytoconnectwiththenaturalworld.Birdsareeverywhere.Youdon’thavetoleaveyourhouse.Theywillcome.Andthey’recharismaticbecausethey’refunandinterestingtowatch.”Participantswatchbirds,whetherthatmeanslookingoutofthewindowfor15minutesortakingalongertriptoanaturearea.OrganizersrecommendtheMerlinbirdIDapptodistinguishbirdsbysize,shape,songorothercharacteristics.Manyparticipantsalsocarryfieldguidesandbinoculars(双筒望远镜)alongwiththeirphones.TheythenenterthefindingsintotheeBirdapp.Thosenumbershelpresearcherstracktheupsanddownsofvariousspecies,whichthenhelpdeterminethedirectionofconservationefforts.DaliborpreparedherclasseswithinformationaboutlocalspeciesandpracticedwiththeMerlinapp.The学科网（北京）股份有限公司
kidsrecordedbirdsightingswithpencilsanddrawingboards,andparentvolunteersenteredthosenumbersonphones.5．WhydidDaliborleadherstudentstoanarboretum?A．Todoexerciseforhealth.B．Toobservedifferentplants.C．Topracticetheirmathskills.D．Tocollectinformationaboutbirds.6．WhatisthemainideaofParagraph5?A．HowtheeBirdworks.B．Theeffectofwatchingbirds.C．HowtheeBirdinfluencesbird-watchers.D．TheadvantagesofeBird.7．WhatcanpeopleusetheMerlinbirdIDapptodo?A．Torecordtheirfindings.B．Toidentifydifferentbirds.C．Tohelpdeterminethebirds’habitat.D．Totracktheupsanddownsofvariousspecies.8．What’sthebesttitleofthetext?A．GreatBackyardBirdCount:astrangeactivity.B．Watchingbirdscontributestostudents’education.C．MoiraDalibor:apioneerandresponsibleteacher.D．GreatBackyardBirdCountshowspowerofcitizenscience.（2023秋·湖北·高三统考阶段练习）Cichlidsandstingrays(慈鲷和黄貂鱼)canperformsimpleplusandsubtraction(减法)inthenumberrangeofonetofive.ThishasbeenshowninarecentstudybytheuniversityofBonn,whichhasnowbeenpublishedinthejournalscientificReports.ThisfacthasbeenknownforsometimethatCichlidsandstingrayscanpreciselydetectsmallquantitieswithoutcounting.However,thenewresearchledbyDr.veraschluesselfromtheuniversityofBonnhasshownthatbothspeciescanevencalculate.“Wetrainedtheanimalstoperformsimpleadditionsandsubtractions,”Schluesselexplains.“Indoingso,theyhadtoincreaseordecreaseapremiervaluebyone.”Bluemeans“addone”,andyellowmeans“subtractone”.Buthowdoyouaskacichlidfortheresultof“2+1”or“5-1”?Theresearchersusedamethodotherresearch学科网（北京）股份有限公司
groupshadalreadysuccessfullyusedtotestthemathematicalabilitiesofbees:Theyshowedthefishacollectionofgeometricshapes—forexample,foursquares.Iftheseobjectswerecoloredblue,thismeant“addone”.Yellow,ontheotherhand,meant“subtractone”.Aftershowingtheoriginalstimulus(e.g.foursquares),theanimalswereshowntwonewpictures—onewithfiveandonewiththreesquares.Iftheyswamtothecorrectpicture(i.e.tothefivesquaresinthe“blue”arithmetictask),theywererewardedwithfood.Iftheygavethewronganswer,theywentawayempty-handed.Overtime,theylearnedtoassociatethebluecolorwithanincreaseofoneintheamountshownatthebeginning,andtheyellownumberwithadecrease.Butcanthefishapplythisknowledgetonewtasks?Havetheyactuallymasteredthemathematicalrulebehindthecolors?“Tocheckthis,wewilldesignedlyleaveoutsomecalculationsduringfuturetraining,”Schluesselexplains.9．Whatisknownaboutthetwospeciesbeforethenewresearch?A．Theycancountsmallquantitieseasily.B．Theycanassociatecolorswithnumbers.C．Theycandosimplecalculationsbytraining.D．Theycanidentifysmallquantitiesaccurately.10．Whyisthebee-methodapplied?A．Toillustratefish’sability.B．Toensuretheresearch’sreliability.C．Tocomparefishandbees.D．Topromotetheresearch’sapplication.11．Howistheexperimentcarriedout?A．Bycollectingandcalculating.B．Bycomparingandanalysing.C．Byobservingandconcluding.D．Bypredictingandchecking.12．Whatdoesthelastparagraphimply?A．Thefisharecompetentinmathematicalcalculation.B．Theprocedureoftheexperimentneedsimprovement.C．Moretrialsarestillneededtoconfirmthenewfindings.D．Calculationmethodsarecomprehendedbybothspecies.（2023秋·山东泰安·高三统考阶段练习）People’sfirstmemoriesareallautobiographical(自传式的),ormemoriesofsignificantexperiencesintheirlives,andtheseeventstypicallydidn’thappenbeforetheageof2or3.Infact,mostpeoplecan’trememberthingsfromthefirstfewyearsoftheirlives—aphenomenonresearchershavecalledinfantileamnesia.However,researchsuggeststhatinfants(婴儿)canformotherkindsofmemories.Withinthefirstfewdays学科网（北京）股份有限公司
oflife,infantscanrecalltheirownmother’sfaceanddistinguishitfromthefaceofastranger.Afewmonthslater,infantscandemonstratethattheyrememberlotsoffamiliarfacesbysmilingmostattheonestheyseemostoften.Butifso,whydopeopleexperienceinfantileamnesia?Thoughitstillisn’tclearwhetherit’sbecausewecan’tformautobiographicalmemories,orwhetherwejusthavenowaytoretrieve(找回)them,scientistshaveafewguesses.Oneisthatautobiographicalmemoriesrequireyoutohavesomesenseofself.Researchershavetestedthisabilityusingamirrorrecognitiontaskcalledtherougetest.Itinvolvesmarkingababy’snosewithaspotofredlipstick.Researchersthenplacetheinfantinfrontofamirror.Infantsyoungerthan18monthsjustsmileatthebabyinthereflection,notshowinganyevidenceofrecognizingthemselvesortheredmarkontheirface.Between18and24months,infantstouchtheirownnose,evenlookingembarrassed,suggestingthattheyconnectthereddotinthemirrorwiththeirownface—theystarttoformsomesenseofself.Anotherpossibleexplanationisthatbecauseinfantsdon’thavelanguageuntillaterinthesecondyearoflife,theycan’tformnarrativesabouttheirownlivesthattheycanlaterrecall.Finally,thehippocampus(海马体),whichistheregionofthebrainthat’slargelyresponsibleformemory,isn’tfullydevelopedintheinfancyperiod.Scientistswillcontinuetoinvestigatehowthesefactorsmaycontributetoinfantileamnesia.13．Whatcaninfantsdointheirfirstfewmonths?A．Memorizemostoftheirfamilymembers.B．Distinguishbetweenfamiliarandunfamiliarfaces.C．Rememberastringofeventsfromtherecentpast.D．Identifytheirownreflectionsinthemirror.14．Whatdoinfantstendtodoafter18months,accordingtotherougetest?A．Seetheirreflectionsasthemselves.B．Ignorethemarksontheirfaces.C．Enjoyplayingwiththeirreflections.D．Showastronginterestinthemirror.15．Whatcouldbeacauseofinfantileamnesia,accordingtothetext?A．Infants’inabilitytorecallmemories.B．Infants’immaturehippocampus.C．Infants’undevelopedcommunicationskills.D．Infants’unsteadyautobiographicalmemories.学科网（北京）股份有限公司
16．Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A．Whendobabiesstartrememberingthings?B．Whyisithardtoretrievelostmemories?C．Howdokidsformtheirfirstmemories?D．Whycan’twerememberbeingababy?（2023秋·山东泰安·高三统考阶段练习）Writingabookisalongandchallengingprocess,butnewtechnologyisincreasinglymakingiteasierforauthorstofinishtheirbooks.MichaelGreen,aUSdatascientist-turned-novelist,feltthattechnologycouldhelphimsimplifythewritingprocesswhenhewasinthemiddleofwritinghisdebut(首部)book.Hesaidthattheprocesshadbecomedifficulttomanage:“Inthemidstofediting,IgottothepointwhereIstartedfeelinglikeIhadalotofplotsandcharacters,”hetoldtheBBC．“IhadallthesedocumentsonthedeeperaspectsoftheworldIwascreating.Iwasworriedaboutbeingabletokeeptrackofitall.That’swhenIswitchedintomymoredatascience-mindedapproachtosolvingacomplexproblemwithalotofdifferentpieces.”GreenwentontocreateLynit,adigitalplatformtohelpauthorsplanandweave(编织)togetherthemanyelementsthatformastory,suchasthemes,characters,andmajorevents.“Astheauthorgetsanewideathattheywanttobringintothestory,theyareabletoinputitintoanaturalframework,”hetoldtheBBC．“Piecebypiece,they’readdingtothestory.Asnewideascomein,theychange,maybebycreatingnewnodes(节点)orinteractions,newrelationships.”Oncethebookhasbeenpublished,technologyisalsoplayinganever-increasingroleinpublicityandconnectingwithreaders.Websitesandappsfromspecialistfirmsallowauthorstoparticipateinlivequestion-and-answersessionswiththeiraudience.MichaelGreenbelievestechnologywillbecomeevenmoreimportantasanewgenerationoftech-savvy(精通技术的)writersbecomesmorewell-known.“WhatI’mfindingwiththeGenerationZandevenyoungerwritersisthatthey’relookingfortechnologytogivethemguidance,”hetoldtheBBC．“Theyseeitasatooltolearnandgrowwith,ratherthanextrawork.”17．WhatdifficultydidGreenfaceinwritinghisdebutbook?A．Heoftenfeltthathewasnotcreativeenough.B．Hewouldleaveoutimportantplots.C．Hehadtroubleorganizinghisthoughts.D．Hewasafraidthecharacterswouldn’tappealtoreaders.学科网（北京）股份有限公司
18．Whatisanadvantageoftechnologyaccordingtothetext?A．Itcreatesnewrelationshipsforauthors.B．Itcangenerateimagesbasedonwords.C．Itcantranslatethoughtsintosentences.D．Itbringsauthorsclosertotheirreaders.19．WhichofthefollowingwouldGreenmostprobablyagreewith?A．Newtechnologymatterstorisingauthors.B．Newtechnologygetsinthewayofcreativity.C．Technologyaddstotheburdenofauthors.D．Youngwritersrelytooheavilyontechnology.20．Whatisthemainpurposeofthetext?A．Togiveadviceonhowtowriteabook.B．Toencouragetheuseoftechnologyinwriting.C．Tosharehownewtechnologybenefitsauthors.D．Toshowthepopularityofnewtoolsamongauthors.（2023秋·江苏镇江·高三统考开学考试）Fromtheroarofacrowdtothequietofalibrary,soundandsilencemightseemlikepolaropposites.However,accordingtoanewresearch,ourbrainsperceivetheminthesameway.Silencemaynotbeasound,butscientistssaywecantrulyhearit.Inthisnewstudy,researchersexaminedhowpeopleexperiencesilenceusingwell-knownauditoryillusions(错觉).Theillusionsaremeanttotesttheperceptionofnoise,butforthestudy,theteamadaptedthemtomeasurepeople’sresponsetosilence,instead.“Ifyoucangetthesameillusionswithsilencesasyougetwithsounds,thenthatmaybeobviousthatweliterallyhearsilenceafterall.”ChazFirestone,aco-authorofthestudyandcognitivescientistatJohnsHopkinsUniversity,saysinastatement.Inthestudy,participantsweretrickedbythese“silenceillusions”inasimilarwaytohowpeoplearetypicallyfooledbythesoundversionsoftheexperiments.Theresearcherspreparedsevenexperimentsandtestedthemon1,000studyparticipants.Inoneexperiment,researchersplayedarecordingthatsoundedlikebackgroundnoiseinacrowdedplace.Inthefirsthalfoftherecording,thebackgroundnoisewasinterruptedbytwoseparateperiodsofsilence.Inthesecondhalf,onecontinuousperiodofsilencewasinserted(嵌入).Researchersaskedparticipantswhichsilencefeltlonger-thecombinationofthefirsttwoperiodsofsilence,ortheseconduninterruptedone.Mostparticipantsthoughtthe学科网（北京）股份有限公司
continuoussilencewaslonger,butitwasactuallythesamelengthasthetwoshortersilencescombined.Theseresultswereconsistentwithpreviousresearchthatexaminedauditoryillusions,whichusedtwoseparatesoundsandonecontinuoussound.Withthatillusion,peoplealsoperceivedthecontinuoussoundaslongerthanthetwoseparateonestogether.Similarfindingsacrossthesevenexperimentssuggestedthathumansexperiencesilenceandsoundinmuchthesameway:Theycandistort(扭曲)ourperceptionoftime.21．Whydidresearchersuseauditoryillusionsinthenewstudy?A．Tohelppeopleperceivesounds.B．Totestpeople’sadaptabilitytonoise.C．Tomeasurehowpeoplerespondtosilence.D．Toremindpeopletobequietinthelibrary.22．Whatcanweinferfromparagraph5?A．Illusionsofsilencefoolpeople’sbrains.B．Thethreeperiodsofsilenceareofthesamelength.C．Soundisusuallydifficultforpeopletoperceive.D．Participantschosearecordingandplayedit.23．Whereisthistextmostlikelyfrom?A．Adiary.B．Ajournal.C．Anovel.D．Aguidebook.24．Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A．Wecantrulyhearsilencelikeasound.B．Soundandsilenceareactuallythesame.C．Auditoryillusionsaffectourperceptionability.D．Ourbrainhastheabilitytoperceivesoundandsilence.（2023秋·江苏连云港·高三连云港高中校考阶段练习）Inourinformation-drivensociety,shapingourworldviewthroughthemediaissimilartoforminganopinionaboutsomeonesolelybasedonapictureoftheirfoot.Whilethemediamightnotdeliberatelydeceiveus,itoftenfailstoprovideacomprehensiveviewofreality.Consequently,thequestionarises:Where,then,shallwegetourinformationfromifnotfromthemedia?Whocanwetrust?Howaboutexperts-peoplewhodevotetheirworkinglivestounderstandingtheirchosensliceoftheworld?However,evenexpertscanfallpreytotheallureofoversimplification,leadingtothe“singleperspectiveinstinct”thathampers(阻碍)ourabilitytograsptheintricacies(错综复杂)oftheworld.Simpleideascanbeappealingbecausetheyofferasenseofunderstandingandcertainty.Anditiseasytotakeoffdownaslipperyslope,fromoneattention-grabbingsimpleideatoafeelingthatthisideabeautifullyexplains,oristhebeautifulsolutionfor,lotsofotherthings.Theworldbecomessimplethatway.学科网（北京）股份有限公司
Yet,whenweembraceasingularcauseorsolutionforallproblems,weriskoversimplifyingcomplexissues.Forinstance,championingtheconceptofequalitymayleadustoviewallproblemsthroughthelensofinequalityandseeresourcedistributionasthesolepanacea.However,suchrigiditypreventsusfromseeingthemultidimensionalnatureofchallengesandhinderstruecomprehensionofreality.This“singleperspectiveinstinct”ultimatelycloudsourjudgmentandrestrictsourcapacitytotacklecomplexissueseffectively.Beingalwaysinfavoroforalwaysagainstanyparticularideamakesyoublindtoinformationthatdoesn’tfityourperspective.Thisisusuallyabadapproachifyouwouldliketounderstandreality.Instead,constantlytestyourfavoriteideasforweaknesses.Behumbleabouttheextentofyourexpertise.Becuriousaboutnewinformationthatdoesn’tfit,andinformationfromotherfields.Andratherthantalkingonlytopeoplewhoagreewithyou,orcollectingexamplesthatfityourideas,consultpeoplewhocontradictyou,disagreewithyou,andputforwarddifferentideasasagreatresourceforunderstandingtheworld.Ifthismeansyoudon’thavetimetoformsomayopinions,sowhat?Wouldn’tyouratherhavefewopinionsthatarerightthanmanythatarewrong?25．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“allure”inPara.2probablymean?A．Temptation.B．Tradition.C．Convenience.D．Consequence.26．Whyaresimpleideasappealingaccordingtothepassage?A．Theymeetpeople’sdemandforhighefficiency.B．Theygenerateasenseofcompleteunderstanding.C．Theyareraisedandsupportedbymultipleexperts.D．Theyreflecttheopinionsoflike-mindedindividuals.27．Whatwilltheauthorprobablyagreewith?A．Simplifyingmattersreleasesenergyforhumanbrains.B．Constanttestsonourideashelpmakeupforourweakness.C．Awell-foundedopinioncountsmorethanmanyshallowones.D．Peoplewhodisagreewithusoftenhavecomprehensiveviews.28．Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleofthepassage?A．EmbracingDisagreement:RefusingOvercomplexityB．SimplifyingInformation:EnhancingComprehensionC．UnderstandingDifferences:EstablishingRelationshipsD．NavigatingComplexity:ChallengingOversimplification（2023秋·福建南平·高三福建省政和第一中学校考阶段练习）Desperatelyillandseekingamiracle,David学科网（北京）股份有限公司
BennettSr.tookthelastbetonJan.7.whenbebecamethefirsthumantobesuccessfullytransplantedwiththeheartofapig.“Itcreatesthebeat;itcreatesthepressure;itishisheart,”declaredBartleyGriffith,directorofthesurgicalteamthatperformedtheoperationattheUniversityofMarylandMedicalCenter.Bennett,57,heldonthrough60tomorrows,farlongerthananypreviouspatientwho’dreceivedaheartfromanotherspecies.Hisremarkablerunofferednewhopethatsuchprocedures,knownasxenotransplantation(异种移植),couldhelprelievetheshortageofreplacementorgans,savingthousandsofliveseachyear.Theearliestattemptsatxenotransplantationoforgans,involvingkidneysfromrabbits,goats,andotheranimals,occurredintheearly20thcentury,decadesbeforethefirstsuccessfulhuman-to-humantransplants.Rejection,whichoccurswhentherecipient’sbodysystemrecognizesthedonororganasaforeignobjectandattacksit,followedwithinhoursordays.Resultsimprovedaftersomespecialdrugsarrivedinthe1960s,butmostrecipientsstilldiedafterafewweeks.Therecordforaheartxenotransplantwassetin1983,whenaninfantnamedBabyFaesurvivedfor20dayswithanorganfromababoon(狒狒).Inrecentyears,however,advancesingeneeditinghaveopenedanewpossibility:re-editsomegenesinanimalstoprovideuser-friendlyspareparts.Pigscouldbeidealforthispurpose,becausethey’reeasytoraiseandreachadulthumansizeinmonths.Somebiotechcompanies.includingRevivicor,areinvestingheavilyinthefield.ThedonorpigwasofferedbyRevivicorfromalineofanimalsinwhich10geneshadbeenre-editedtoimprovetheheart’scondition.Beyondthat,thepigwasraisedinisolationandtestedregularlyforvirusesthatcouldinfecthumansordamagetheorganitself.Thismedicalbreakthroughprovidedanalternativeforthe20%ofpatientsonthehearttransplantwaitinglistwhodiewhilewaitingorbecometoosicktobeagoodcandidate.29．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“run”inparagraph2referto?A．Donatinghishearttoapatient.B．Performingtheheartoperation.C．Livingfor60daysaftertheoperation.D．Receivinganewheartfromapig.30．Whichaspectofxenotransplantationdoesparagraph3mainlyfocuson?A．Itshistory.B．Itsprocedure.C．Itsconsequence.D．Itssignificance.31．Whatmakespigsidealforprovidingsparepartsinxenotransplantation?A．Theirgrowthrateandhealthcondition.B．Theirlifepatternandresistancetoviruses.C．Theireasinessofkeepingandrapidgrowth.D．Theirinvestmentvalueandnaturalqualities.学科网（北京）股份有限公司
32．WhywasBennett’soperationregardedasabreakthrough?A．Itintroducednewmedicationstopreventorganrejection.B．Itprovedthepotentialforusingorgansfromvariousanimals.C．Itguaranteedasufficientsupplyofdonorpigsfortransplants.D．Itofferedaprospectofreplacementorgansthroughgeneediting.（2023春·安徽·高三校联考开学考试）ImagineabridgemadeofLegoswithanunevennumberofLegossupportingeachendofthebridge.Onesidehasthreesupportpieces,andtheothersideonlyhastwo.Howwouldyoumakethebridgesupportsbalanced?Mostpeoplewouldaddapiecetotheshortstack(一摞).Butwhynotremoveapiecefromthetallerstack?People’spreferenceforaddingmightcauseproblems.Forexample,thinkaboutmessyhomes.BenjaminConverse,abehavioralscientistattheUniversityofVirginia,waspartofateamthatfirstfoundthisaddingpreference.Theteamasked100volunteerstosolveeightpuzzles.Eachpuzzlecouldbesolvedbyaddingorremovingthings.Ofthe94volunteerswhocompletedthetask,76peopleaddedthings.Only18peopleremoved.Thescientistssuspectthatmostpeopleuseaddingsimplybecauseremovingneverevencomestomind.Next,thescientistswantedtoknowiftheycouldinfluencepeopletouseremovalinsteadofaddition.Inoneexperiment,theteamoffered197peopleadollartosolveapuzzle.ThepuzzleinvolvedaLegostructure.Thestructurewasalargepillarwitharoofontop.Buttheroofwasuneven.Theyaskedpeopletomaketheroofstable.Thescientiststhensplitpeopleintotwogroups.Theywarnedthefirstgroupthat“eachpieceyouaddcosts10cents”.However,morethanhalfofthemstilladdednewblockstomaketheroofstable,eventhoughtheyhadtheoptiontoremove.Thesecondgroupwasalsowarnedaboutthecostofaddingpieces.Buttheywerealsotoldthat“removingpiecesisfree”.Thatremindercausedmostofthemtoremovetheblocktostabilizetheroof,provingthatpeoplearemorelikelytoremoveiftheyaregivenreminders.“Whenpeopletrytomakesomethingbetter...theydon’tthinkthattheycanremoveunlesstheyaresomehowremindedtodoso,”saysConverse.Onsomedeeplevel,peopleseemtorealizethatremovalcomeslessnaturallythanaddition.Thatmaybewhat’sbehindsuchsayingslike,“Lessismore.”33．Whyis“messyhomes”mentionedinparagraph2?A．Toexplaintheprocessoftherecentstudy.B．Toconnectthestudywithdailylife.C．Totellwhypeopleaddmorethanremove.D．Topresentthemeaningofpreference34．Whatcanwelearnfromtheresearch?学科网（北京）股份有限公司
A．Mostpeoplefindremovingmoredifficultthanadding.B．Peopletendtoaddinsteadofremovalwithsomereward.C．Reminderscanincreasethelikelihoodofchoosingremoval.D．Peoplearemorelikelytoremovethantoaddinmostcases.35．Howdoestheauthordevelopthewholepassage?A．Byexplainingtheprocessofresearch.B．ByprovidingthesignificanceofthestudyC．Byprovidingseveralreasonsforadding.D．Byexplainingthebackgroundofthestudy.36．What’stheauthor’sattitudetothefindingoftheresearch?A．IndifferentB．AmbiguousC．ReasonableD．Suspicious（2022·云南保山·统考一模）TwoearthscientistsattheIndianInstituteofTechnologyKanpuarecallingforfloodpreventionandwarningsystemsinareasaroundtheHimalayanmountainstoprotectpeoplefromfloodsortowarnthemofthepotentialdisasters.IntheirPerspectivespiecepublishedinthejournalScience,TanujShuklaandIndraSenpointoutthatrisingtemperaturesduetoglobalwarmingareleadingtoanincreaseinflooddangerforpeoplewholiveinthearea.AsShuklaandSennote,theHimalayasholdthemosticeanywhereontheplanetoutsideofthepolarregions—snow-coveredmountainsandglaciersholdontomassiveamountsofwater.Inthepast,assnowandicehavemeltedinthewarmermonths,mountainlakeshaveformedwithnaturaldamsholdingtheminplace.Butpreviousresearchhasshownthatincreasesintheamountofwaterbuildupinsuchlakesandmeltingoftheiceintherockymaterialthatmakesupnaturaldamscanleadtomassivefloods.Justeightyearsago,theynote,meltingiceinnorthernIndialedtoanavalanche(雪崩)thatpushedthenaturaldamspastitsbreakingpoint.Thewaterrushingdownthemountain,carryingwithitlargerocks,treesandotherdebris,woundupkillingover5,000people.Sucheventsarecommonenoughtohavebeengivenaname-glaciallakeoutburstfloods(GLOFs).TheycanalsobecausedbyextremeraineventsduringMonsoonseason,which,duetoglobalwarming,arehappeningmoreoften.ShuklaandSenpointoutthatastheplanetgrowswarmer,moreGLOFsarecertaintooccur.Buttheyalsonotethatthesameoutcomesarenotunavoidable.Theysuggestthattheconstructionofreservoirstoholdextrarain,structurestochangethecourseofwater,detentionbasins(滞洪区)alongwithembankments(堤岸)couldpreventsuchflooding.Theyalsosuggestimprovementsintechnologycouldhelp—upgradingcellserviceintheregion,forexample,wouldallowpeopleupstreamtocallandwarnthoselivingdownstream.Theyalsosuggestbuildingasatellitenetworkthatcouldbeusedtomonitortroublesomeareas.Takentogether,suchtechnology学科网（北京）股份有限公司
couldformthebasisofanearlywarningsystem.Withoutsuchaction,theywarnmillionsofpeoplecouldlosetheirlivesinthecomingyears.37．WhatareShuklaandSenconcernedaboutaccordingtoParagraph1?A．TheHimalayasholdsmoreandmoreicebecauseoffloodhappened.B．HowtoestablishwarningsystemsaroundtheHimalayanmountains.C．HowtopreventfloodinareasaroundtheHimalayanmountains.D．MorefloodcausedbyglobalwarmingmayoccuraroundHimalayas.38．What’sthemainideaofthe2ndparagraph?A．Theresultofanavalanche.B．ThemeaningofGLOFs.C．ThecauseofGLOFs.D．Thecauseofanavalanche.39．WhichstatementisTRUEaccordingtothepassage?A．GLOFscanbeavoidedinShuklaandSen’sopinion.B．GLOFscanbepreventedbyreducingdetentionbasins.C．ConstructingreservoirsisthebestwaytopreventGLOFs.D．GLOFsareunpredictableinthefutureduetoglobalwarming.40．WhatdoShuklaandSensuggesttopreventGLOFs?A．Toimprovetheembankments.B．Tomakemoresatellites.C．Toupgradesatellitenetwork.D．Tosetupwarningsystems.学科网（北京）股份有限公司
参考答案：1．A2．B3．D4．C【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲的是无糖饮品因添加了人工甜味剂而使得摄入的人胃口大增，对身体有害。1．细节理解题。由第二段中“Wefoundfemalesandoverweightpeoplehadgreaterbrainrewardactivityafterconsumingtheartificialsweetener(我们发现，女性和超重者在食用人造甜味剂后，大脑的奖励活动更大)”和“Bothgroupsatemorefoodafterconsumingdrinkswithsucralose,comparedwithafterregularsugar-sweeteneddrinks.Incontrast,thestudyfoundmalesandpeopleofhealthyweightdidnothaveanincreaseineitherbrainrewardactivityorhungerresponse,suggestingthey’renotaffectedinthesameway.(与常规加糖饮料相比，两组人在饮用含有三氯蔗糖的饮料后都吃了更多的食物。相比之下，研究发现，男性和体重健康的人的大脑奖励活动或饥饿反应都没有增加，这表明他们没有受到同样的影响)”可知，女性相比于男性来说，在喝了无糖饮料后更容易吃得更多。故选A项。2．词句猜测题。由第三段中“Theideaisthatartificialsweetenersmayconfusethebodybytrickingitintothinkingsugariscoming.“Youaresupposedtogetsugaraftersomethingtastessweet,”explainsSwithers,“Yourbodyhasbeenusedtothat.”(这种想法是，人造甜味剂可能会诱使身体认为糖即将到来，从而误导身体。Swithers解释道：“你应该在尝到甜的东西后得到糖。你的身体已经习惯了that。”)”可知，人造甜味剂可能会误导身体，让它误以为糖来了，说明人的身体已经习惯尝到了甜的东西后一定会得到糖，这是身体对糖的反应，that指代“对甜味的反应”。故选B项。3．推理判断题。由最后一段中““It’sasmalleffect,butovertimethiscouldcontributetopotentiallysignificantconsequences,”shesays.Ifthisishappeninginsomepeoplewhoconsumedietsoda,itcouldaddtotheriskofType2diabetes(糖尿病),becausewhenbloodsugarrises,thebodyhastoreleasemoreinsulin(胰岛素)toabsorbthesugar.(她说：“这是一个小影响，但随着时间的推移，这可能会产生潜在的重大后果。”如果这种情况发生在一些喝无糖汽水的人身上，可能会增加患2型糖尿病的风险，因为当血糖升高时，身体必须释放更多的胰岛素来吸收糖)”可知，摄入人工甜味剂可能会导致重大的健康问题。故选D项。4．主旨大意题。本文主要讲的是无糖饮品因添加了人工甜味剂而使得摄入的人胃口大增，对身体有害，C项“无糖饮料与健康之间的潜在联系”能概括全文大意。故选C项。5．D6．A7．B8．D【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了“后院鸟类大统计”这一活动，这是“公民科学”项目兴起的一部分，在这些项目中，志愿者收集有关自然世界的数据供研究人员使用。
5．细节理解题。根据文章第二段中“Sheledagroupofstudentsandparentstoanarboretum(植物园)foranexerciseindata-gathering.（她带领一群学生和家长到一个植物园进行数据收集练习。）”可知，Dalibor要带她的学生去植物园是为了收集鸟类的信息。故选D。6．主旨大意题。根据第五段“OrganizersrecommendtheMerlinbirdIDapptodistinguishbirdsbysize,shape,songorothercharacteristics.Manyparticipantsalsocarryfieldguidesandbinoculars(双筒望远镜)alongwiththeirphones.TheythenenterthefindingsintotheeBirdapp.Thosenumbershelpresearcherstracktheupsanddownsofvariousspecies,whichthenhelpdeterminethedirectionofconservationefforts.（组织者推荐使用梅林鸟类识别应用程序，通过大小、形状、鸣叫或其他特征来区分鸟类。许多参与者还携带着野外指南和双筒望远镜以及他们的手机。然后，他们将这些发现输入eBird应用程序。这些数字可以帮助研究人员追踪各种物种的起伏，从而帮助确定保护工作的方向。）”可知，第五段讲述的是“eBird是如何工作的”。故选A。7．细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段中“OrganizersrecommendtheMerlinbirdIDapptodistinguishbirdsbysize,shape,songorothercharacteristics.（组织者推荐使用梅林鸟类识别应用程序，通过大小、形状、鸣叫或其他特征来区分鸟类。）”可知，人们可以使用梅林鸟类ID应用程序来辨别不同的鸟类。故选B。8．主旨大意题。通读全文，并结合第一段“WhentheGreatBackyardBirdCount(GBBC)beganlastFriday,SteveandJanetKistlerofHartCounty,Kentucky,joinedin.They’vedonesoeveryyearsincethenow-globaltraditionbegan25yearsago.(上周五，当大后院鸟类大统计开始时，肯塔基州哈特县的Steve和JanetKistler也加入了进来。自25年前这一全球传统开始以来，他们每年都会这样做)”和第三段的“It’spartofarisein“citizenscience”projectsinwhichvolunteerscollectdataaboutthenaturalworldforusebyresearchers.(这是“公民科学”项目兴起的一部分，在该项目中，志愿者收集有关自然世界的数据供研究人员使用)”可知，文章主要介绍了“后院鸟类大统计”这一活动，这是“公民科学”项目兴起的一部分，在这些项目中，志愿者收集有关自然世界的数据供研究人员使用，故D选项GreatBackyardBirdCountshowspowerofcitizenscience.（伟大的后院鸟类统计显示了公民科学的力量。）适合用作文章标题。故选D。9．D10．B11．C12．C【导语】这是一篇说明文，研究表明，慈鲷和黄貂鱼两种鱼有简单的数学计算能力。9．细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“ThisfacthasbeenknownforsometimethatCichlidsandstingrayscanpreciselydetectsmallquantitieswithoutcounting.(这一事实早已为人所知，慈鲷和黄貂鱼可以在不计数的情况下精确地检测到少量的数量)”可知，人们早就知道慈鲷和黄貂鱼不需要数就能精确地识别较小的数字，故选D。10．推理判断题。根据第三段第二句“Theresearchersusedamethodotherresearchgroupshadalready
successfullyusedtotestthemathematicalabilitiesofbees(研究人员使用了一种其他研究小组已经成功用于测试蜜蜂数学能力的方法)”可知，研究人员借鉴测试蜜蜂的方法是为了确保研究的可靠性，故选B。11．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Theyshowedthefishacollectionofgeometricshapes—forexample,foursquares.Iftheseobjectswerecoloredblue,thismeant‘addone’.Yellow,ontheotherhand,meant‘subtractone’.Aftershowingtheoriginalstimulus(e.g.foursquares),theanimalswereshowntwonewpictures—onewithfiveandonewiththreesquares.Iftheyswamtothecorrectpicture(i.e.tothefivesquaresinthe‘blue’arithmetictask),theywererewardedwithfood.Iftheygavethewronganswer,theywentawayempty-handed.Overtime,theylearnedtoassociatethebluecolorwithanincreaseofoneintheamountshownatthebeginning,andtheyellownumberwithadecrease.(他们向鱼展示了一组几何形状——例如，四个正方形。如果这些物体是蓝色的，这意味着‘加1’。另一方面，黄色表示‘减1’。在展示了原始的刺激（例如四个正方形）之后，给动物们看了两张新的图片——一张有五个正方形，另一张有三个正方形。如果它们游到正确的图片（也就是说，在‘蓝色’算术任务中找到五个正方形），它们会得到食物奖励。如果它们给出了错误的答案，它们就会空手而归。随着时间的推移，他们学会了将蓝色与开始时显示的数量增加1联系起来，将黄色数字与减少联系起来。)”可知，研究人员是通过观察和得出结论而展开的，故选C。12．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Butcanthefishapplythisknowledgetonewtasks?Havetheyactuallymasteredthemathematicalrulebehindthecolors?‘Tocheckthis,wewilldesignedlyleaveoutsomecalculationsduringfuturetraining,’Schluesselexplains.(但是鱼能把这些知识应用到新的任务中吗？它们真的掌握了颜色背后的数学法则吗？‘为了验证这一点，我们将在未来的训练中故意省略一些计算。’Schluessel解释说)”可知，还需要更多的实验来证实新发现，故选C。13．B14．A15．B16．D【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了婴儿期的遗忘现象，即婴儿时期的记忆称为“婴儿遗忘症”，并列举了几种可能的解释，包括自我意识的发展、语言的缺乏以及海马体的未完全发育等。13．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Withinthefirstfewdaysoflife,infantscanrecalltheirownmother’sfaceanddistinguishitfromthefaceofastranger.Afewmonthslater,infantscandemonstratethattheyrememberlotsoffamiliarfacesbysmilingmostattheonestheyseemostoften.(在生命的最初几天里，婴儿可以回忆起自己母亲的脸，并将其与陌生人的脸区分开来。几个月后，婴儿可以通过对他们最常看到的面孔微笑来证明他们记得很多熟悉的面孔)”可知，在出生的前几个月里，婴儿可以辨别熟悉和不熟悉的面孔。故选B。14．细节理解题。根据倒数第三段中“Infantsyoungerthan18monthsjustsmileatthebabyinthereflection,notshowinganyevidenceofrecognizingthemselvesortheredmarkontheirface.(18个月以下的婴儿只是对着镜子中的婴儿微笑，没有任何迹象表明他们认识自己或脸上的红色标记。)”以及“Between18and24months,
infantstouchtheirownnose,evenlookingembarrassed,suggestingthattheyconnectthereddotinthemirrorwiththeirownface—theystarttoformsomesenseofself.(在18到24个月之间，婴儿摸自己的鼻子，甚至看起来很尴尬，这表明他们把镜子里的红点和自己的脸联系在一起——他们开始形成某种自我意识。)”可知，在实验测试期间，18个月之后的婴儿会触摸自己的鼻子，甚至感到尴尬，表明他们将镜子中的红点与自己的脸联系起来，开始形成一定的自我意识，即认出了自己。故选A。15．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“Finally,thehippocampus(海马体),whichistheregionofthebrainthat’slargelyresponsibleformemory,isn’tfullydevelopedintheinfancyperiod.(最后，海马体，大脑中主要负责记忆的区域，在婴儿时期并没有完全发育。)”可知，“婴儿遗忘症”的一个可能原因是婴儿的海马体不成熟。故选B。16．主旨大意题。根据第一段中“Infact,mostpeoplecan’trememberthingsfromthefirstfewyearsoftheirlives—aphenomenonresearchershavecalledinfantileamnesia.(事实上，大多数人都不记得生命最初几年的事情——研究人员将这种现象称为婴儿健忘症。)”以及通读全文，文章介绍了婴儿期的遗忘现象，并列举了几种可能的解释，包括自我意识的发展、语言的缺乏以及海马体的未完全发育等。D选项“Whycan’twerememberbeingababy?(为什么我们不记得自己是婴儿？)”概括文章主要内容，符合文章的标题，故选D。17．C18．D19．A20．C【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。主要介绍了科技是如何让作家在组织规划任务故事情节等方面收益的。17．推理判断题。根据文章第二段中“Hesaidthattheprocesshadbecomedifficulttomanage:“Inthemidstofediting,IgottothepointwhereIstartedfeelinglikeIhadalotofplotsandcharacters,”hetoldtheBBC.(他说这个过程变得很难管理：“在编辑过程中，我开始觉得我有很多情节和角色，”他告诉BBC。)”可知，Green感觉自己小说中的角色和情节太多，思路不好管理，可推知他在写作构思方面遇到了困难，故选C项。18．推理判断题。根据文章第五段“Oncethebookhasbeenpublished,technologyisalsoplayinganever-increasingroleinpublicityandconnectingwithreaders.Websitesandappsfromspecialistfirmsallowauthorstoparticipateinlivequestion-and-answersessionswiththeiraudience.(一旦这本书出版，技术在宣传和与读者的联系方面也发挥着越来越大的作用。专业公司的网站和应用程序允许作者与观众进行现场问答环节。)”可知，新技术拉近了作者和读者之间的距离，故选D项。19．推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“MichaelGreenbelievestechnologywillbecomeevenmoreimportantasanewgenerationoftech-savvy(精通技术的)writersbecomesmorewell-known.(迈克尔·格林认为，随着新一代精通技术的作家越来越知名，技术将变得更加重要。)”及最后一段““WhatI’mfindingwiththeGenerationZandevenyoungerwritersisthatthey’relookingfortechnologytogivethemguidance,”hetoldtheBBC.“Theyseeitasatooltolearnandgrowwith,ratherthanextra
work.”(“我在Z一代甚至更年轻的作家身上发现的是，他们正在寻找技术来为他们提供指导，”他告诉BBC。“他们认为这是一种学习和成长的工具，而不是额外的工作。”)”可知，Green认为新科技对与成长中的作家很重要，故选A项。20．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Writingabookisalongandchallengingprocess,butnewtechnologyisincreasinglymakingiteasierforauthorstofinishtheirbooks.(写一本书是一个漫长而具有挑战性的过程，但新技术正日益使作者更容易完成他们的书。)”并结合全文可知，文章主要介绍了科技是如何让作家在组织规划任务故事情节等方面收益的，本文的目的是要分享新技术如何让作者收益，故选C项。21．C22．A23．B24．A【导语】这是一篇说明文。最新的研究表明人们可以像听到其他声音一样，听到沉默。文章解释了研究开展的经过以及发现表明，人类体验沉默和声音的方式大致相同：它们会扭曲我们对时间的感知。21．细节理解题。根据第二段“Inthisnewstudy,researchersexaminedhowpeopleexperiencesilenceusingwell-knownauditoryillusions(错觉).Theillusionsaremeanttotesttheperceptionofnoise,butforthestudy,theteamadaptedthemtomeasurepeople’sresponsetosilence,instead.(在这项新的研究中，研究人员研究了人们是如何使用众所周知的听觉错觉来体验沉默的。这些错觉是为了测试人们对噪音的感知，但在这项研究中，研究小组把它们改造成测量人们对沉默的反应)”可知，研究人员在这项新研究中使用听觉错觉是为了衡量人们对沉默的反应。故选C。22．推理判断题。根据第四段“Inthestudy,participantsweretrickedbythese“silenceillusions”inasimilarwaytohowpeoplearetypicallyfooledbythesoundversionsoftheexperiments.(在这项研究中，参与者被这些“沉默错觉”所欺骗，其方式与人们通常被声音版本的实验所欺骗的方式相似)”以及第五段“Mostparticipantsthoughtthecontinuoussilencewaslonger,butitwasactuallythesamelengthasthetwoshortersilencescombined.(大多数参与者认为连续的沉默更长，但实际上它的长度与两个较短的沉默的总和相同)”可推知，沉默的幻觉愚弄人的大脑。故选A。23．推理判断题。根据文章说明了最新的研究表明人们可以像听到其他声音一样，听到沉默。文章解释了研究开展的经过以及发现表明，人类体验沉默和声音的方式大致相同：它们会扭曲我们对时间的感知。可推知，文章可能选自科学杂志。故选B。24．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Fromtheroarofacrowdtothequietofalibrary,soundandsilencemightseemlikepolaropposites.However,accordingtoanewresearch,ourbrainsperceivetheminthesameway.Silencemaynotbeasound,butscientistssaywecantrulyhear
it.(从人群的喧嚣到图书馆的宁静，声音和沉默似乎是两极对立的。然而，根据一项新的研究，我们的大脑以同样的方式感知它们。沉默可能不是一种声音，但科学家说我们可以真正听到它)”结合文章说明了最新的研究表明人们可以像听到其他声音一样，听到沉默。文章解释了研究开展的经过以及发现表明，人类体验沉默和声音的方式大致相同：它们会扭曲我们对时间的感知。可知，A选项“我们真的能像听到声音一样听到沉默”最符合文章标题。故选A。25．A26．B27．C28．D【导语】本文是说明文。短文主要讲述了在信息驱动的社会中，塑造我们的世界观经常无法提供全面的现实视角。简单的想法可能很吸引人，但是我们会冒着过度简化复杂问题的风险，最终会影响我们的判断力，限制我们有效解决复杂问题的能力。我们应该与持有不同观点的人交谈并试图理解他们的观点，形成正确的观点。25．词义猜测题。根据第二段“leadingtothe“singleperspectiveinstinct”thathampers(阻碍)ourabilitytograsptheintricaciesoftheworld.(导致“单一视角本能”，阻碍我们掌握世界的复杂性)”可知，专家受到过度简化的allure，也会导致单一视觉，不能掌握世界的复杂性，因此推断此处表示受到了过度简化的诱惑，allure在这里指的是“诱惑”。故选A。26．细节理解题。根据第三段的“Simpleideascanbeappealingbecausetheyofferasenseofunderstandingandcertainty.(简单的想法可能很有吸引力，因为它们提供了一种理解和确定性)”可知，简单的想法具有吸引力是因为它们产生一种完全理解的感觉。故选B。27．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Instead,constantlytestyourfavoriteideasforweaknesses.Behumbleabouttheextentofyourexpertise.Becuriousaboutnewinformationthatdoesn’tfit,andinformationfromotherfields.Andratherthantalkingonlytopeoplewhoagreewithyou,orcollectingexamplesthatfityourideas,consultpeoplewhocontradictyou,disagreewithyou,andputforwarddifferentideasasagreatresourceforunderstandingtheworld.(相反，要不断测试你最喜欢的想法的弱点。对自己的专业知识要谦虚。对不合适的新信息和来自其他领域的信息保持好奇。而不是只与那些同意你的人交谈，或者收集符合你想法的例子，咨询那些反驳你、不同意你的人，并提出不同想法的人，作为理解世界的重要资源)”可推断，作者认为要不断测试自己的想法，要谦虚，要保持好奇，不要只是与同意自己观点的人交谈，要与那些与持有与自己不同观点的人交流，接受不同的观点，作为理解世界的重要资源。因此推断作者认为理由充分的观点比肤浅的观点更有价值。故选C。28．主旨大意题。根据第一段内容“Inourinformation-drivensociety,shapingourworldviewthroughthemediaissimilartoforminganopinionaboutsomeonesolelybasedonapictureoftheirfoot.Whilethemediamightnotdeliberatelydeceiveus,itoftenfailstoprovideacomprehensiveviewofreality.(在我们这个信息驱动的社会中，通过媒体塑造我们的世界观就像仅仅根据一个人的脚的照片来形成对他们的看法一样，它经常无法提供全面的现实视角)”，第二段的“However,evenexpertscanfallpreytotheallureofoversimplification,leadingtothe“singleperspectiveinstinct”thathampers(阻碍)ourabilitytograsptheintricaciesoftheworld.(然而，即使是专家也会受到过度简化的诱惑，导致“单一视角本能”，阻碍我们掌握世界的复杂性)”以及倒数第三的“Andrather
thantalkingonlytopeoplewhoagreewithyou,orcollectingexamplesthatfityourideas,consultpeoplewhocontradictyou,disagreewithyou,andputforwarddifferentideasasagreatresourceforunderstandingtheworld.(与其只与那些同意你的人交谈，或者收集符合你想法的例子，不如咨询那些反驳你、不同意你的人，并提出不同想法的人，作为理解世界的重要资源)”以及全文内容可知，本文作者主要提出“单一视角本能”最终会影响我们的判断力，限制我们有效解决复杂问题的能力，我们应该接受不同的观点，作为理解世界的重要资源。因此D项“驾驭复杂性:挑战过度简化”为最佳标题。故选D。29．C30．A31．C32．D【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了第一个成功移植猪心脏的人，他坚持了60天，比以往任何接受过其他物种心脏移植的病人都要长得多。他的出色表现给人们带来了新的希望，即，这种被称为异种移植的手术可以帮助缓解替代器官的短缺，每年挽救数千人的生命。这一医学突破为心脏移植等待名单上20%的患者提供了另一种选择。29．词句猜测题。根据第二段中“Bennett,57,heldonthrough60tomorrows,farlongerthananypreviouspatientwho’dreceivedaheartfromanotherspecies.Hisremarkablerunofferednewhopethatsuchprocedures,knownasxenotransplantation,couldhelprelievetheshortageofreplacementorgans,savingthousandsofliveseachyear.(57岁的贝内特坚持了60个明天，比以往任何接受过其他物种心脏移植的病人都要长得多。他的出色表现给人们带来了新的希望，即这种被称为异种移植的手术可以帮助缓解替代器官的短缺，每年挽救数千人的生命)”可知，Hisremarkablerun指的是上文提到的“57岁的贝内特坚持了60个明天”，即手术后活了60天。故选C。30．主旨大意题。根据第三段中的“Theearliestattemptsatxenotransplantationoforgans,involvingkidneysfromrabbits,goats,andotheranimals,occurredintheearly20thcentury,decadesbeforethefirstsuccessfulhuman-to-humantransplants.Rejection,whichoccurswhentherecipient’sbodysystemrecognizesthedonororganasaforeignobjectandattacksit,followedwithinhoursordays.Resultsimprovedaftersomespecialdrugsarrivedinthe1960s,butmostrecipientsstilldiedafterafewweeks.Therecordforaheartxenotransplantwassetin1983,whenaninfantnamedBabyFaesurvivedfor20dayswithanorganfromababoon.(最早的异种器官移植尝试发生在20世纪初，涉及兔子、山羊和其他动物的肾脏，比第一次成功的人对人移植早了几十年。当受者的身体系统将供体器官识别为异物并对其进行攻击时，就会发生排异反应，排异反应会在数小时或数天内发生。20世纪60年代，一些特殊药物问世后，效果有所改善，但大多数接受者仍在几周后死亡。异种心脏移植的记录是在1983年创造的，当时一个名叫“费伊宝宝”(BabyFae)的婴儿用狒狒的器官存活了20天)”可知，第三段主要介绍了异种移植的历史。故选A。31．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Pigscouldbeidealforthispurpose,becausethey’reeasytoraiseandreach
adulthumansizeinmonths.(猪可能是这个目的的理想选择，因为它们很容易饲养，几个月内就能达到成年人的体型)”可知，猪易养且生长速度快，是异种移植的理想供给品。故选C。32．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Inrecentyears,however,advancesingeneeditinghaveopenedanewpossibility:re-editsomegenesinanimalstoprovideuser-friendlyspareparts.(然而，近年来，基因编辑的进步开辟了一种新的可能性：重新编辑动物的一些基因，以提供用户友好的备件)”及最后一段“Thismedicalbreakthroughprovidedanalternativeforthe20%ofpatientsonthehearttransplantwaitinglistwhodiewhilewaitingorbecometoosicktobeagoodcandidate.(这一医学突破为20%在心脏移植等待名单上的患者提供了另一种选择，这些患者在等待期间死亡或因病情严重而无法成为良好的候选者)”可推知，贝内特的手术被认为是一个突破，因为它提供了通过基因编辑替代器官的前景。故选D。33．B34．C35．A36．C【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了人们在日常思考模式上用“加法”而不常用“减法”的思维定势，并通过科学家针对这一现象的实验操作介绍其背后的原理，并得出“减法”的思考模式是可以通过提醒来加强的结论。33．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Forexample,thinkaboutmessyhomes.(例如，想想凌乱的家)”以及“People’spreferenceforaddingmightcauseproblems.(人们对加法的偏好可能会引起问题)”可知，举凌乱的家的例子是为了把研究和日常生活联系起来。故选B。34．推理判断题。根据文章第三段““Whenpeopletrytomakesomethingbetter...theydon’tthinkthattheycanremoveunlesstheyaresomehowremindedtodoso,”saysConverse.(“当人们试图做得更好时……除非有人提醒，否则他们不认为自己可以移除，”匡威说。)”可以，我们从研究中了解到，提醒可以增加选择删除的可能性。故选C。35．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Next,thescientistswantedtoknowiftheycouldinfluencepeopletouseremovalinsteadofaddition.Inoneexperiment,theteamoffered197peopleadollartosolveapuzzle.ThepuzzleinvolvedaLegostructure.(接下来，科学家们想知道他们是否可以影响人们使用去除而不是添加。在一项实验中，研究小组给197人一美元，让他们解决一个谜题。这个谜题涉及一个乐高结构)”可知，作者通过对科学家进行的实验的分析得出结论，所以A项“Byexplainingtheprocessofresearch(通过解释研究过程)”符合文章发展脉络的逻辑关系。故选A。36．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段内容“Onsomedeeplevel,peopleseemtorealizethatremovalcomeslessnaturallythanaddition.Thatmaybewhat’sbehindsuchsayingslike,“Lessismore.”(在某种深层次上，人们似乎意识到去除没有添加那么自然。这可能就是“少即是多。”这类谚语背后的原因)”可知，作者认为研究的发现是合理的。故选C。
37．B38．B39．A40．D【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了全球变暖导致的气温上升使居住在喜马拉雅山脉周边地区的人们面临更大的洪水危险。印度坎普理工学院的两位地球科学家呼吁在该地区建立洪水预防和预警系统，以保护人们免受洪水侵袭，或警告他们即将到来的灾难。37．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“TwoearthscientistsattheIndianInstituteofTechnologyKanpuarecallingforfloodpreventionandwarningsystemsinareasaroundtheHimalayanmountainstoprotectpeoplefromfloodsortowarnthemofthepotentialdisasters.(印度坎普理工学院的两位地球科学家呼吁在喜马拉雅山脉周围地区建立防洪和预警系统，保护人们免受洪水侵袭，或者警告他们潜在的灾害)”可知，舒克拉和森关心的是如何在喜马拉雅山脉周围建立预警系统。故选B。38．主旨大意题。根据第二段中的“Inthepast,assnowandicehavemeltedinthewarmermonths,mountainlakeshaveformedwithnaturaldamsholdingtheminplace.Butpreviousresearchhasshownthatincreasesintheamountofwaterbuildupinsuchlakesandmeltingoftheiceintherockymaterialthatmakesupnaturaldamscanleadtomassivefloods.Justeightyearsago,theynote,meltingiceinnorthernIndialedtoanavalanche(雪崩)thatpushedthenaturaldamspastitsbreakingpoint.Thewaterrushingdownthemountain,carryingwithitlargerocks,treesandotherdebris,woundupkillingover5,000people.Sucheventsarecommonenoughtohavebeengivenaname-glaciallakeoutburstfloods(GLOFs).(在过去，随着冰雪在温暖的月份融化，高山湖泊就会形成，自然的水坝将它们固定在那里。但之前的研究表明，这些湖泊中蓄水量的增加以及构成天然水坝的岩石材料中的冰的融化可能导致大规模洪水。他们指出，就在八年前，印度北部的冰川融化导致了一场雪崩，导致天然水坝超过了其决口。洪水冲下山，带着大块的岩石、树木和其他碎片，最终造成5000多人死亡。这样的事件很常见，以至于有了一个名字——冰湖溃决洪水(GLOFs))”可知，第二段主要介绍了什么是冰湖溃决洪水(GLOFs)。故选B。39．细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“Buttheyalsonotethatthesameoutcomesarenotunavoidable.Theysuggestthattheconstructionofreservoirstoholdextrarain,structurestochangethecourseofwater,detentionbasins(滞洪区)alongwithembankments(堤岸)couldpreventsuchflooding.(但他们也指出，同样的结果并非不可避免。他们建议建造蓄水池来储存额外的雨水，改变水流的结构，蓄水池和堤防可以防止这种洪水)”可知，舒克拉和森认为冰湖溃决洪水(GLOFs)是可以避免的。故选A。40．推理判断题。根据第一段中的“TwoearthscientistsattheIndianInstituteofTechnologyKanpuarecallingforfloodpreventionandwarningsystemsinareasaroundtheHimalayanmountainstoprotectpeoplefromfloodsortowarnthemofthepotentialdisasters.(印度坎普理工学院的两位地球科学家呼吁在喜马拉雅山脉周围地区建立防洪和预警系统，保护人们免受洪水侵袭，或者警告他们潜在的灾害)”及最后一段中的“Takentogether,
suchtechnologycouldformthebasisofanearlywarningsystem.Withoutsuchaction,theywarnmillionsofpeoplecouldlosetheirlivesinthecomingyears.(综合起来，这些技术可以构成早期预警系统的基础。他们警告说，如果不采取这样的行动，数百万人可能在未来几年失去生命)”可推知，舒克拉和森建议在喜马拉雅山脉周围建立洪水预防和预警系统以预防冰湖溃决洪水(GLOFs)。故选D。
