2023届高三英语名校新题专题03（阅读理解之说明文） 期中考试专辑 解析版

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2023届高三英语名校新题快递—11月期中考试专辑专题03阅读理解之说明文解析版北京市海淀区2022-2023学年高三上学期期中英语试题Humanshavelonggainedpleasurefromthesmellsofthenaturalworld.Forthemostpart,though,humanbeingsarenottheirtargetmarket.Forplants,fragrancesareawaytointeractwithinsectsandotheranimals.Theirattractionforpeoplehappenssimplybychance.Inchemicalterms,mostnaturalfragrancesaremadeupofvolatiles—socalledbecauseoftheirtendencytochangestatessuddenly.Volatilesevaporateeasily,driftingintonoses.Inplants’reproductiveprocesses,smellyvolatilesattractpollinators(授粉昆虫).Buttheirnaturalapplicationsaremuchmorevaried.IfaninsectchewsthroughtheleavesofsomeBurseraplants,outshootsasticky,smellyliquidtotrapit.Coyotetobaccoplantsareevenmorecrafty:uponsensingthesmellofhungrycaterpillars,theyproducevolatilesthatattractpredatorstokillthepests.Whatistrulyamazingisjusthowwilyplantscanbeinusingtheirscentsforreproduction.Whiteflowersoftenemittheirscentatnighttoattractnocturnalpollinatorssuchasmoths.Theyproduceadilutenectar(稀释的花蜜)thatencouragesmothstokeepmoving,ratherthanlingeratasinglebloom—allthebettertoincreasepollination.Otherflowerschangetheirfragranceafterbeingsuccessfullypollinated,asasignalforinsectstogoelsewhere.Butthough“Scent”isastoryofplants’cleverness,itisalsoataleofthehumankind.Peoplehavelongusedfragrancesfortheirownpurposes,particularlyforuseinreligiousceremonies:perfumerecipesonthewallsofanEgyptiantempleinEdfudemonstratejusthowlongingredientshavebeenmixedinpursuitofthebestblend.Sohighlyprizedweresomescentsthat,toscareoffcompetitors,Arabtradersspreadalegendaboutgianteaglesthatguardedcinnamon.Eventuallyscientistsnolongerneedednaturalsourcesforfragrances.In1866afragrancemoleculewasproducedforthefirsttime.Sixteenyearslater,HoubigantParfumreleasedFougèreRoyale,thefirst“modernfantasyperfume”thatcreatesanimaginaryscentratherthancopyinganaturalone.Nowadaysfragrance–makingisdominatedbyman–madecompounds,whichcanbereliablyandaffordablyproducedinlargequantities.Thathasledtothemassproductionofsmellyproducts,fromtoiletpapertotoothpaste.Scentisaccordinglybigbusiness.Itissaidthataworld–famousfragranceandflavourmanufacturerthatclaimspeopleinteractwithitsproductsupto30timesaday,hadsalesof€3.8bnlastyear.31.AccordingtoParagraph1and2,whichwouldtheauthoragreewith?A.Someplantsmightkillthepestswiththeirsmells.B.Fragranceisatoolforplantstoprotectthemselves.

1C.Peopleinteractwithnatureeasilythroughfragrance.D.Fragrancesarelessimportanttohumansthantoanimalsandinsects.32.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“prized”inParagraph4mostprobablymean?A.Developed.B.Rewarded.C.Mixed.D.Valued.33.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A.Humansdonotusefragrancesaspurposefullyasplantsdo.B.Naturalsourcesforfragranceswillbeoutofdateinthefuture.C.Plantsusefragrancestobothattractandsendawaypollinators.D.Man–madefragranceshavetobeproducedbycopyingnaturalones.34.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.PlantsSmell,InsectsPreyB.SmartnessbehindFragranceC.Fragrance:ToMakeorNottoMakeD.FragranceConnectsHuman&Nature【答案】31.B32.D33.C34.B【解析】【导语】这是一篇说明文。对植物来说，香味是与昆虫和其他动物互动的一种方式。它们对人的吸引力完全是偶然发生的。文章主要说明了植物是如何通过香味来保护自己以及繁殖的。【31题详解】推理判断题。根据第二段中“IfaninsectchewsthroughtheleavesofsomeBurseraplants,outshootsasticky,smellyliquidtotrapit.Coyotetobaccoplantsareevenmorecrafty:uponsensingthesmellofhungrycaterpillars,theyproducevolatilesthatattractpredatorstokillthepests.(如果一只昆虫咬穿了一些Bursera植物的叶子，就会喷出一种粘性的、有臭味的液体来困住它。土狼烟草植物甚至更狡猾：一旦嗅到饥饿毛虫的气味，它们就会产生挥发物，吸引捕食者杀死害虫)”可推知，作者认同香味是植物保护自己的工具。故选B。【32题详解】词句猜测题。根据画线词后文“toscareoffcompetitors,Arabtradersspreadalegendaboutgianteaglesthatguardedcinnamon”可知，为了吓跑竞争对手，阿拉伯商人传播了一个关于守护肉桂的巨鹰的传说，可见有些香料非常珍贵，让商人通过传说来吓跑竞争对手。故画线词意思是“宝贵的”。故选D。【33题详解】细节理解题。根据第三段“Whatistrulyamazingisjusthowwilyplantscanbeinusingtheirscents

2forreproduction.Whiteflowersoftenemittheirscentatnighttoattractnocturnalpollinatorssuchasmoths.Theyproduceadilutenectar(稀释的花蜜)thatencouragesmothstokeepmoving,ratherthanlingeratasinglebloom—allthebettertoincreasepollination.Otherflowerschangetheirfragranceafterbeingsuccessfullypollinated,asasignalforinsectstogoelsewhere.(真正令人惊奇的是植物在利用它们的气味进行繁殖时是多么的狡猾。白花通常在夜间散发气味，以吸引夜间传粉者，如飞蛾。它们产生稀释的花蜜，鼓励飞蛾不断移动，而不是停留在一个单一的花期，这更好地增加授粉。其他花朵在成功授粉后会改变它们的香味，作为昆虫转移到其他地方的信号)”可知，植物利用香味来吸引和赶走传粉者。故选C。【34题详解】主旨大意题。根据第一段“Humanshavelonggainedpleasurefromthesmellsofthenaturalworld.Forthemostpart,though,humanbeingsarenottheirtargetmarket.Forplants,fragrancesareawaytointeractwithinsectsandotheranimals.Theirattractionforpeoplehappenssimplybychance.(长期以来，人类一直从自然界的气味中获得快乐。不过，在大多数情况下，人类并不是它们的目标市场。对植物来说，香味是与昆虫和其他动物互动的一种方式。它们对人的吸引力完全是偶然发生的)”结合文章主要说明了植物是如何通过香味来保护自己以及繁殖的。可知，B选项“香味背后的聪明机智”最符合文章标题。故选B。辽宁省沈阳市重点高中联盟2022-2023学年高三上学期期中考试Dogsmayappeartohaveselectivehearingwhenitcomestoordersbutresearchsuggeststheyarepayingattentiontohumanchitchat.Researchers,whoarrangedforheadphone-wearingdogstolistentoexcerpts(节录)fromthenovelTheLittlePrince,revealedtheirbrainscantellthedifferencesbetweenspeechandnon-speechwhenlisteningtohumanvoices,andshowdifferentresponsestospeechinanunfamiliarlanguage.Theresearchinvolved18dogsofvariousagesandbreeds(品种)thatweretrainedtolieinanMRIscannerwithheadphoneson.TheywerethenplayedrecordingseitherofhumansreadingexcerptsfromTheLittlePrinceorthosesamerecordingscutupintosmallpiecesandputbacktogetherinadifferentordersoitsoundedunnatural.Theresults,publishedinthejournalNeuroImage,revealedthedogs’brainsshowedadifferentactivitypatternintheprimaryauditorycortex(听觉皮层)forspeechcomparedwithnon-speech,withthefindingssimilarregardlessofwhetherthelanguageused—HungarianorSpanish—wasfamiliar.Curiously,thelongerthedogs’headswere,thebettertheirbrainscoulddistinguishspeechfromnon-speech.Theteamalsofoundtheactivitypatternwasstrongerfornon-speech.Inhumans,wetypicallysee

3strongerresponsetospeech.Theresearchalsorevealedfamiliarandunfamiliarlanguagesgaverisetodifferentresponsesinthesecondaryauditorycortex—butonlyforspeech.Thatwasimportant,saidAndics,seniorauthorofthestudyatLorándUniversityinHungary,asitsuggestedtheabilitytodistinguishbetweenlanguageswasnotsimplydowntothespeakersbeingdifferent.Instead,theteamsaid,thedifferencesseenbetweenlanguagesforspeechareprobablydowntoexposuretothefamiliarlanguageandasensitivitytolanguage-specificregularities.“Thisisalsosupportedbytheobservationthatolderdogsshowthestrongerdiscriminationbetweenthetwolanguages,”saidAndics.8.What’sthefunctionofParagraph1?A.Tomakeacomparison.B.Tointroducethesubject.C.Toprovidethebackground.D.Toproposeadefinition.9.What’sParagraph3mainlyabout?A.Theprocessoftheresearch.B.Thepurposeoftheresearch.C.Thesubjectoftheresearch.D.Theoutcomeoftheresearch.10.Onwhatbasisdidtheresearchersgettheirfindings?A.Howoldandwhatbreedsthedogsare.B.Howmanytimesthedogsreadthebook.C.Howdogs’brainsreacttodifferentspeeches.D.Howdogsgetfamiliarwiththelanguagesused.11.Whycouldolderdogshavestrongerdiscrimination?A.Theyhavemetmoredifferentspeakers.B.Theyhavebeenexposedtostrictertraining.C.Theypossessabettersenseofcommitment.D.Theysharethespeakers’environmentlonger.【答案】8.B9.A10.C11.D【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项研究发现狗狗可以识别出人的闲谈，介绍了研究对象、方法、过程和结果。【8题详解】推理判断题。根据第一段“Dogsmayappeartohaveselectivehearingwhenitcomestoordersbutresearchsuggeststheyarepayingattentiontohumanchitchat.(狗在听到命令时似乎有选择性听力，但研究表明它们一直在关注人类的闲聊)”结合下文对这一现象的研究推知，该段用来引出狗狗可以识别人的闲谈这一主题。故选B。

4【9题详解】主旨大意题。根据第三段“Theresearchinvolved18dogsofvariousagesandbreeds(品种)thatweretrainedtolieinanMRIscannerwithheadphoneson.TheywerethenplayedrecordingseitherofhumansreadingexcerptsfromTheLittlePrinceorthosesamerecordingscutupintosmallpiecesandputbacktogetherinadifferentordersoitsoundedunnatural.(该研究涉及18只不同年龄和品种的狗，这些狗被训练成戴着耳机躺在MRI扫描仪中，然后播放录音。要么是人们阅读《小王子》的节选，要么是那些相同的录音被分成几部分，然后以不同的顺序重新组合在一起，因此听起来不自然)”可知，本段介绍了实验的对象，实验如何分组和实施。故该段讲的是实验的过程。故选A。【10题详解】推理判断题。根据第四段“Theresults,publishedinthejournalNeuroImage,revealedthedogs’brainsshowedadifferentactivitypatternintheprimaryauditorycortex(听觉皮层)forspeechcomparedwithnon-speech,withthefindingssimilarregardlessofwhetherthelanguageused—HungarianorSpanish—wasfamiliar.Curiously,thelongerthedogs’headswere,thebettertheirbrainscoulddistinguishspeechfromnon-speech.(发表在《神经图像》杂志上的研究结果显示，与非语音相比，狗的大脑在主要的听觉皮层中表现出不同的语言活动模式，无论使用的语言是匈牙利语还是西班牙语，都是相似的。奇怪的是，狗的头越长，它们的大脑就越能区分言语和非言语)”可知，本研究是通过分析狗狗大脑对不同语言的反应而得出结论的。故选C。【11题详解】推理判断题。根据第七段“Instead,theteamsaid,thedifferencesseenbetweenlanguagesforspeechareprobablydowntoexposuretothefamiliarlanguageandasensitivitytolanguage-specificregularities.(相反，研究小组说，语言之间的语音差异可能归结为熟悉的语言和对特定语言规律的敏感性)”及最后一段““Thisisalsosupportedbytheobservationthatolderdogsshowthestrongerdiscriminationbetweenthetwolanguages,”saidAndics.(Andics说：“这也得到了观察的支持，即老年狗在两种语言之间表现出更强的辨别力。”)”可知，狗能区分语言之间的不同是由于狗接触熟悉的语言以及对特定语言常规模式的敏感。这是因为年纪大的狗狗对某种语言更加熟悉敏感。由此推知，和说话者共处同一环境的时间更长让年纪大的狗狗有更强的分辨能力。故选D。【山东省潍坊市2022-2023学年高三上学期期中】Electronicswoven(编织)intofabricspromisetoopenupallkindsofinterestingpossibilities,fromclothingthatmonitorsmuscleactivityandtracksbreathing,togarmentsthatcantalktooneanother.Developingpliablepowersourcestogowiththemisanequallyimportantfieldofresearch,soscientistsat

5theUniversityofBritishColumbiahaveputforwardaparticularlyimpressivesolutionthattheysaycouldbethefirsteverbatterythatisbothstretchableandwashable.Todevelopabatterywithsuchcapabilities,thescientistsreimaginedthewaythesedevicesareputtogether.Ratherthanformingalithium-ionbatterypackedwithhardenedmaterialsinsidearigidexterior,theteamturnedtoanalternativechemistryinzinc-manganese(锌锰)dioxide,whichisappealingforitslowcostandsafety.Thesematerialsweregrounddownintotinypiecesandinsetinapolymer(聚合物)toformverythinandstretchablelayers.“Wewentwithzinc-manganesebecausefordeviceswornnexttotheskin,it’sasaferchemistrythanlithium-ionbatteries,whichcanproducedeadlycompoundswhentheybreak,”saysNguyen.Theresultingbatteryisflexibleandcanbestretchedtotwiceitsnormallength,hasaspecificcapacityof160mAhg-1andkeeps75percentofitscapacityover500chargeanddischargecycles.Impressively,theteamfoundthebatterytowithstand39washcyclessofar.Theteamisnowworkingtoimprovethepoweroutputandlifetimeofthebattery,andsaysthecreationhasalreadyattractedcommercialinterest,withthecostexpectedtobesimilartoastandardrechargeablebattery.Theyimagineitbeingputtouseinwatchesandpatchesthatmeasurevitalsigns,andinsmartclothingthatdoesmuchthesamething.8.Whichofthefollowingcanreplacetheunderlinedword“pliable”inparagraph1?A.Strong.B.Multiple.C.Reliable.D.Flexible.9.Whatwasamajorconsiderationforintroducingzinc—manganesebattery?A.Safety.B.Hardness.C.Comfortableness.D.Convenience.10.Whichaspectofthenewbatteryimpressedtheresearchersinparagraph4?A.Itswashability.B.Itsstretchlength.C.Itsmassivecapacity.D.Itschargespeed.11.Whatisthemainideaofthetext?A.Electronicclothingiswellreceived.B.Clothingfittedwithnewbatteryisontheway.C.Clothing-friendlybatterycanbeputthroughwash.D.Electronicswovenintofabricsopenuppossibilities.【答案】8.D9.A10.A11.C【解析】【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一款即可拉伸又可以清洗的电池。【8题详解】词句猜测题。根据文章第一段“Developingpliablepowersourcestogowiththemisanequallyimportantfieldofresearch,soscientistsattheUniversityofBritishColumbiahaveputforwarda

6particularlyimpressivesolutionthattheysaycouldbethefirsteverbatterythatisbothstretchableandwashable.(开发与之配套的柔韧电源是一个同样重要的研究领域，因此，英属哥伦比亚大学的科学家们提出了一个特别令人印象深刻的解决方案，他们说，这可能是有史以来第一个既可拉伸又可洗涤的电池。)”以及文章第四段“Theresultingbatteryisflexibleandcanbestretchedtotwiceitsnormallength,(这种电池很灵活，可以拉伸到正常长度的两倍，)”可以推测划线词的意思应是“灵活的”。故选D项。【9题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Ratherthanformingalithium-ionbatterypackedwithhardenedmaterialsinsidearigidexterior,theteamturnedtoanalternativechemistryinzinc-manganese(锌锰)dioxide,whichisappealingforitslowcostandsafety.(该团队没有在坚硬的外壳内用硬化材料填充锂离子电池，而是转向了zinc-manganese(锌锰)dioxide中的一种替代化学物质，这种化学物质因其低成本和安全而备受青睐。)”可知介绍锌锰电池的一个主要考虑因素是这款电池的安全性。故选A项。【10题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第四段“Impressively,theteamfoundthebatterytowithstand39washcyclessofar.(令人印象深刻的是，该团队发现该电池迄今为止可以承受39次洗涤循环。)”可知新电池给研究人员留下了深刻印象的方面是它的可洗性。故选A项。【11题详解】主旨大意题。文章第一段“Developingpliablepowersourcestogowiththemisanequallyimportantfieldofresearch,soscientistsattheUniversityofBritishColumbiahaveputforwardaparticularlyimpressivesolutionthattheysaycouldbethefirsteverbatterythatisbothstretchableandwashable.(开发与之配套的柔韧电源是一个同样重要的研究领域，因此，英属哥伦比亚大学的科学家们提出了一个特别令人印象深刻的解决方案，他们说，这可能是有史以来第一个既可拉伸又可洗涤的电池。)”引出话题，文章二、三段主要讲科学家们在研究这款电池方面所做出的努力，第四、五段主要讲这款电池的特点，最后一段讲的是科学家们正在努力提高电池的功率输出和使用寿命以及它的使用前景，所以文章主要围绕一款适合衣服使用的电池来展开。故选C项。【山东省潍坊市2022-2023学年高三上学期期中】Thoughresearchershavelongknownthatadultsbuildunconscious(无意识的)preferencesoveralifetimeofmakingchoicesbetweenthingsthatareessentiallythesame,thenewfindingthatevenbabiesengageinthisphenomenondemonstratesthatthiswayofjustifyingchoiceisintuitive(凭直觉的)and

7somehowfundamentaltothehumanexperience.“Theactofmakingachoicechangeshowwefeelaboutouroptions,”saidAlexSilver,aJohnsHopkinsresearcher.“Eveninfantswhoarereallyjustatthestartofmakingchoicesforthemselveshavethispreference.”ThefindingsarepublishedtodayinthejournalPsychologicalScience.Peopleassumetheychoosethingsthattheylike.Butresearchsuggeststhat’ssometimesbackwards:welikethingsbecausewechoosethem.And,wedislikethingsthatwedon’tchoose.“Adultsmaketheseinferencesunconsciously,”saidco-authorLisaFeigenson,aJohnsHopkinsscientistinchilddevelopment.“Wejustifyourchoiceafterthefact.”Thismakessenseforadultsinaconsumerculturewhomustmakerandomchoiceseveryday,betweeneverythingfromtoothpastebrandstostylesofjeans.Thequestionwaswhenexactlypeoplestartdoingthis.Sotheyturnedtobabies,whodon’tgetmanychoicesso,asFeigensonputsit,are“aperfectwindowintotheoriginofthistendency.”Theteambrought10-to20-month-oldbabiesintothelabandgavethemachoiceofobjectstoplaywith;twoequallybrightandcolorfulsoftblocks.Theysetthemfarapart,sothebabieshadtocrawltooneortheother—arandomchoice.Afterthebabychoseoneofthetoys,theresearcherstookitawayandcamebackwithanewoption.Thebabiescouldthenpickfromthetoytheydidn’tplaywiththefirsttime,orabrandnewtoy.Theirchoicesshowedthey“dis-prefertheunchosenobject.”Tocontinuestudyingtheevolutionofchoiceinbabies,thelabwillnextlookattheideaof“choiceoverload.”Foradults,choiceisgood,buttoomanychoicescanbeaproblem,sothelabwilltrytodetermineifthatisalsotrueforbabies.12.Whatispeople’sassumptionabouttheactofmakingchoices?A.Theylikewhattheychoose.B.Theychoosewhattheylike.C.Theybasechoicesonthefact.D.Theymakechoicesthoughtfully.13.Whywerebabiesselectedassubjectsforthestudy?A.Tohelpthemmakebetterchoices.B.Toguidethemtoperceivetheworld.C.Totracktherootofmakingrandomchoices.D.Todeepentheunderstandingofaconsumerculture.14.Whatdoesthestudyonthebabiesshow?A.Theylikenovelobjects.B.Theirchoicesaremostlybasedoncolors.C.Theirrandomchoicesbecomepreferences.

8D.Theyareunabletomakechoicesforthemselves.15.Whatwillthefollowingstudyfocuson?A.Thelawof“choiceoverload”.B.Theproblemofadults’manychoices.C.Whytoomanychoicescaninfluenceadults.D.Whetherbabiesaretroubledwithmanychoices.【答案】12.B13.C14.C15.D【解析】【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了成年人在一生中在本质上相同的事物之间做出选择时会产生无意识的偏好，科学家就“婴儿在选择的过程中会基于自己的喜好吗”展开了研究。【12题详解】细节理解题。由第一段“Thoughresearchershavelongknownthatadultsbuildunconscious(无意识的)preferencesoveralifetimeofmakingchoicesbetweenthingsthatareessentiallythesame,thenewfindingthatevenbabiesengageinthisphenomenondemonstratesthatthiswayofjustifyingchoiceisintuitive(凭直觉的)andsomehowfundamentaltothehumanexperience.(尽管研究人员早就知道，成年人在一生中在本质上相同的事物之间做出选择时会产生无意识的偏好，但即使是婴儿也会参与这一现象的新发现表明，这种证明选择合理性的方式是凭直觉的，而且在某种程度上是人类经验的基础)”和第三段中的“Peopleassumetheychoosethingsthattheylike.(人们认为他们选择自己喜欢的东西)”可知，人们对选择行为的假设就是人们选择自己喜欢的。故选B项。【13题详解】细节理解题。由第四段中的“Sotheyturnedtobabies,whodon’tgetmanychoicesso,asFeigensonputsit,are“aperfectwindowintotheoriginofthistendency.”(因此，他们转向了婴儿，婴儿没有太多选择，所以，正如费根森所说，这是“一个了解这种倾向起源的完美窗口”)”可知，选择婴儿作为研究对象是因为婴儿是追踪随机选择的根源。故选C项。【14题详解】推理判断题。由第五段“Theteambrought10-to20-month-oldbabiesintothelabandgavethemachoiceofobjectstoplaywith;twoequallybrightandcolorfulsoftblocks.Theysetthemfarapart,sothebabieshadtocrawltooneortheother—arandomchoice.Afterthebabychoseoneofthetoys,theresearcherstookitawayandcamebackwithanewoption.Thebabiescouldthenpickfromthetoytheydidn’tplaywiththefirsttime,orabrandnewtoy.Theirchoicesshowedthey“dis-prefertheunchosen

9object.”(研究小组将10到20个月大的婴儿带进实验室，让他们选择玩的物品；两块同样明亮多彩的软块。他们把它们隔开很远，所以婴儿们不得不爬到其中一个或另一个——随机选择。当婴儿选择了其中一个玩具后，研究人员将其拿走，并带着一个新的选择回来。然后，婴儿们可以从他们第一次没有玩过的玩具中挑选，或者挑选一个全新的玩具。他们的选择表明，他们“不喜欢未被选择的对象”)”可知，婴儿们不喜欢自己没有选过的玩具，说明他们喜欢自己选过的东西，可得出他们的随机选择变成了偏好。故选C项。【15题详解】细节理解题。由最后一段中的“Foradults,choiceisgood,buttoomanychoicescanbeaproblem,sothelabwilltrytodetermineifthatisalsotrueforbabies.(对于成年人来说，选择是好的，但选择太多可能是一个问题，因此实验室将尝试确定婴儿是否也是如此)”可知，接下来实验室研究重点是“婴儿是否会被太多选择困扰”。故选D项。江苏省连云港市2022-2023学年高三上学期期中调研AsMarkMeekan,atropicalfishbiologistattheAustralianInstituteofMarineScienceinPerth,spottedagiantshadowyfiguremovingintheIndianOcean,hewasdivingtotakesamplesofawhaleshark’sskin.Thesharks,averagingaround12meterslong,spendmostoftheirlivesinthedeepoceanwheretheyarehardtoobserve,soanalyzingthechemicalmakeupoftheirtissuescanhelpscientistslearnmoreabouttheirbiologyandbehavior,includingwhattheyeat.TheskinsamplesthatMeekancollectedrevealthatwhalesharks,longthoughttobestrictmeateaters,alsoeatanddigestalgae(海藻).Thefindingsaddtoevidencethatwhalesharksintentionallyeatplants,potentiallymakingthemthelargestomnivoresonEarth.Althoughalgaehasturnedupinthestomachsofbeachedwhalesharksbefore,“everyonethoughtitwasjustaccidentalingestion(摄取),”Meekansays.Tofindoutifthatassumptionheldup,Meekan’steamtooktissuesamplesfrom17whalesharksfeedingoffthecoastofWesternAustraliafrom2015to2017.Whalesharks’skinwasrichinarachidonicacid(花生四烯酸)thatisfoundinbrownalgae,theanalysisshowed.Thenewworksupportspreviousresearchbyadifferentgroupthatfoundalgae-relatednutrientsintheskinofwhalesharksnearJapan.Together,thefindingssuggestthatdigestinggreensiscommonpracticeforwhalesharks.Butthatdoesn’tmeanwhalesharksaretrueomnivores,sayssharkbiologistRobertHueter.“Thisisabitlikesayingthatcowsareomnivoresbecausetheyeatinsectswhilefeedingongrass.”Meekanadmitsthatheisn’tsurewhetherwhalesharksseekoutalgae,buttheamounttheyeatisn’tincidental(附带的).“Theirtissuesholdaremarkablerecordofwhatthey’vebeenupto,”hesays.“We’renowlearninghowtoreadthislibrary.”28.WhydidMarkMeekantakesamplesofwhalesharks’skin?

10A.Toobservethelivingconditionsofsealife.B.Todiscovertheeatinghabitsofwhalesharks.C.Toexplorethebiologyandbehaviorofsealife.D.Toanalyzethefunctionofwhalesharks’tissues.29.WhatcanwelearnaboutMarkMeekan’sfindings?A.It’scommonforwhalesharkstotakeinalgae.B.It’sthefirsttimetofindwhalesharkseatgreens.C.Thereisabundantarachidonicacidinbrownalgae.D.Therearealgae-relatednutrientsinwhalesharks’skin.30.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“omnivores”inparagraph3mean?A.Meateaters.B.Animalslivinginthedeepocean.C.Livingcreatures.D.Animalsfeedingonmeatandgreens.31.WhatmessagedoesMarkMeekanconveyinthelastparagraph?A.He’llfindoutwhetherwhalesharkseatplants.B.He’llrecordwhatwhalesharkshavebeenupto.C.He’llfigureoutwhywhalesharksdigestgreens.D.He’llreadmoreaboutwhalesharksinthelibrary.【答案】28.B29.A30.D31.C【解析】【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了生物学家MarkMeekan的研究发现，长期以来被认为是严格肉食者的鲸鲨，也摄入绿色植物。【28题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段“Thesharks,averagingaround12meterslong,spendmostoftheirlivesinthedeepoceanwheretheyarehardtoobserve,soanalyzingthechemicalmakeupoftheirtissuescanhelpscientistslearnmoreabouttheirbiologyandbehavior,includingwhattheyeat.(鲨鱼平均身长约12米，它们大部分时间生活在深海中，很难被观察到，因此分析它们组织的化学组成可以帮助科学家更多地了解它们的生物学和行为，包括它们吃什么)”及第三段中“TheskinsamplesthatMeekancollectedrevealthatwhalesharks,longthoughttobestrictmeateaters,alsoeatanddigestalgae(海藻).(Meekan收集的皮肤样本显示，长期以来被认为是严格肉食者的鲸鲨，也吃并消化海藻)”可知，MarkMeekan采集鲸鲨皮肤样本是为了探究鲸鲨的饮食习惯。故选B项。【29题详解】细节理解题。根据第三段中“TheskinsamplesthatMeekancollectedrevealthatwhalesharks,longthoughttobestrictmeateaters,alsoeatanddigestalgae(海藻).

11(Meekan收集的皮肤样本显示，长期以来被认为是严格肉食者的鲸鲨，也吃并消化藻类)”以及第六段中“Together,thefindingssuggestthatdigestinggreensiscommonpracticeforwhalesharks.(总之，这些发现表明，消化绿色食物是鲸鲨的常见习惯)”可知，从MarkMeekan的发现中我们了解到鲸鲨摄入藻类是很常见的。故选A项。【30题详解】词句猜测题。划线词句前文“TheskinsamplesthatMeekancollectedrevealthatwhalesharks,longthoughttobestrictmeateaters,alsoeatanddigestalgae(海藻).(Meekan收集的皮肤样本显示，长期以来被认为是严格肉食者的鲸鲨，也吃并消化藻类)”说明鲸鲨除了吃肉也吃植物，是杂食动物，从而推知划线词句“Thefindingsaddtoevidencethatwhalesharksintentionallyeatplants,potentiallymakingthemthelargestomnivoresonEarth.(这些发现进一步证明了鲸鲨有意识地吃些植物，这可能使它们成为地球上最大的omnivores)”其中词汇应为“既吃肉也吃植物的杂食动物”。故选D项。【31题详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段中Meekan所说“Theirtissuesholdaremarkablerecordofwhatthey’vebeenupto.(它们的组织保存着它们所做事情的显著记录)”以及“We’renowlearninghowtoreadthislibrary.(我们现在正在学习如何阅读这个资料库)”等可以推知，Meekan表明他会弄明白为什么鲸鲨会消化绿色植物的。故选C项。辽宁省沈阳市2022-2023学年高三上学期期中考试Societytellsusweshouldsocialisetothefullest,andthatthosewhoaresurroundedbypeoplearethemostsuccessfulandthehappiest.Thesedays,we’realmostalwaysconnected,whetherinpersonorthroughourphonescreensandonlinesocialnetworks.Butthere’ssomethingtobesaidforsolitude(独处),“Beingalonedoesn’tnecessarilymeanbeinglonely”.Infact,spendingtimebyyourselfisanessentialelementofself-care.Aroundtheglobedifferentcultureshavewide-rangingperspectivesonwhatitmeanstospendtimealone.IfyouliveorhavespenttimeintheUnitedStates,you’reprobablyawarethatAmericanstendtorejectsolitude.Formanyyoungerpeople,weekendsarepackedwithsocialactivities,rangingfrombrunchwithfriendstodinnerpartiestogamenightstodrinkingatbarsandeverythinginbetween.TheUnitedStatesisn’ttheonlyplacewhereyou’llfindaheavyemphasisonsocialtime.AcrosstheAtlantic,theUnitedKingdomisknownforbeinganextremelyextroverted(外向型的)country.AsurveyofBritsfoundthatmorethanhalfhadneverdoneandwouldbeunwillingtodoactivitieslikegoingtotheme

12parksorseeinglivemusicalone.MostBritsspendalmosttwiceasmuchoftheirleisuretimesocialisingwithothersastheydobeingalone.Thehomecanbeaplaceofrest,relaxationandrecharge—thatis,ifyoulivebyyourselforhavethespacetobealoneinyourhome.ThecountryinwhichpeopleareleastlikelytolivealoneisIndia,atabout4percentofthepopulation.Chinaisalsoquitefondofmultiple-personhouseholds,withonlyabout10percentofpeoplelivingbythemselves.Inmorecollectivistcultureslikethese,manyaspectsoflifearerelatedtocommunity.Thus,spendingtimealoneisn’tasingrained(根深蒂固的)asasocialconventioninplaceslikethese,andthegoodofthegrouptakespriorityovertheneedsofoneperson.12.Whatcanwelearnfromthefirstparagraph?A.Peoplecanbenefitmorefromsolitude.B.Peopletendtosocialisemorenowadays.C.Beingalonegenerallyequalsbeinglonely.D.Beingaloneenablespeopletobecarefree.13.WhichofthefollowingbestdescribesyoungAmericans?A.Imaginativeandwild.B.Responsibleandenergetic.C.Optimisticanddutiful.D.Outgoingandsociable.14.WhyaremostChinesepeoplemorelikelytolivetogether?A.Becausetheyshareaspecificculture.B.Becausetheylacksomelocalcustoms.C.Becausetheypossessenoughhomespace.D.Becausetheygiveprioritytotheirownneeds.15.What’sthebesttitleforthepassage?A.TheEssenceofSelf-careB.EnjoySolitude,EnjoyYourselfC.TheFunctionsofDifferentCulturesD.ThePerspectivesonSolitude【答案】12.B13.D14.A15.D【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了不同文化对独处的不同看法。【12题详解】推理判断题。根据第一段中“Societytellsusweshouldsocialisetothefullest,andthatthosewhoaresurroundedbypeoplearethemostsuccessfulandthehappiest.Thesedays,we’realmostalwaysconnected,whetherinpersonorthroughourphonescreensandonlinesocial

13networks.(社会告诉我们，我们应该充分地社交，那些被人包围的人是最成功和最快乐的。如今，我们几乎总是联系在一起，无论是面对面，还是通过手机屏幕和在线社交网络。)”可知，如今我们几乎总是联系在一起，无论是面对面还是通过手机屏幕和社交网络；由此可推知，如今的人们更倾向于社交。故选B项。【13题详解】推理判断题。根据第二段中的“IfyouliveorhavespenttimeintheUnitedStates,you’reprobablyawarethatAmericanstendtorejectsolitude.Formanyyoungerpeople,weekendsarepackedwithsocialactivities,rangingfrombrunchwithfriendstodinnerpartiestogamenightstodrinkingatbarsandeverythinginbetween.(如果你住在美国或曾在美国生活过一段时间，你可能会意识到美国人倾向于拒绝独处。对许多年轻人来说，周末充满了社交活动，从和朋友吃早午餐到晚宴，从游戏之夜到酒吧喝酒，以及介于这两者之间的一切。)”可知，美国的年轻人周末充满了社交活动。由此可推知，美国的年轻人都比较好社交。故选D项。【14题详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Chinaisalsoquitefondofmultiple-personhouseholds,withonlyabout10percentofpeoplelivingbythemselves.Inmorecollectivistcultureslikethese,manyaspectsoflifearerelatedtoaroundcommunity.(中国也很喜欢多口之家，只有大约10%的人独自生活。在这些更集体主义的文化中，生活的许多方面都与周围的社区有关。)”可知，大多数中国人更喜欢住在一起的原因是中国这种集体主义文化。故选A项。【15题详解】主旨大意题。根据文章第二段首句“Aroundtheglobe,differentcultureshavewide-rangingperspectivesonwhatitmeanstospendtimealone.(在世界各地，不同的文化对独处的意义有着不同的看法。)”可知不同的文化对独处有着不同的看法；文章第二、三、四段分别谈到了美国、英国、印度和中国等国家的人对独处的看法。由此可知，本文主要谈到了不同国家对独处的看法。D项“ThePerspectivesonSolitude(对独处的看法)”最能概括本文内容。故选D项。江苏省无锡市2022-2023学年高三上学期期中考试Itseemsthateveryweekwefindoutsomeonebrokeintoabigcompany’sdatabases—liketherecentEquifaxdatabreach(违规)—andmadeoffwithmillionsofcreditcardnumbers,passwordsandothervaluableinformation.Andnowanewkindofworry:someonecouldseizecontrolofyourwirelesshomenetworkandstealyourinformationfromunderyournose.That’sthepossibilityraisedbyacoupleofcybersecurityresearchersfromtheCatholicUniversityofLeuveninBelgium.Theproblem,theysay,isaweaknessintheveryprotocolmeanttomakewi-fisecure.ThatprotocoliscalledWi-FiProtectedAccessII,WPA2.AndWPA2’sweaknesscouldallowanattacker

14withinphysicalrangeofyourwi-finetworktomakeacopyofthatnetworkthattheycouldthencontrol.Theresearcherscalltheirapproachakeyreinstallationattack,orKRACK.It’simportanttoknowthataKRACKattackremainsapossibilityfornow.Thescientistsrealizedthethreatwhileinvestigatingwirelesssecurity.They’llpresentthisresearchonNovember1stattheComputerandCommunicationsSecurity(CCS)conferenceinDallasandinDecemberattheBlackHatEuropeconferenceinLondon.IntheirKRACKassumption,wirelessdeviceswouldbefooledintoconnectingtothefalsenetwork.Andtheattackerwouldbeabletoaccessalloftheinformationthatdevicessendandreceivewhileconnectedtothatnetwork—evonifthatinformationhasbeencoded.AndroidandLinuxwouldbeespeciallyeasytoattackbecauseofhowtheirencryptionkeys(密钥)areconfigured(设定).Onemeasureofprotectionagainstsuchanattackwouldbetomakesuretheyyou’veinstalled(安装)themostup-to-dateversionsofyourapps,browsersandwirelessroutersoftware.Updatedsoftwareismostlikelytoincludethesecuritypatches(补丁)neededtoavoidfallingvictimtoaKRACKattack,becausechancesarethatKRACKwon’tremainsimplyaproof-of-conceptforlong.4.WhatarehomeInternetusersconcernedaboutnow?A.TheirInternetmaybedisconnected.B.Theircreditcardsmightbeinaccessible.C.Theirhomenetworkmightbedestroyed.D.Theirpersonalinformationmightbestolen.5.HowcantheattackertakeadvantageoftheWPA2’sweakness?A.Byinstallingakey.B.Byapproachingphysicalrange.C.Bycopyingandcontrollingthenetwork.D.BycontrollingtheInternetusers.6.WhatcanwelearnfromParagraph4?A.Thefalsenetworkcontributeslittletosuchattack.B.Ifcoded,theinformationwillbefreefromdanger.C.Androidiseasytoattackforlackofencryptionkeys.D.Alloftheinformationmightbeaccessibletotheattacker.7.WhatcanpeopledotoprotectagainstKRACKattack?A.Purchasethebest-qualityapps.B.KeeptheproofofKRACKlong.C.Ignorethepatchesofthecomputers.D.Installthelatestrelevantsoftware.【答案】4.D5.C6.D7.D【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是连接无线网时的一种新忧患——KRACK攻击。【4题详解】细节理解题。根据第一段的“Andnowanewkindofworry:someonecouldseizecontrolofyour

15wirelesshomenetworkandstealyourinformationfromunderyournose.(现在又出现了一种新的担忧：有人可能会控制你的无线家庭网络，并在你的眼皮底下窃取你的信息。)”可知，家庭互联网用户现在的担忧是他们的个人信息可能会被窃取。故选D。【5题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段的“AndWPA2’sweaknesscouldallowanattackerwithinphysicalrangeofyourwi-finetworktomakeacopyofthatnetworkthattheycouldthencontrol.(WPA2的弱点可能会让在你wi-fi网络物理范围内的攻击者复制一个他们可以控制的网络。)”可知，攻击者利用WPA2的弱点，复制和控制网络，故选C。【6题详解】细节理解题。根据倒数第二段的“Andtheattackerwouldbeabletoaccessalloftheinformationthatdevicessendandreceivewhileconnectedtothatnetwork—evonifthatinformationhasbeencoded.(攻击者将能够访问连接到该网络的设备发送和接收的所有信息——即使这些信息已被编码。)”可知，所有的信息都有可能被攻击者获取。故选D。【7题详解】细节理解题。根据最后一段的“Onemeasureofprotectionagainstsuchanattackwouldbetomakesuretheyyou’veinstalledthemostup-to-dateversionsofyourapps,browsersandwirelessroutersoftware.(防止这种攻击的一个措施是确保你安装了最新版本的应用程序、浏览器和无线路由器软件。)”可知，人们可以安装最新的相关软件来防止KRACK攻击，故选D。四川省绵阳市2022-2023学年高三上学期第一次诊断OnJanuary7,DavidBennettwentintotheoperatingroomattheUniversityofMarylandMedicalCenterforasurgicalprocedureneverperformedbeforeonahuman.The57-year-oldMarylandresidenthadbeenhospitalizedformonthsduetoalifethreateningdisease.Hisheartwasfailinghimandheneededanewone.Bennett＇sconditionlefthimunresponsivetotreatmentandineligible（不合格）forthetransplantlistoranartificialheartpump.Thephysician-scientistsatthecenter,however，hadanother-alsorisky-option：transplant（移植）aheartfromagenetically-modifiedpig.“Itwaseitherdieordothistransplant,”Bennetthadtoldsurgeonsadaybeforetheoperation.“Iwanttolive.Iknowit'sashotinthedark,butit’salsomylastchoice.”Ittookthemedicalteameighthourstofinishtheoperation,makingBennettthefirsthumantosuccessfullyreceiveapig'sheart.“It'sworkinganditlooksnormal.Wearethrilled,butwedon'tknow

16whattomorrowwillbringus.Thishasneverbeendonebefore,”BarkleyGriffith,wholedthetransplantteam,toldtheNewYorkTimes.Whileit'sonlybeenfivedayssincetheoperation,thesurgeonssaythatBennett'snewpigheartwas,sofar,functioningasexpectedandhisbodywasn'trejecting（排斥）theorgan.Theyarestillmonitoringhisconditionclosely.“Ithinkit'sextremelyexciting,”saysRobertMontgomery,transplantsurgeonanddirectoroftheNYULangoneTransplantInstitute,whowasnotinvolvedinBennett'soperation.TheresultoftheprocedurewasalsopersonallymeaningfulforMontgomery,whoreceivedahearttransplantin2018duetoageneticdiseasethatmayalsoaffectmembersofhisfamilyinthefuture.“It'sstillintheearlydays,butstilltheheartseemstobefunctioning.Andthatinandofitselfisanextraordinarything.Uptonowmostexperimentalhearttransplantprocedureshavebeendonebetweenpigsandotheranimals.Thisisthefirsttimethatsurgeonshavetakenitintoalivinghuman.”32.Whatdothewords“ashotinthedark”underlinedinParagraph3mean?A.Somethingthatcostsafortune.B.Somethingimpossibletosucceed.C.Somethingdrawingpublicattention.D.Somethingwithanuncertainoutcome.33.WhatisBarkleyGriffith'sattitudetoBennett'spost-operationcondition?A.Negative.B.Cautious.C.Optimistic.D.Uncaring.34.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Theheateddebateoverthepighearttransplant.B.DavidBennett'scontributiontomedicalresearch.C.Thefirstexperimentalpighearttransplantintheworld.D.Thefirstsuccessfulpighearttransplantintoalivinghuman.35.Inwhichsectionofamagazinemaythistextappear?

17A.PoliticalAffairs.C.Sci-TechFront.B.GlobalEntertainment.D.FinancialWindow.DBDC湖南省顶级名校2023届高三上学期月考试卷Intheolddays,whenyouhadtodrivetoamovietheateror,toavideostoretogetsomeentertainment,itwaseasytoseehowyouractionscouldhaveanimpactontheenvironment.Youwerehoppingintoyourcar,drivingacrosstownandcoughingoutemissionsandusinggasalltheway.Butnowthatwe'reusedtostayingathomeandstreamingmovies,wemightgetalittlecocky.Afterall,wearejustpickingupourphonesormaybeturningontheTV.You’rewelcome.MotherNature.Notsofast,saysarecentreportfromtheFrench-basedShitProject.Watchingahalf-hourshowwouldleadto3.5poundsofCO2emissions.That'slikedriving3.9miles.Accordingto"ClimateCrisis:TheUnsustainableUseofOnlineVideo”,digitaltechnologiesareresponsiblefor4%ofgreenhousegasemissions,andthatenergyuseisincreasingby9%ayear.Storedindatacenters,videosaretransferredtoourterminalssuchascomputers,smartphones,etc.vianetworks.AlltheseprocessesrequireelectricitywhoseproductionconsumesresourcesandusuallyinvolvesCO2:emissions.IntheEuropeanUnion,theEURECAprojectleadscientist,RabihBashroush,calculatedthat5billiondownloadsandstreamsofthesong"Despacito"consumedasmuchelectricityasthecountriesofChad,Guinca-Bissau,Somalia,SierraLeoneandtheCentralAfricanRepublicusedinasingleyear.Streamingisonlyexpectedtoincreaseaswebecomemoreattachedtoourdevices.Onlinevideouseisexpectedtoaccountfor80%ofallinternettrafficby2023accordingtoCISCO.Bythen,about60%oftheworld'spopulationwillbeonline.You'reprobablynotgoingtogiveupyourstreamingservices,buttherearethingsyoucandotohelplessentheimpactofyouronlineuse.Herearesometips:Disableautopaytorvideoonsocialmedia.StreamoverWi-Fi,notmobilenetworks.Watchonthesmallestscreenyoucan.Don’tusehigh-definition（高清晰度的）videoondevices.28.Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph2thatpeoplethink

18A.theyshouldwelcomeMotherNatureB.watchingmoviesathomeismorefunC.itisinconvenienttodrivetoamovietheaterD.streamingathomeavoidspossibleemissions29.Whatcanbelearnedfromthetext?A.Driving3.9milesmayproduce3.5poundsofCO2.B.Digitaltechnologiesaccountfor4%ofelectricityuse.C.Onlinevideousemakesup80%ofallinternettraffic.D.60%oftheworld'spopulationwatchvideosonline.30.Whyarcthefivecountriesmentionedinparagraph4?A.Topraisetheirenergy-efficientpractice.B.Toprovethepovertyofthefivecountries.C.Tostressthepopularityofthesong“Despacito".D.Toshowthehighenergyuseofdownloadsandstreams.31.Howcanpeoplehelptosaveenergywhenstreaming?A.Byusinghigh-definitionvideo.B.Byturningoffvideoautopay.C.Bystreamingovermobilenetworks.D.Bywatchingmoviesonbiggerscreens.【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了最近的一份报道发现，在家看剧上网也会产生二氧化碳，对环境造成影响。28.D。推理判断题。第一段叙述驾车出行会导致碳排放，而由第二段中的Butnowthatwe＇reusedtostayingathomeandstreamingmovies，wemightgetalittlecocky.可知，如今人们习惯待在家里看电影，普遍觉得不出门就不会产生碳排放，从而不会对环境造成影响。29.A。细节理解题。根据第三段中的Watchingahalf-hourshowwouldleadto3.5poundsofCO2emissions.That’slikedriving3.9miles..可知，看半小时的节目会排放3.5磅的二氧化碳，这相当于开车3.9英里产生的碳排放量。30.D。推理判断题。根据第四段可知，“Despacito＇”这首歌的50亿次下载和在线播放所消耗的电量相当于乍得、几内亚比绍、索马里、塞拉利昂和中非共和国这几个国家一年的用电量。故本段提到这五个国家是为了直观地说明在网上下载和播放歌曲所消耗的能源是非常多的。3l.B。细节理解题。根据文章最后给出的建议Disableautoplayforvideoonsocialmedia.可知，关闭视频的自动播放功能有助于节约能源。

19湖北省武汉市2022-2023学年高三上学期期中试题WomenwerelesslikelythanmentosupporttheVietnamwar,theGulfwar,ortheinvasionsofAfghanistanandIraq.Theycommitfarfewermurders.Theyarelesslikelytofavorstrikes.Forsomescholars,thesearegroundsforthinkingthataworldrunbywomenwouldbemorepeaceful.ButEuropeanhistorysuggestsotherwise,accordingtopoliticalscientistsOeindrilaDubeandS.P.Harish.TheystudiedhowoftenEuropeanrulerswenttowarbetween1480and1913,andfoundthatstatesruledbyqueenswere27%morelikelytogetinvolvedinwarsthanthoseruledbykings.Thiswasnotallthequeens’fault:men,seeingthemassofttargets,tendedtoattackthem.FredericktheGreatofPrussiaoncedeclared:”Nowomanshouldeverbeallowedtogovernanything.“Shortlyafterbecomingking,heattackedthenewlycrownedArchduchessofAustria,MariaTheresa,andseizedSilesiaprovince.Despiteyearsofwar,sheneverrecoveredit.Butperceivedweaknessisnotthewholestory.Queens,theresearchersfound,weremorelikelytogainnewterritory.CatherinetheGreatexpandedherempirebysome200,000squaremiles.Andmarriedqueensweremoreaggressivethansinglequeensorkings,whethersingleormarried.Theauthorssuggestseveralreasonsforthis.First,marriedqueensmayhavebeenabletoformmoremilitaryalliances(联盟),makingthemconfidentenoughtopickfights.Theirhusbandshadoftenservedinthearmybeforetheymarried,andwerewellplacedtostrengthenmilitarytiesbetweentheirhomelandsandtheirwives’states.Secondunlikemostkings,queensoftengavetheirhusbandsalotofpower,puttingtheminchargeofforeignpolicyortheeconomy.Duringthe1740s,MariaTheresa’shusband,FrancisI,reformedtheAustrianeconomyandraisedmoneyforthearmedforceswhilehiswiferuledmuchofcentralEurope.PrinceAlbertwasQueenVictoria’smosttrustedadviser,shapingherforeignpolicyuntilhisdeathin1861.Thisdivisionoflabor,theauthorssuggest,freeduptimeforqueenstopursuemoreaggressivepolicies.Themodernera,too,haswitnessedfemaleleadersinwars:GoldaMeirandtheYomKippurwar,orMargaretThatcherandtheFalklands.Thenumberofcountriesledbywomenhasmorethandoubledsince2000,butthereisplentyofroomforimprovement:thecurrentlevelof15representslessthan10%ofthetotal.Aworldinwhichmorewomentookpowermightbemoreequal.Whetheritwouldbemorepeacefulisadifferentquestion.12.Theunderlined“perceivedweakness”inparagraph4meansthat________.A.womenwerelesslikelytosupportwarsB.womencouldnotrecoverlostterritoryC.womencommitfarfewercrimes

20D.womenweresofttargets13.Whyweremarriedqueensmorelikelytogainnewterritory?A.Becausetheirmilitaryalliancespickedfightsforthem.B.Becausetheywereambitiousandaggressivebynature.C.Becausetheirhusbandsweresupportiveinstategoverning.D.Becausetheycentralizedallpowerintotheirownhands.14.Whatisthepurposeofmentioningthetwofemaleleadersinthelastparagraph?A.Toimplythereisroomforimprovementingenderequality.B.Toindicatemorefemalesbecomeleadersinmoderntimes.C.Toillustratefemaleleaderscannotpreventwarsinmoderntimes.D.Tosuggestfemaleleadershavetheirshareofwarsinmoderntimes.15.Accordingtothepassage,wecansafelyconcludethat________.A.marriedwomenarenotfittogoverntheirstatesontheirownB.femaleleadersshouldberesponsibleforallwarsthroughouthistoryC.theworldwouldn’tbemorepeacefulevenifmorewomentookpowerD.thedivisionoflaborallowsqueenstosurviveeconomiccrisis【答案】12.D13.C14.D15.C【解析】【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了由女性执政的国家历史上并不比男性执政的国家和平，已婚女王带领的国家其实经历了更多的战争。【12题详解】词句猜测题。根据第三段第一句话“Thiswasnotallthequeens’fault:men,seeingthemassofttargets,tendedtoattackthem.(这不全是女王的错：男人们把他们视为软目标，倾向于攻击他们)”以及下文可知，男人们将女人看作软柿子，倾向于攻击她们，然后举例证明男人攻击女性执政的国家，而第四段却表示这不是完整的故事，说明划线词应该指代上文男性对女性的轻视，因此画线的句子应该理解为“认为女人是软柿子”。故选D。【13题详解】细节理解题。根据倒数第三段“Theauthorssuggestseveralreasonsforthis.First,marriedqueensmayhavebeenabletoformmoremilitaryalliances(联盟),makingthemconfidentenoughtopickfights.Theirhusbandshadoftenservedinthearmybeforetheymarried,andwerewellplacedtostrengthenmilitarytiesbetweentheirhomelandsandtheirwives’

21states.(作者提出了几个原因。首先，已婚皇后可能已经能够形成更多的军事联盟，使他们有足够的信心挑起战争。他们的丈夫在结婚前经常在军队服役，他们处于有利地位，可以加强祖国和妻子所在州之间的军事联系)”可知，他们的丈夫会帮助其管理国家。故选C。【14题详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段第一句话“Themodernera,too,haswitnessedfemaleleadersinwars:GoldaMeirandtheYomKippurwar,orMargaretThatcherandtheFalklands.(现代也见证了战争中的女性领导人：戈尔达·梅尔和赎罪日战争，或者玛格丽特·撒切尔和福克兰群岛)”可知，这里举例是想表明当代的女性领导者也在战争中有参与。故选D。【15题详解】推理判断题。根据文章最后一段最后两句话“Aworldinwhichmorewomentookpowermightbemoreequal.Whetheritwouldbemorepeacefulisadifferentquestion.(一个有更多女性掌权的世界可能会更加平等。是否会更和平是另一个问题)”可知，越来越多女性执政可能世界会更平等，但是是否更和平就是另一回事了，且前面一直介绍历史上和现代女性执政者都参与战争，所以我们可以总结出就算更多女性执政，世界也不会变得更加和平。故选C。湖北省八市重点中学202222023学年高三上学期10月联考Theregoestheproverb,“Theearlybirdcatchestheworm.”Ithasbeenproventhatearlybirdreallydoescatchtheworm,buthesavesitfordinner.TheOxfordUniversityresearchersbelievethestrategyallowsthemtostockuponfoodwhileithelpsavoidfallingthevictimstopredators(捕食者).Afullbellyinthemorningwouldslowthemdowninthehuntforfoodandmakethemeasyprey.Sotheysearchoutfoodwhentheyareleanandlightandthendineintheeveningtoensuretheyhaveabigenoughstoreoffattosurvivethenight.The“earlybird”strategywasrevealedinanexperimentinwhichover2,000birdswerefittedwithtinyradiotagswhichactivatedwhentheylandedonfeedershiddeninWythamWoods,nearOxford.Thefeedersweremovedaroundoverthecourseofthedayandtheresearchersnotedwhenthebirdslandedonthem.“Ourresultsshowthesebirdsdisplayverydifferentpatternsoffooddiscoveryinthemorningandafternoon;veryfewnewfoodsourceswerefoundduringtheafternoon,whereasnearlyeverynewfoodsourceweputoutduringthemorningwasquicklydiscovered.”Thisrevealedthatthebirdsweremuchbetteratfindingthefeedersnewlocationsinthemorning.However,theywaiteduntiltheeveningtofeastontheworms.Theresearcherssaidthecomplexstrategyactsasaninsurancepolicy,withbirdsremaininglightyetstillabletogetenoughfattosurvivethenight.Itisparticularlyimportantinwinterwhentherisksofpredationarehighandjustonedaywithoutfoodcanmakethedifferencebetweenlifeanddeathforsmallbirds.28.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“stockupon”inParagraph1mean?

22A.storeup.B.disposeof.C.throwaway.D.eatanddigest.29.Howdidtheresearchersconducttheexperiment?A.Bycomparingthedatacollected.B.Byreferringtothepreviousresearchpapers.C.Byconductingarandomsurveyinthewoods.D.Byobservingthebirds’habitsofcatchingworms.30.Whatcanwelearnfromthispassage?A.Birdshaveabetterappetiteinthemorning.B.Birdsprefertohuntforfoodinthemorning.C.Birdswon’thuntforfoodunlesstheyarehungry.D.Birdshuntasfrequentlyinthemorningasintheafternoon.31.Whydobirdsadoptauniqueandcomplexeatinghabit?A.Becauseitcanhelpthemcopewithfoodshortage.B.Becausetheydothisforsecurityreasonsinasense.C.Becausetheycan’teatupallthefoodtheyhavecaught.D.Becausetherearemorewormsavailableinthemorning.本文是科技说明文。文章主要介绍了牛津大学科技工作者通过观察鸟早晚觅食的差异验证了“早起的鸟有虫吃”这句谚语的科学性问题。28.A。词义猜测题。根据文章倒数第二段最后一句“theywaiteduntiltheafternoontofeastontheworms.”可知，鸟在早上觅食直到晚上才大快朵颐，所以先储存食物。Astoreup储存;Bdisposeof处理，解决；Cthrowaway浪费；抛弃。29.D。细节理解题。根据文章第三四两个自然段可知，研究人员在试验中移动喂食器的位置并观察鸟儿落在喂食器上的情况。30.B。推理判断题。根据倒数第二段内容“veryfewnewfoodsourceswerefoundduringtheafternoon,whereasnearlyeverynewfoodsourceweputoutduringthemorningwasquicklydiscovered.”可知鸟儿更喜欢在早上觅食。31.B。细节理解题。根据文章第一段最后一句和最后一段“Theresearcherssaidthecomplexstrategyactsasaninsurancepolicy,”某种程度上出于安全考虑，鸟儿利用早上体态轻盈觅食而晚上进食，避免成为被猎食者。所以正确选项为B

23福建省三明市教研联盟2022-2023学年高三上学期期中联考Callingvegetablesandfruits“ugly”canbearecipeforsalessuccess,accordingtoanewstudy.AFrenchsupermarketchainmadeinternationalheadlineswhenitbeganmarketingmisshapenproduceas“ugly”in2014.Sincethen,foodstoresaroundtheworldhavelaunchedcampaignstosell“imperfectproduce”.Somehavebeensuccessful,whileothershaven’t—butuntilnow,researchershadn’tadequatelyexplainedwhyconsumersrejectedimperfectproduce,orwhatmarketingapproachwasmostlikelytowhettheirappetites.Theresearchersconductedsevenstudiesthattestedtheeffectsof“ugly”labelingbyhavingparticipantspurchaseproduceatafarmer’smarketandonline,andbyexaminingpeople’simpressionsaboutmisshapenfoods.Interestingly,theyfoundthatconsumersexpectedtheimperfectproducetobelesstastyandevenlessnutritiousthanmoretraditionallyattractivefoods.Butit’snotallbadnewsforunattractivefoods.Theresearchersalsofoundthatwhentheproduceislabeled“ugly”,consumerhesitancydisappears—andit’snotbecauseofhumorororiginality.Callingitems“ugly”signalstoconsumersthattheonlydifferencebetweenitemsisappearance,whichmakesthemawareoftheirbias(偏见)andsignificantlyincreasestheirwillingnesstobuythelessattractiveproduce.“We’repointingtothesourceoftherejection,”explainsJohnMeredith,theleadresearcher.“Itmakespeopleawareofthelimitednatureoftheirobjectiontotheunattractiveproduceandmakesitcleartoconsumersthattherearenootherproblemsintheproduceotherthanattractiveness.”Theresearchalsofoundconsumersspentmoreonthemisshapenproducelabeled“ugly”insteadof“imperfect”.Andeventhoughtheuglyproducewassoldata25percentdiscount,itturnedouttobemoreprofitableforsellers,asthecostofacquiringtheuglyproducewaslower.However,ifthepricereductionwastoosharp,participantsexpectedthe“ugly”foodstobeoflowquality.8.Whatisthenewstudymainlyabout?A.Foodquality.B.Consumerdemand.C.Marketingapproach.D.Biasagainstappearance.9.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“whettheirappetites”inparagraph2referto?A.Satisfytheirneedtoeatbetter.B.Stimulatetheirdesireofbuying.C.Encouragethemtorisktryingout.D.Raisetheirconcernsaboutnutrition.10.Whyarepeoplewillingtobuyugly-labeledproducewithouthesitation?A.Theyarehappytospendlessandhavemore.B.Theyarecuriousaboutthespecialshapesofproduce.C.Theyareattractedbythefunnyandcreativeideaoflabeling.D.Theyareledtobelieveuglyproducehasnoqualityproblems.

2411.Whichwayhelpsfoodsellersmakemoreprofitaccordingtothestudy?A.Calltheuglyproduce“ugly”.B.Labeltheuglyproduce“imperfect”.C.Grouptheproducebyitsattractiveness.D.Pricetheuglyproduceatasharpdiscount.【答案】8.C9.B10.D11.A【解析】【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了研究表明，将丑陋的蔬菜和水果标上“丑陋”标签可以增加消费者的购买意愿。【8题详解】推理判断题。根据第一段内容“Callingvegetablesandfruits“ugly”canbearecipeforsalessuccess,accordingtoanewstudy.”（根据一项新的研究，称蔬菜和水果“丑陋”可能是销售成功的秘诀。）可知，一项新的研究表明，称蔬菜和水果“丑陋”可能是销售成功的秘诀，由此可知，称蔬菜和水果“丑陋”是一种成功的营销方法，这项新的研究主要是关于营销方法的研究。故选C项。【9题详解】词义猜测题。根据画线短语上句“researchershadn’tadequatelyexplainedwhyconsumersrejectedimperfectproduce”（研究人员没有充分解释消费者拒绝不完美产品的原因）可知，研究者想知道为什么消费者拒绝不完美产品，由此可知，画线短语所在句指的是研究者想知道什么样的营销方式能激发消费者购买不完美产品的欲望，“Stimulatetheirdesireofbuying”意为“激发他们的购买欲望”，能够表达画线短语在句中所要表达的意思。故选B项。【10题详解】细节理解题。根据第四段关键句“Callingitems“ugly”signalstoconsumersthattheonlydifferencebetweenitemsisappearance,whichmakesthemawareoftheirbias(偏见)andsignificantlyincreasestheirwillingnesstobuythelessattractiveproduce.”（将商品称为“丑陋”向消费者表明，商品之间的唯一区别在于外观，这让他们意识到自己的偏见并显著增加了他们购买吸引力较低产品的意愿。）可知，将商品贴上“丑陋”标签向消费者表明，商品之间的唯一区别在于外观，质量上没有差别，这让消费者放弃偏见，增加购买意愿，由此可知，人们会毫不犹豫地购买带有丑陋标签的产品是因为他们被引导相信丑陋的产品没有质量问题。故选D项。【11题详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段关键句“Theresearchalsofoundconsumersspentmoreonthemisshapenproducelabeled“ugly”insteadof“imperfect”.Andeventhoughtheuglyproducewassoldata25percentdiscount,itturnedouttobemoreprofitableforsellers,asthecostof

25acquiringtheuglyproducewaslower.”（研究还发现，消费者在标有“丑陋”而非“不完美”的畸形产品上花费更多。尽管丑陋的农产品以25%的折扣出售，但事实证明，由于购买丑陋农产品的成本较低，这对销售商来说更有利可图。）可知，将畸形产品贴上“丑陋”标签，消费者更愿意购买，并且销售商购买丑陋农产品的成本较低，所以尽管丑陋的农产品以25%的折扣出售，但对销售商来说更有利可图，由此可知，把丑陋的产品称为“丑陋”可以帮助食品销售商获得更多利润。故选A项。天津市五校2022-2023学年高三上学期期中联考Ten-year-oldSterling,astudentatStorkElementaryinAltaLoma,California,sayshewouldseegrown-upsignoringthestopsignnearhisschoolbusstopallthetime.Sterlingandhismomwereconcernedthatthedriverswouldgetintocrashes.Soheandhismomdecidedtogathersomestatisticstoshowthatstop-signrunningattheintersection(十字路口)nearhisschoolbusstopwasreallyaproblem.Theymadetheirplantogooutandstartcountingcarsthatstoppedandcarsthatdidn’tstop.Astheirresearchwenton,theyfoundtheresultswereamazing.Duringthesevendaystheyspentwatchingcarsgothroughtheintersection,theyfoundthatonlyoneoutofeverythreecarsactuallystoppedatthestopsign.Thatmeanstwooutofeverythreecarsdidnotstop.“Whatifthereisakidwhohastocrossthestreetatthatintersection,notknowingifthedriveriscomingtowardhim?”SterlingandhismomThought.Sotheydecidedtogivethestatisticsintothepolicedepartment.Andthatwaswhattheydid.JohnMcMahon,governorofSanBernardinoCountySheriff,foundoutabouttheirtrafficstudy,andhewasdeeplyimpressed.“IamnotsurewhetherIhaveeverseensuchastudyofthisdepthcomingfromanelementaryschoolstudent,”hesaid.“PolicearekeepingamuchclosereyeontheintersectionsoIthinkitisnowamuchsaferintersection—andclearly,amuchsaferbusstopthanitusedtobe.”OnFebruary19,McMahonsurprisedSterlingathisschoolandgavehimaspecialawardforhistrafficstudy.“It’snoteverydaythatwegettorecognizeastudentforgoingaboveandbeyondanddoingunbelievablethingforhiscommunity”McMahonsaid.ForSterling,it’snotjustaboutprotectinghimselffromgettinghurtinacarcrash.It’saboutprotectingotherkids,too.“Maybewecoulddosomethingtostopthosecrashes,andsavesomelives,”Sterlingsaid.41.HowdidSterlingfeelwhenhesawadultsignoringthestopsign?A.Angry.B.Worried.C.SurprisedD.Frightened.42.WhatdidSterlingandhismotherfindaftertheyobservedforaweek?A.Aboutathirdofcarsdidn’tstopatthecrossroads.

26B.Mostofthedriversdidn’tobeythetrafficrules.C.Policemendidn’tremindthedriverstostopatthetrafficlight.D.Kidsalwaysfounditdifficulttocrossthestreetatthecrossroads.43.WhydidSterlinghandhisresultofresearchintothepolice?A.Toshowthemanamazingresult.BToshowtheimportanceofhisresearch.C.Toturntothemforhelp.D.Toasktobuildatrafficlightthere.44.WhatcanweknowfromwhatJohnMcMahonsaid?A.Studentsdon’talwayshavedeepthoughtsofsociety.B.PolicemenwerenotresponsiblebeforeSterling’sstudy.C.Heexpectedmorestudentstohelpbuildtheircommunity.D.Sterling’scontributiontohiscommunityhasbeenaccepted.45.Whatcanbeinferredfromthetext?A.Sterlingmadeadifferencebydoinglittlethings.B.Sterlingdecidestodevotehimselftostoppingthecrashes.C.Sterlingfeltproudofhimselfwhenmentioninghisresearch.D.Sterlingdidhisstudytomakeotherscareaboutthetrafficsafety【答案】41.B42.B43.C44.C45.A【解析】【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。讲述了斯特林通过调查他的学校汽车站附近的十字路口的无视停车标志的情况，并把数据交给警察，从而解决了这个问题，来说明一些小事也能有大的影响。【41题详解】推理判断题。根据第一段中“Ten-year-oldSterling,astudentatStorkElementaryinAltaLoma,California,sayshewouldseegrown-upsignoringthestopsignnearhisschoolbusstopallthetime.(10岁的斯特林是加利福尼亚州阿尔塔洛马市斯托克小学的一名学生。他说，他经常看到大人们无视他学校汽车站附近的停车标志)”第二段中“Sterlingandhismomwereconcernedthatthedriverswouldgetintocrashes.(斯特林和他的母亲担心司机会发生车祸)”可知，当斯特林看到大人们无视停车标志时，他是担心的。故选B项。【42题详解】推理判断题。根据第三段中“Duringthesevendaystheyspentwatchingcarsgothroughtheintersection,theyfoundthatonlyoneoutofeverythreecarsactuallystoppedatthestopsign.

27Thatmeanstwooutofeverythreecarsdidnotstop.(在观察通过十字路口的车辆的七天里，他们发现实际上每三辆车中只有一辆在停止标志前停下。这意味着每三辆车中就有两辆没有停车)”可知，斯特林和他的母亲观察了一周后发现有三分之二的车无视了停车标志，所以大多数司机不遵守交通规则。故选B项。【43题详解】推理判断题。根据第四段中“'Whatifthereisakidwhohastocrossthestreetatthatintersection,notknowingifthedriveriscomingtowardhim?'SterlingandhismomThought.Sotheydecidedtogivethestatisticsintothepolicedepartment.Andthatwaswhattheydid.(“如果有一个孩子不得不在那个十字路口过马路，却不知道司机是否正朝他过来，那该怎么办?”斯特林和他的妈妈想。所以他们决定把统计数据交给警察局。这就是他们所做的)”可推知，斯特林要把他的研究成果交给警方，是担心其他过马路孩子的安全，向警方求助。故选C项。【44题详解】推理判断题。根据第五段中OnFebruary19,McMahonsurprisedSterlingathisschoolandgavehimaspecialawardforhistrafficstudy.“It’snoteverydaythatwegettorecognizeastudentforgoingaboveandbeyondanddoingunbelievablethingforhiscommunity.”McMahonsaid.(2月19日，麦克马洪在学校给斯特林一个惊喜，给他颁发了交通研究特别奖。麦克马洪说:“并不是每天我们都会因为一个学生超越了自己，为他的社区做了不可思议的事情认可一个学生。”)”可知，约翰·麦克马洪话中表达了希望更多的学生帮助建立他们的社区。故选C项。【45题详解】推理判断题。根据全文，我们知道斯特林通过调查学校汽车站附近的十字路口的停车标志确实是一个问题，之后把数据交给了警察局，再根据倒数第二段“PolicearekeepingamuchclosereyeontheintersectionsoIthinkitisnowamuchsaferintersection—andclearly,amuchsaferbusstopthanitusedtobe.(警方正在密切关注这个十字路口，所以我认为现在这个十字路口更加安全了—很明显，这个公交车站也比以前更安全了)”以及最后一段“ForSterling,it’snotjustaboutprotectinghimselffromgettinghurtinacarcrash.It’saboutprotectingotherkids,too.“Maybewecoulddosomethingtostopthosecrashes,andsavesomelives,”Sterlingsaid.(对于斯特林来说，这不仅仅是为了保护自己免受车祸的伤害。这也是为了保护其他孩子。斯特林说:“也许我们可以做些什么来阻止这些碰撞，挽救一些生命。”)”可推知，从这篇文章中我们知道斯特林通过做一些小事而有所不同。故选A项。