2019高考大题冲关秘笈高考英语阅读理解之说明文：体验真题

《2019高考大题冲关秘笈高考英语阅读理解之说明文：体验真题》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在教育资源-天天文库。

⚪
,Passage12016•ᐰ᪗HC
Readingcanbeasocialactivity.Thinkofthepeoplewhobelongtobookgroups.Theychoosebookstoreadandthenmeettodiscussthem.Now,thewebsiteBookCrossing.comturnsthepageonthetraditionalideaofabookgroup.Membersgoonthesiteandregisterthebookstheyownandwouldliketoshare.BookCrossingprovidesanidentificationnumbertostickinsidethebook.Thenthepersonleavesitinapublicplace,hopingthatthebookwillhaveanadventure,travelingfarandwidewitheachnewreaderwhofindsjt.BrucePederson,themanagingdirectorofBookCrossing,says,"Thetwothingsthatchangeyourlifearethepeopleyoumeetandbooksyouread.BookCrossingcombinesboth.HMembersleavebooksonparkbenchesandbuses,intrainstationsandcoffeeshops.Whoeverfindstheirbookwillgotothesiteandrecordwheretheyfoundit.Peoplewhofindabookcanalsoleaveajournalentrydescribingwhattheythoughtofit.E-mailsarethensenttotheBookCrosserstokeepthemupdatedaboutwheretheirbookshavebeenfound.BrucePedersonsaystheideaisfbrpeoplenottobeselfishbykeepingabooktogatherdustonashelfathome.BookCrossingispartofatrendamongpeoplewhowanttogetbacktothe"realHandnotthevirtual.Thesitenowhasmorethanonemillionmembersinmorethanonehundredthirty-fivecountries.1.Whydoestheauthormentionbookgroupsinthefirstparagraph?A.Toexplainwhattheyare.B.TointroduceBookCrossing.C.Tostresstheimportanceofreading.D.Toencouragereaderstosharetheirideas.2.WhatdoestheunderlinedwordHitHinParagraph2referto?A.Thebook.B.Anadventure.C.Apublicplace.D.Theidentificationnumber.3.WhatwillaBookCrosserdowithabookafterreadingit?

1A.Meetotherreaderstodiscussit.B.Keepitsafeinhisbookcase.C.Passitontoanotherreader.D.Mailitbacktoitsowner.4.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A.OnlineReading:AVirtualTourB.ElectronicBooks:ANewTrendC.ABookGroupBringsTraditionBackD.AWebsiteLinksPeoplethroughBooksPassage22016•ᓅC
CaliforniaCondorrsShockingRecoveryCalifomiacondorCaliforniacondorsareNorthAmerica?slargestbirds,withwing-lengthofupto3meters.Inthe1980s,electricallinesandleadpoisoningnearlydrovethemtodyingout.Now,electricshocktrainingandmedicaltreatmentarehelpingtorescuethesebigbirds.Inthelate1980s,thelastfewcondorsweretakenfromthewildtobebred.Since1992,therehavebeenmultiplereintroductionstothewild,andtherearenowmorethan150flyingoverCaliforniaandnearbyArizona,UtahandBajainMexico.Electricallineshavebeenkillingthemoff."Astheygointorestforthenight,theyjustdon'tseethepowerlines,HsaysBruceRideoutofSanDiegoZoo.Theirwingscanbridgethegapbetweenlines,resultinginelectrocutionᵯ᜛ᓃiftheytouchtwolinesatonce.Soscientistshavecomeupwithashockingidea.Tallpoles,placedinlargetrainingareas,teachthebirdstostayclearofelectricallinesbygivingthemapainfulbutundeadlyelectricshock.Beforethetrainingwasintroduced,66%ofset-freebirdsdiedofelectrocution.Thishasnowdroppedto18%.Leadpoisoninghasprovedmoredifficulttodealwith.Whencondorseatdeadbodiesofotheranimalscontaininglead,theyabsorblargequantitiesoflead.Thisaffectstheirnervoussystemsandabilitytoproduce

2babybirds,andcanleadtokidneyfailureanddeath.SocondorswithhighlevelsofleadaresenttoLosAngelesZoo,wheretheyaretreatedwithcalciumEDTA,achemicalthatremovesleadfromthebloodoverseveraldays.Thisworkisstartingtopayoff.Theannualdeathrateforadultcondorshasdroppedfrom38%in2000to5.4%in2011.Rideout*steamthinksthattheCaliforniacondors'averagesurvivaltimeinthewildisnowjustundereightyears."Althoughthesemeasuresarenoteffectiveforever,theyarevitalfornow,*'hesays."Theyaretrulygoodbirdsthatarewortheveryeffortweputintorecoveringthem."1.Californiacondorsattractresearchersinterestbecausethey.A.areactiveatnightB.hadtobebredinthewildC.arefoundonlyinCaliforniaD.almostdiedoutinthe1980s2.Researchershavefoundelectricallinesare.A.blockingcondors^oumeyhomeB.bigkillersofCaliforniacondorsC.restplacesforcondorsatnightD.usedtokeepcondorsaway3.AccordingtoParagraph5,leadpoisoning.A.makescondorstoonervoustoflyB.haslittleeffectoncondors^idneysC.canhardlybegottenridoffromcondors^loodD.makesitdifficultforcondorstoproducebabybirds4.Thispassageshowsthat.A.theaveragesurvivaltimeofcondorsissatisfactoryB.Rideout*sresearchinterestliesinelectricengineeringC.theeffortstoprotectcondorshavebroughtgoodresults0,researchershavefoundthefinalanswerstotheproblemPassage32016•ᜩC
WhenJohnwasgrowingup,otherkidsfeltsorryforhim.Hisparentsalwayshadhimweedingthegarden,

3carryingoutthegarbageanddeliveringnewspapers.ButwhenJohnreachedadulthood,hewasbetteroffthanhischildhoodplaymates.Hehadmorejobsatisfaction,abettermarriageandwashealthier.Mostofall,hewashappier.Farhappier.Thesearethefindingsofa40-yearstudythatfollowedthelivesof456teenageboysfromBoston.Thestudyshowedthatthosewhohadworkedasboysenjoyedhappierandmoreproductivelivesthanthosewhohadnot."Boyswhoworkedinthehomeorcommunitygainedcompetenceandcametofeeltheywereworthwhilemembersofsociety,'*saidGeorgeVaillant,thepsychologistᳮ!"whomadethediscovery.”Andbecausetheyfeltgoodaboutthemselves,othersfeltgoodaboutthem."VaillantJsstudyfollowedthesemalesingreatdetail.Interviewswererepeatedatages25,31and47.UnderVaillant,theresearcherscomparedthemen'smental-healthscoreswiththeirboyhood-activityscores.Pointswereawardedforpart-timejobs,housework,effortinschool,andabilitytodealwithproblems.Thelinkbetweenwhatthemenhaddoneasboysandhowtheyturnedoutasadultswassurprisinglysharp.Thosewhohaddonethemostboyhoodactivitiesweretwiceaslikelytohavewarmrelationswithawidevarietyofpeople,fivetimesaslikelytobewellpaidand16timeslesslikelytohavebeenunemployed.TheresearchersalsofoundthatIQandfamilysocialandeconomicclassmadenorealdifferenceinhowtheboysturnedout.Working——atanyage—isimportant.Childhoodactivitieshelpachilddevelopresponsibility,independence,confidenceandcompetence——theunderpinnings#Ạofemolionalhealth.Theyalsohelphimunderstandthatpeoplemustcooperateandworktowardcommongoals.Themostcompetentadultsarethosewhoknowhowtodothis.Yetworkisn'teverything.AsTolstoyoncesaid,"Onecanlivemagnificentlyinthisworldifoneknowshowtoworkandhowtolove,toworkforthepersononelovesandtoloveone'swork."1.WhatdoweknowaboutJohn?A.Heenjoyedhiscareerandmarriage.B.Hehadfewchildhoodplaymates.C.Hereceivedlittlelovefromhisfamily.D.Hewasenviedbyothersinhischildhood.2.VaillantyswordsinParagraph2serveas.A.adescriptionofpersonalvaluesandsocialvaluesB.ananalysisofhowworkwasrelatedtocompetenceC.anexamplefbrparents9expectationsoftheirchildren

4D.anexplanationwhysomeboysgrewintohappymen3.Vaillant?steamobtainedtheirfindingsby.A.recordingtheboysEffortinschoolB.evaluatingthemen'smentalhealthC.comparingdifferentsetsofscores□.measuringthemen'sproblemsolvingability4.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"sharp"probablymeaninParagraph4?A.Quicktoreact.B.Havingathinedge.C.Clearanddefinite.D.Suddenandrapid.5.Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?A.Competentadultsknowmoreaboutlovethanwork.B.Emotionalhealthisessentialtoawonderfuladultlife.C.Lovebringsmorejoytopeoplethanworkdoes.□.Independenceisthekeytoone'ssuccess.Passage4(2016*%&C)Ascientistworkingatherlabbenchandasix-month-oldbabyplayingwithhisfoodmightseemtohavelittleincommon.Afterall,thescientistisengagedinseriousresearchtouncovertheverynatureofthephysicalworld,andthebabyis,well,justplaying...right?Perhaps,butsomedevelopmentalpsychologists(ᳮ!")havearguedthatthis"play"ismorelikeascientificinvestigationthanonemightthink.Takeacloserlookatthebabyplayingatthetable.Eachtimethebowlofriceispushedoverthetableedge,itfallstotheground——and,intheprocess,itbringsoutimportantevidenceabouthowphysicalobjectsinteract()*+ᵨ):bowlsofricedonotfloatinmid-air,butrequiresupporttoremainstable.Itislikelythatbabiesarenotbornknowingthisbasicfactoftheuniverse;noraretheyeverclearlytaughtit.Instead,babiesmayformanunderstandingofobjectsupportthroughrepeatedexperimentsandthenbuildonthisknowledgetolearnevenmoreabouthowobjectsinteract.Thoughtheirrangesandtoolsdiffer,thebaby,sinvestigationandthescientistJsexperimentappeartosharethesameaim(tolearnaboutthenaturalworld),overallapproach(gatheringdirectevidencefromtheworld),andlogic(aremyobservationswhatIexpected?).Somepsychologistssuggestthatyoungchildrenlearnaboutmorethanjustthephysicalworldinthiswaythattheyinvestigatehumanpsychologyandtherulesoflanguageusingsimilarmeans.Forexample,itmayonly

5bethroughrepeatedexperiments,evidencegathering,andfinallyoverturningatheory,thatababywillcometoaccepttheideathatotherpeoplecanhavedifferentviewsanddesiresfromwhatheorshehas,forexample,unlikethechild,Mommyactuallydoesn'tlikeDovechocolate.Viewingchildhooddevelopmentasascientificinvestigationthrowslightonhowchildrenlearn,butitalsooffersaninspiringlookatscienceandscientists.Whydoyoungchildrenandscientistsseemtobesomuchalike?Psychologistshavesuggestedthatscienceasaneffort-thedesiretoexplore,explain,andunderstandourworld—issimplysomethingthatcomesfromourbabyhood.Perhapsevolution.ᓄprovidedhumanbabieswithcuriosityandanaturaldrivetoexplaintheirworlds,andadultscientistssimplymakeuseofthesamedrivethatservedthemaschildren.Thesamecognitive01Ḅsystemsthatmakeyoungchildrenfeelgoodaboutfiguringsomethingoutmayhavebeenadoptedbyadultscientists.Assomepsychologistsputit,"Itisnotthatchildrenarelittlescientistsbutthatscientistsarebigchildren."1.Accordingtosomedevelopmentalpsychologists,.A.ababy'splayisnothingmorethanagameB.scientificresearchintobabies'gamesispossibleC.thenatureofbabies'playhasbeenthoroughlyinvestigatedD.ababy,splayissomehowsimilartoascientistJsexperiment2.WelearnfromParagraph2that.A.scientistsandbabiesseemtoobservetheworlddifferentlyB.scientistsandbabiesofteninteractwitheachotherC.babiesarebomwiththeknowledgeofobjectsupportD.babiesseemtocollectevidencejustasscientistsdo3.Childrenmaylearntherulesoflanguageby.A.exploringthephysicalworldB.investigatinghumanpsychologyC.repeatingtheirownexperiments0.observingtheirparents^ehaviors4.Whatisthemainideaofthelastparagraph?A.Theworldmaybemoreclearlyexplainedthroughchildren'splay.B.Studyingbabies'playmayleadtoabetterunderstandingofscience.

6C.Childrenmayhavegreaterabilitytofigureoutthingsthanscientists.D.One,sdriveforscientificresearchmaybecomestrongerashegrows.5.Whatistheauthor?stonewhenhediscussestheconnectionbetweenscientists^esearchandbabies'play?A.Convincing.B.Confused.C.Confident.D.Cautious.Passage52016•%&C
Chimps3ᲡᲡwillcooperateincertainways,likegatheringinwarpartiestoprotecttheirterritory.Butbeyondtheminimumrequirementsassocialbeings,theyhavelittleinstinct566tohelponeanother.Chimpsinthewildseekfoodforthemselves.Evenchimpmothersregularlydeclinetosharefoodwiththeirchildren,whoareablefromayoungagetogathertheirownfood.Inthelaboratory,chimpsdon,tnaturallysharefoodeither.Ifachimpisputinacagewherehecanpullinoneplateoffoodforhimselfor,withnogreatereffort,aplatethatalsoprovidesfoodforaneighborinthenextcage,hewillpullatrandom-hejustdoesn'tcarewhetherhisneighborgetsfedornot.Chimpsaretrulyselfish.Humanchildren,ontheotherhand,arenaturallycooperative.Fromtheearliestages,theydesiretohelpothers,toshareinformationandtoparticipateinachievingcommongoals.ThepsychologistMichaelTomasellohasstudiedthiscooperativenessinaseriesofexperimentswithveryyoungchildren.Hefindsthatifbabiesaged18monthsseeanunrelatedadultwithhandsfulltryingtoopenadoor,almostallwillimmediatelytrytohelp.Thereareseveralreasonstobelievethattheurgestohelp,informandsharearenottaught,butnaturallypossessedinyoungchildren.Oneisthattheseinstinctsappearataveryyoungagebeforemostparentshavestartedtotraintheirchildrentobehavesocially.Anotheristhatthehelpingbehaviorsarenotimprovedifthechildrenarerewarded.Athirdreasonisthatsocialintelligencedevelopsinchildrenbeforetheirgeneralcognitive01Ḅskills,atleastwhencomparedwithchimps.IntestsconductedbyTomasello,thehumanchildrendidnobetterthanthechimpsonthephysicalworldtestsbutwereconsiderablybetteratunderstandingthesocialworld.Thecoreofwhatchildren?smindshaveandchimps,don,tiswhatTomasellocallssharedintentionality.Partofthisabilityisthattheycaninferwhatothersknoworarethinking.Butbeyondthat,evenveryyoungchildrenwanttobepartofasharedpurpose.Theyactivelyseektobepartofanwe",agroupthatintendstoworktowardasharedgoal.1.Whatcanwelearnfromtheexperimentwithchimps?

7A.Chimpsseldomcareaboutothers5interests.B.Chimpstendtoprovidefoodfortheirchildren.C.Chimpsliketotakeintheirneighbors'fbod.D.Chimpsnaturallysharefoodwitheachother.2.MichaelTomasello*stestsonyoungchildrenindicatethatthey.A.havetheinstincttohelpothersB.knowhowtoofferhelptoadultsC.knowtheworldbetterthanchimpsD.trustadultswiththeirhandsfull3.Thepassageismainlyabout.A.thehelpingbehaviorsofyoungchildrenB.waystotrainchildren'ssharedintentionalityC.cooperationasadistinctivehumannatureD.thedevelopmentofintelligenceinchildrenPassage62016•%&B
ElNino,aSpanishtermforntheChristchild,HwasnamedbySouthAmericanfishermenwhonoticedthattheglobalweatherpattern,whichhappenseverytwotosevenyears,reducedtheamountoffishescaughtaroundChristmas.ElNinoseeswarmwater,collectedoverseveralyearsinthewesternPacific,flowbackeastwardswhenwindsthatnormallyblowwestwardsweaken,orsometimestheotherwayround.Theweathereffects,bothgoodandbad,arefeltinmanyplaces.RichcountriesgainmorefrompowerfulNinos,onbalance,thantheylose.AstudyfoundthatastrongNinoin1997-98helpedAmericaseconomygrowby$15billion,partlybecauseofbetteragriculturalharvests:farmersintheMidwestgainedfromextrarain.Thetotalriseinagriculturalincomesinrichcountriesisgreaterthanthefallinpoorones.ButinIndonesiaextremelydryforestsareinflames.Amulti-yeardrought78insouth-eastBrazilisbecomingworse.ThoughheavyrainsbroughtaboutbyElNinomayrelievethedroughtinCalifornia,theyarelikelytocausesurfacefloodingandotherdisasters.ThemostrecentpowerfulNino,in1997-98,killedaround21,000peopleandcauseddamageworth$36billionaroundtheglobe.ButsuchNinoscomewithmonthsofwarning,andsomuchisknownabouthowtheyhappenthatgovernmentscanprepare.AccordingtotheOverseasDevelopmentInstituteODI
,however,just12%

8ofdisaster-relieffundinginthepasttwodecadeshasgoneonreducingrisksinadvance,ratherthanrecoveryandrebuildingafterwards.Thisisdespiteevidencethatadollarspentonrisk-reductionsavesatleasttwoonreconstruction.Simpleimprovementstoinfrastructure#9:;<canreducethespreadofdisease.Bettersewers=>⍝makeitlesslikelythatheavyrainisfollowedbyanoutbreakofthediseaseofbadstomach.Strongerbridgesmeanvillagesarelesslikelytobeleftwithoutfoodandmedicineafterfloods.Accordingtoapaperin2011byMrHsiangandco-authors,civilconflictisrelatedtoElNino,sharmfuleffects—andthepoorerthecountry,thestrongerthelink.Thoughtherelationshipmaynotbecausal,helpingdividedcommunitiestopreparefordisasterswouldatleastreducetheriskthatthosedisastersarefollowedbykillingandwoundingpeople.SincethepoorestareleastlikelytomakeupfortheirlossesfromdisasterslinkedtoElNino,reducingtheirlossesneedstobethepriority.1.WhatcanwelearnaboutEINinoinParagraph1?A.ItisnamedafteraSouthAmericanfisherman.B.Ittakesplacealmosteveryyearallovertheworld.C.ItforcesfishermentostopcatchingfisharoundChristmas.D.Itseesthechangesofwaterflowdirectionintheocean.2.WhatmayElNinosbringabouttothecountriesaffected?A.Agriculturalharvestsinrichcountriesfall.B.Droughtsbecomemoreharmfulthanfloods.C.Richcountries^ainsaregreaterthantheirlosses.D.Poorcountriessufferlessfromdroughtseconomically.3.ThedataprovidedbyODIinParagraph4suggestthat.A.moreinvestmentshouldgotoriskreductionB.governmentsofpoorcountriesneedmoreaidC.victimsofElNinodeservemorecompensation□.recoveryandreconstructionshouldcomefirst4.Whatistheauthor'spurposeinwritingthepassage?A.TointroduceElNinoanditsorigin.B.ToexplaintheconsequencesofElNino.

9C.ToshowwaysoffightingagainstElNino.D.TourgepeopletoprepareforElNino.⚪
Passage12015•᪗ᐰᔁID
ConflictisonthemenutonightatthecafeLaChope.Thisevening,asoneveryThursdaynight,psychologistMaudLehanneisleadingtwoofFrance'sfavoritepastimes,coffeedrinkingandthe"talkingcure”.Heretheyarelearningtogetintouchwiththeirtruefeelings.Itisn'talwayseasy.Thecustomers-somethirtyParisianswhopayjustunder$2plusdrinks
persession-arequicktointellectualizeAB▎DEslowtoopenupandconnect."Youareforbiddentosay4onefeels,'or'peoplethink','*Lehannetoldthem."Say'Ithink/'Thinkme'Acafesocietywherenointellectualizingisallowed?Itcouldn,tseemmoreun-French.ButLehanne'spsychologycafeisaboutmorethanknowingoneself:It*stryingtohelpthecity'stroubledneighborhoodcafes.Overtheyears,ParisiancafeshavefallenvictimtochangesintheFrenchlifestyle—longerworkinghours,afast-foodboomandayoungergenerationJsdesiretospendmoretimeathome.Dozensofnewthemecafesappeartochangethesituation.Cafesfocusedaroundpsychology,history,andengineeringarecatchingon,fillingtableswellintotheevening.Thecity's"psychologycafes"Ewhichoffergreatcomfort,areamongthemostpopularplaces.Middle-agedhomemakers,retirees,andtheunemployedcometosuchcafestotalkaboutlove,anger,anddreamswithapsychologist.AndtheycometoLehanne,sgroupjusttolearntosaywhattheyfeel.”There'sastrongneedinParisforcommunication,usaysMauriceFrisch,acafeLaChoperegularwhoworksasareligiousinstructorinanearbychurch."Peoplehavefewrealfriends.Andtheyneedtoopenup.'*Lehannesaysshe'dliketoseepsychologycafesalloverFrance,"Ifpeoplehadnormallives,thesecafeswouldn'texist,"shesays.”Iflifeweren'tabattle,peoplewouidn'tneedaspecialplacejusttospeak."Butthen,itwouldn'tbeFrance.1.WhatarepeopleencouragedtodoatthecafeLaChope?A.Learnanewsubject.B.Keepintouchwithfriends.

10C.Showofftheirknowledge.□.Expresstheirtruefeelings.2.HowarecafesaffectedbyFrenchlifestylechanges?A.Theyarelessfrequentlyvisited.B.Theystayopenforlongerhours.C.Theyhavebiggernightcrowds.D.Theystarttoservefastfood.3.Whatarethemecafesexpectedtodo?A.Createmorejobs.B.Supplybetterdrinks.C.Savethecafebusiness.D.Servetheneighborhood.4.WhyarepsychologycafesbecomingpopularinParis?A.Theybringpeopletruefriendship.B.Theygivepeoplespiritualsupport.C.Theyhelppeoplerealizetheirdreams.D.Theyofferaplatformforbusinesslinks.Passage22015•᪗ᐰᔁHB
Yourhousemayhaveaneffectonyourfigure.Expertssaythewayyoudesignyourhomecouldplayaroleinwhetheryoupackonthepoundsorkeepthemoff.Youcanmakeyourenvironmentworkforyouinsteadofagainstyou.Herearesomewaystoturnyourhomeintopartofyourdietplan.Openthecurtainsandturnupthelights.Darkenvironmentsaremorelikelytoencourageovereating,forpeopleareoftenlessself-consciousFG'Iwhenthey'reinpoorlylitplaces—andsomorelikelytoeatlotsoffood.Ifyourhomedoesn'thaveenoughwindowlight,getmorelampsandfloodtheplacewithbrightness.Mindthecolors.Researchsuggestswarmcolorsfuelourappetites.Inonestudy,peoplewhoatemealsinablueroomconsumed33percentlessthanthoseinayelloworredroom.Warmcolorslikeyellowmakefoodappearmoreappetizing,whilecoldcolorsmakeusfeellesshungry.Sowhenit'stimetorepaint,goblue.Don'tforgettheclock——ortheradio.Peoplewhoeatslowlytendtoconsumeabout70fewercaloriesᓱKLpermealthanthosewhorushthroughtheirmeals.Beginkeepingtrackofthetime,andtrytomakedinnerlast

11atleast30minutes.Andwhileyou,reatit,actuallysitdowntoeat.Ifyouneedsomehelpslowingdown,turnonrelaxingmusic.Itmakesyoulesslikelytorushthroughameal.Downsizethedishes.Bigservingbowlsandplatescaneasilymakeusfat.Weeatabout22percentmorewhenusinga12-inchplateinsteadofa10-inchplate.Whenwechoosealargespoonoverasmallerone,totalintake᤬ᐭjumpsby14percent.Andwe'IIpourabout30percentmoreliquidintoashort,wideglassthanatall,skinnyglass.1.Thetextisespeciallyhelpfulforthosewhocareabout.A.theirhomecomfortsB.theirbodyshapeC.housebuyingD.healthydiets2.Ahomeenvironmentinbluecanhelppeople.A.digestfoodbetterB.reducefoodintakeC.burnmorecaloriesD.regaintheirappetites3.Whatarepeopleadvisedtodoatmealtimes?A.Eatquickly.B.Playfastmusic.C.Usesmallerspoons.D.Turndownthelights.4.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.IsYourHouseMakingYouFat?B.WaysofServingDinnerC.EffectsofSelf-ConsciousnessD.IsYourHomeEnvironmentRelaxing?Passage32015•OᓭB
Initsearlyhistory,Chicagohadfloodsfrequently,especiallyinthespring,makingthestreetssomuddythatpeople,horses,andcartsgotstuck.Anoldjokethatwaspopularatthetimewentsomethinglikethis:AmanisstuckuptohiswaistinamuddyChicagostreet.Askedifheneedshelp,hereplies,”No,thanks.Vvegotagoodhorseunderme.HThecityplannersdecidedtobuildanundergrounddrainage᣸>system,buttheresimplywasn,tenoughdifferencebetweentheheightofthegroundlevelandthewaterlevel.TheonlytwooptionsweretolowertheChicagoRiverorraisethecity.AnengineernamedEllisChesbroughconvincedthecitythatithadnochoicebuttobuildthepipesabove

12groundandthencoverthemwithdirt.Thisraisedthelevelofthecity,sstreetsbyasmuchas12feet.Thisofcoursecreatedanewproblem:dirtpracticallyburiedthefirstfloorsofeverybuildinginChicago.Buildingownerswerefacedwithachoice:eitherchangethefirstfloorsoftheirbuildingsintobasements,andthesecondstoriesintomainfloors,orhoisttheentirebuildingstomeetthenewstreetlevel.Smallwood-framebuildingscouldbeliftedfairlyeasily.Butwhataboutlarge,heavystructuresliketheTremontHotel,whichwasasix-storybrickbuilding?That'swhereGeorgePullmancamein.Hehaddevelopedsomehouse-movingskillssuccessfully.ToliftabigstructureliketheTremontHotel,PullmanwouldplacethousandsofjackscrewsRSᓟU⚔beneaththebuildingJsfoundation.Onemanwasassignedtooperateeachsectionofroughly10jackscrews.AtPullman*ssignaleachmanturnedhisjackscrewthesameamountatthesametime,therebyraisingthebuildingslowlyandevenly.Astonishingly,theTremontHotelstayedopenduringtheentireoperation,andmanyofitsguestsdidn'tevennoticeanythingwashappening.Somepeopleliketosaythateveryproblemhasasolution.ButinChicago'searlyhistory,everyengineeringsolutionseemedtocreateanewproblem.NowthatChicagoJswastewaterwasdrainingefficientlyintotheChicagoRiver,thecity'snextstepwastocleanthepollutedriver.1.Theauthormentionsthejoketoshow.A.horseswerefairlyusefulinChicagoB.Chicago,sstreetswereextremelymuddyC.ChicagowasverydangerousinthespringD.theChicagopeoplewereparticularlyhumorous2.ThecityplannerswereconvincedbyEllisChesbroughto.A.getridofthestreetdirtB.lowertheChicagoRiverC.fightagainstheavyfloodsD.buildthepipesaboveground3.Theunderlinedword”hoist"inParagraph4means"".A.changeB.liftC.repairD.decorate4.WhatcanweconcludeaboutthemovingoperationoftheTremontHotel?A.Itwentonsmoothlyasintended.

13B.Itinterruptedthebusinessofthehotel.C.ItinvolvedPullmanturningtenjackscrews.D.ltseparatedthebuildingfromitsfoundation.5.ThepassageismainlyaboutearlyChicagos.A.popularlifestylesandtheirinfluencesB.environmentaldisastersandtheircausesC.engineeringproblemsandtheirsolutionsD.successfulbusinessmenandtheirachievementsPassage42015•WXC
AsInternetusersbecomemoredependentontheInternettostoreinformation,arepeoplerememberingless?Ifyouknowyourcomputerwillsaveinformation,whystoreitinyourownpersonalmemory,yourbrain?ExpertsarewonderingiftheInternetischangingwhatwerememberandhow.Inarecentstudy,ProfessorBetsySparrowconductedsomeexperiments.SheandherresearchteamwantedtoknowhowtheInternetischangingmemory.Inthefirstexperiment,theygavepeople40unimportantfactstotypeintoacomputer.Thefirstgroupofpeopleunderstoodthatthecomputerwouldsavetheinformation.Thesecondgroupunderstoodthatthecomputerwouldnotsaveit.Later,thesecondgrouprememberedtheinformationbetter.Peopleinthefirstgroupknewtheycouldfindtheinformationagain,sotheydidnottrytorememberit.Inanotherexperiment,theresearchersgavepeoplefactstoremember,andtoldthemwheretofindtheinformationonthecomputer.TheinformationwasinaspecificcomputerfolderᦻZᜳ.Surprisingly,peoplelaterrememberedthefolderlocation\]betterthanthefacts.WhenpeopleusetheInternet,theydonotremembertheinformation.Rather,theyrememberhowtofindit.Thisiscalledntransactivememory^*_`.”AccordingtoSparrow,wearenotbecomingpeoplewithpoormemoriesasaresultoftheInternet.Instead,computerusersaredevelopingstrongertransactivememories;thatis,peoplearelearninghowtoorganizehugequantitiesofinformationsothattheyareabletoaccessitatalaterdate.Thisdoesn'tmeanwearebecomingeithermoreorlessintelligent,butthereisnodoubtthatthewayweusememoryischanging.1.Thepassagebeginswithtwoquestionsto.A.introducethemaintopic

14B.showtheauthor'sattitudeC.describehowtousetheInternet0.explainhowtostoreinformation2.Whatcanwelearnaboutthefirstexperiment?A.TheSparrow'steamtypedtheinformationintoacomputer.B.Thetwogroupsrememberedtheinformationequallywell.C.Thefirstgroupdidnottrytoremembertheinformation.D.Thesecondgroupdidnotunderstandtheinformation.3.Intransactivememory,people.A.keeptheinformationinmindB.changethequantityofinformationC.organizeinformationlikeacomputerD.rememberhowtofindtheinformation4.WhatistheeffectoftheInternetaccordingtoSparrow'sresearch?A.Weareusingmemorydifferently.B.Wearebecomingmoreintelligent.C.Wehavepoorermemoriesthanbefore.D.Weneedabetterwaytoaccessinformation.Passage52015•%&C
Ifhumansweretrulyathomeunderthelightofthemoonandstars,wewouldgoindarknesshappily,themidnightworldasvisibletousasitistothevastnumberofnocturnalbcdeḄspeciesonthisplanet.Instead,wearediurnalcreatures,witheyesadaptedtolivinginthesun,slight.Thisisabasicevolutionaryfact,eventhoughmostofusdonJtthinkofourselvesasdiurnalbeings.Yetit?stheonlywaytoexplainwhatwe?vedonetothenight:We'veengineeredittoreceiveusbyfillingitwithlight.Thebenefitsofthiskindofengineeringcomewithconsequences—calledlightpollution—whoseeffectsscientistsareonlynowbeginningtostudy.Lightpollutionislargelytheresultofbadlightingdesign,whichallowsartificiallighttoshineoutwardandupwardintothesky.Ill-designedlightingwashesoutthedarknessofnightandcompletelychangesthelightlevels-andlightrhythms-towhichmanyformsoflife,includingourselves,haveadapted.Whereverhumanlightspillsintothenaturalworld,someaspectoflifeisaffected.

15Inmostcitiestheskylooksasthoughithasbeenemptiedofstars,leavingbehindavacanthazefthatmirrorsourfearofthedark.We'vegrownsousedtothisorangehazethattheoriginalgloryofanunlitnight-darkenoughfortheplanetVenustothrowshadowsonEarth-iswhollybeyondourexperience,beyondmemoryalmost.We'velitupthenightasifitwereanunoccupiedcountry,whennothingcouldbefurtherfromthetruth.Amongmammalsalone,thenumberofnocturnalspeciesisastonishing.Lightisapowerfulbiologicalforce,andonmanyspeciesitactsasamagnetgh.Theeffectissopowerfulthatscientistsspeakofsongbirdsandseabirdsbeing“captured"bysearchlightsonlandorbythelightfromgasflaresonmarineoilplatforms.Migratingatnight,birdstendtocollidewithbrightlylittallbuildings.Frogslivingnearbrightlylithighwayssuffernocturnallightlevelsthatareasmuchasamilliontimesbrighterthannormal,throwingnearlyeveryaspectoftheirbehavioroutofjoint,includingtheirnighttimebreedingchoruses.Humansarenolesstrappedbylightpollutionthanthefrogs.Likemostothercreatures,wedoneeddarkness.Darknessisasessentialtoourbiologicalwelfare,toourinternalclockwork,aslightitself.Livinginaglareofourownmaking,wehavecutourselvesofffromourevolutionaryandculturalheritage—thelightofthestarsandtherhythmsofdayandnight.Inaveryrealsense,lightpollutioncausesustolosesightofourtrueplaceintheuniverse,toforgetthescaleofourbeing,whichisbestmeasuredagainstthedimensionsofadeepnightwiththeMilkyWay—theedgeofourgalaxy—archingoverhead.1.Accordingtothepassage,humanbeings.A.prefertoliveinthedarknessB.areusedtolivinginthedaylightC.werecuriousaboutthemidnightworldD.hadtostayathomewiththelightofthemoon2.Whatdoesit"Paragraph1
mostprobablyreferto?A.Thenight.B.Themoon.C.Thesky.D.Theplanet.3.Thewritermentionsbirdsandfrogsto.A.provideexamplesofanimalprotection

16B.showhowlightpollutionaffectsanimalsC.comparethelivinghabitsofbothspecies0.explainwhythenumberofcertainspecieshasdeclined4.Itisimpliedinthelastparagraphthat.A.lightpollutiondoesharmtotheeyesightofanimalsB.lightpollutionhasdestroyedsomeoftheworldheritagesC.humanbeingscannotgototheouterspaceD.humanbeingsshouldreflectontheirpositionintheuniverse5.Whatmightbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.TheMagicLight.B.TheOrangeHaze.C.TheDisappearingNight.D.TheRhythmsofNature.Passage62015•ᜩB
Whetherinthehomeortheworkplace,socialrobotsaregoingtobecomealotmorecommoninthenextfewyears.Socialrobotsareabouttobringtechnologytotheeverydayworldinamorehumanizedway,saidCynthiaBreazeal,chiefscientistattherobotcompanyJibo.Whilehouseholdrobotstodaydothenormalhousework,socialrobotswillbemuchmorelikecompanionsthanmeretools.Forexample,theserobotswillbeabletodistinguishwhensomeoneishappyorsad.Thisallowsthemtorespondmoreappropriatelytotheuser.TheJiborobot,arrangedtoshiplaterthisyear,isdesignedtobeapersonalizedassistant.Youcantalktotherobot,askitquestions,andmakerequestsforittoperformdifferenttasks.Therobotdoesn*tjustdelivergeneralanswerstoquestions;itrespondsbasedonwhatitlearnsabouteachindividualinthehousehold.Itcandothingssuchasremindinganelderlyfamilymembertotakemedicineortakingfamilyphotos.Socialrobotsarenotjustfindingtheirwayintothehome.Theyhavepotentialapplicationsineverythingfromeducationtohealthcareandarealreadyfindingtheirwayintosomeofthesespaces.FellowRobotsisonecompanybringingsocialrobotstothemarket.Thecompany's”Oshbot"robotisbuilttoassistcustomersinastore,whichcanhelpthecustomersfinditemsandhelpguidethemtotheproduct'slocationinthestore.Itcanalsospeakdifferentlanguagesandmakerecommendationsfordifferentitemsbasedon

17whatthecustomerisshoppingfor.Themoreinteractiontherobothaswithhumans,themoreitlearns.ButOshbot,likeothersocialrobots,isnotintendedtoreplaceworkers,buttoworkalongsideotheremployees."Wehavetechnologiestotrainsocialrobotstodothingsnotforus,butwithus,"saidBreazeal.1.Howaresocialrobotsdifferentfromhouseholdrobots?A.Theycancontroltheiremotions.B.Theyaremorelikehumans.C.Theydothenormalhousework.D.Theyrespondtousersmoreslowly.2.WhatcanaJiborobotdoaccordingtoParagraph3?A.Communicatewithyouandperformoperations.B.Answeryourquestionsandmakerequests.C.Takeyourfamilypicturesanddelivermilk.D.Obeyyourordersandremindyoutotakepills.3.WhatcanOshbotworkas?A.Alanguageteacher.B.Atourguide.C.Ashopassistant.D.Aprivatenurse.4.Wecanlearnfromthelastparagraphthatsocialrobotswill.A.trainemployeesB.beourworkmatesC.improvetechnologiesD.taketheplaceofworkers5.Whatdoesthepassagemainlypresent?A.Anewdesignideaofhouseholdrobots.B.Marketingstrategiesforsocialrobots.C.Informationonhouseholdrobots.D.Anintroductiontosocialrobots.Passage72015•▷jC
Theproductionofcoffeebeansisahuge,profitablebusiness,but,unfortunately,full-sunproductionistaking

18overtheindustryandbringingaboutalotofdamage.Thechangeinhowcoffeeisgrownfromshade-grownproductiontofull-sunproductionendangerstheveryexistenceofcertainanimalsandbirds,andevendisturbstheworld'secologicalbalance.Onalocallevel,thedamageoftheforestrequiredbyfull-sunfieldsaffectsthearea,sbirdsandanimals.Theshadeoftheforesttreesprovidesahomefbrbirdsandotherspeciesᱥlthatdependonthetrees'flowersandfruits.Full-suncoffeegrowersdestroythisforesthome.Asaresult,manyspeciesarequicklydyingout.Onamoregloballevel,thedestructionoftherainforestforfull-suncoffeefieldsalsothreatensmnhumanlife.Medicalresearchoftenmakesuseoftheforests'plantandanimallife,andthedestructionofsuchspeciescouldpreventresearchersfromfindingcuresfbrcertaindiseases.Inaddition,newcoffee-growingtechniquesarepoisoningthewaterlocally,andeventuallytheworld'sgroundwater.Bothlocallyandglobally,thecontinuedspreadoffull-suncoffeeplantationslopcouldmeanthedestructionoftherainforestecology.Thelossofshadetreesisalreadycausingaslightchangeintheworld*sclimate,andstudiesshowthatthelossofoxygen-givingtreesalsoleadstoairpollutionandglobalwarming.Moreover,thenewgrowingtechniquesarecontributingtoacidic⏚ឋḄsoilconditions.Itisobviousthatthewaymuchcoffeeisgrownaffectsmanyaspectsoflife,fromthelocalenvironmenttotheglobalecology.Butconsumersdohaveachoice.Theycanpurchaseshade-growncoffeewheneverpossible,althoughatahighercost.Thefuturehealthoftheplanetandmankindissurelyworthmorethananinexpensivecupofcoffee.1.Whatcanwelearnaboutfull-suncoffeeproductionfromParagraph4?A.Itlimitsthespreadofnewgrowingtechniques.B.Itleadstoairpollutionandglobalwarming.C.Itslowsdownthelossofshadetrees.D.Itimproveslocalsoilconditions.2.Thepurposeofthetextisto.A.entertainB.advertiseConstructD.persuade3.Wheredoesthistextprobablycomefrom?A.Anagriculturalmagazine.B.Amedicaljournal.

19C.Anengineeringtextbook.D.Atouristguide.(P:Paragraph)Passage8(2015•&sC)Supposeyoubecomealeaderinanorganization.It?sverylikelythatyou'11wanttohavevolunteerstohelpwiththeorganization^activities.Todoso,itshouldhelptounderstandwhypeopleundertakevolunteerworkandwhatkeepstheirinterestinthework.Let,sbeginwiththequestionofwhypeoplevolunteer.Researchershaveidentifiedseveralfactorsthatmotivatepeopletogetinvolved.Forexample,peoplevolunteertoexpresspersonalvaluesrelatedtounselfishness,toexpandtheirrangeofexperiences,andtostrengthensocialrelationships.Ifvolunteerpositionsdonotmeettheseneeds,peoplemaynotwishtoparticipate.Toselectvolunteers,youmayneedtounderstandthemotivationsofthepeopleyouwishtoattract.Peoplealsovolunteerbecausetheyarerequiredtodoso.Toincreaselevelsofcommunityservice,someschoolshavelaunchedcompulsoryvolunteerprograms.Unfortunately,theseprogramscanshiftpeople,swishofparticipationfromaninternalfactor(e.g.,"Ivolunteerbecauseit,simportanttome”)toanexternalfactor(e.g.,"IvolunteerbecauseVmrequiredtodoso").Whenthathappens,peoplebecomelesslikelytovolunteerinthefuture.Peoplemustbesensitivetothispossibilitywhentheymakevolunteeractivitiesamust.Oncepeoplebegintovolunteer,whatleadsthemtoremainintheirpositionsovertime?Toanswerthisquestion,researchershaveconductedfollow-upstudiesinwhichtheytrackvolunteersovertime.Forinstance,onestudyfollowed238volunteersinFloridaoverayear.Oneofthemostimportantfactorsthatinfluencedtheirsatisfactionasvolunteerswastheamountofsufferingtheyexperiencedintheirvolunteerpositions.Althoughthisresultmaynotsurpriseyou,itleadstoimportantpracticaladvice.Theresearchersnotethatattentionshouldbegivento"trainingmethodsthatwouldpreparevolunteersfortroublesomesituationsorprovidethemwith

20strategiesforcopingwiththeproblemtheydoexperience".Anotherstudyof302volunteersathospitalsinChicagofocusedonindividualdifferencesinthedegreetowhichpeopleview”volunteer"asanimportantsocialrole.Itwasassumedthatthosepeopleforwhomtheroleofvolunteerwasmostpartoftheirpersonalidentitywouldalsobemostlikelytocontinuevolunteerwork.Participantsindicatedthedegreetowhichthesocialrolematteredbyrespondingtostatementssuchas”VolunteeringinHospitalisanimportantpartofwhoIam.HConsistentwiththeresearchers^xpectations,theyfoundapositivecorrelationt)ᐵbetweenthestrengthofroleidentityandthelengthoftimepeoplecontinuedtovolunteer.Theseresults,onceagain,leadtoconcreteadvice:"Onceanindividualbeginsvolunteering,continuedeffortsmightfocusondevelopingavolunteerroleidentity...ItemslikeT-shirtsthatallowvolunteerstoberecognizedpubliclyfortheircontributionscanhelpstrengthenroleidentity".1.Peoplevolunteermainlyoutof.A.academicrequirementsB.socialexpectationsC.financialrewardsD.internalneeds2.WhatcanwelearnfromtheFloridastudy?A.Follow-upstudiesshouldlastforoneyear.B.Volunteersshouldgetmentallyprepared.C.Strategytrainingisamustinresearch.0,Volunteersareprovidedwithconcreteadvice.3.Whatismostlikelytomotivatevolunteerstocontinuetheirwork?A.Individualdifferencesinroleidentity.B.PubliclyidentifiablevolunteerT-shirts.C.Roleidentityasavolunteer.□.Practicaladvicefromresearchers.4.Whatisthebesttitleofthepassage?A.HowtoGetPeopletoVolunteerB.HowtoStudyVolunteerBehaviorsC.HowtoKeepVblunteers,InterestD.HowtoOrganizeVolunteerActivitiesὃᫀ

21⚪
Passage1ூᦻwᜧy௃5ᦻ{|}~ᦻ,BookCrossing.com᰿Ḅ*)^⌴Ḅᑁ஺1.Bூ᪆௃ὃᳮᑨ஺᪷Ḅ"Now,thewebsiteBookCrossing.comturnsthepageonthetraditionalideaofabookgroup"1E+ὅ¢ᑮbookgroups{G¤:BookCrossing»ᦑ⌱B⚗஺2.A᪆¨ὃ©ªᢣ©஺᪷¬Ḅ"hopingthatthebookwillhaveanadventure,travelingfarandwide..."1,ᜐḄ"it"ᢣḄ{"thebook"»ᦑ⌱A⚗஺3.Cூ᪆௃ὃᳮᑨ஺᪷¬Ḅ"BookCrossingprovidesanidentificationnumbertostickinsidethebook.Thenthepersonleavesitinapublicplace,hopingthatthebookwillhaveanadventure,travelingfarandwidewitheachnewreaderwhofindsit"1,¯°±,BookCrossers²³´µ¶·⌴¸ᐸºḄὅ஺ᦑ⌱C⚗஺4.Dூ᪆௃ὃ»6ᜧy஺᪷Ḅᨬ±½"Now,thewebsiteBookCrossing.comturnsthepageonthetraditionalideaofabookgroup"¾¿ᐸÀḄᑁ1E5|ᦻw»⌕BookCrossing.comḄ¿ᐸÃÄḄyÅ஺ᦑ⌱D⚗஺Passage2ூᦻwᜧy௃ÆÇᑭÉÊËÌḄÍÎÏGᔜlÑÏÒÓÔÕEÖᙠØẆᕒḄ=,ÍÎḄlÛ⌲Ýឮßàá஺1.Dூ᪆௃ὃᳮᑨ஺ᦻwâᨵäå}ÆÇᑭÉÊËÌÍΤæẆçᕒḄᐶéEÖ{êᔠ—=ᦻḄ"Soscientistshavecomeupwithashockingidea"EÏGᵯí,20îï80ð©ÇᑭÉÊËÌÍÎÒÓÔÕEϵ¤æØẆᕒḄᐶé஺2.Bூ᪆௃ὃñ⁚ᳮ஺ó⚪7Ḅelectricallines1Eôᫀö÷\ᙠø஺ᵯíùÍÎúûEÏGÍÎüýþÿḄ
᎛ᵯ᝞ᜧḄῴ
ᙠ᪷ᵯᵯ⌱Bo3.Dூ᪆௃ὃ$%⁚ᳮ஺)*+,-./01234Ḅᓻ6:8934Ḅ:;<=A┯?,8934ABCDḄEFDGH?IJ34K⊦MB┯?஺NẆPᕒR34SᵨUVᓄXYᱥ[\᣸^._ᑁḄ/C┯?஺⌱D஺4.Cூ᪆௃ὃ$abᜧc஺dᦻfg.hijk34lmnoḄpqrNẆPᕒstᦗ34vwḄ

22Ẇyz{஺|᜜ᦻ~Ḅ᪗⚪⊤.dᦻḄa⚪:34Ḅz{G34qPḄឮ஺⌱C஺Passage3ூᦻ~ᜧc௃U⚗Ẇy⊤
᎛ḄᵱᜧC᧕Ḅ஺1.Aூ᪆௃ὃ$%⁚ᳮ஺᪷¡)U+0Ḅ"Hehadmorejobsatisfaction,abettermarriageandwashealthier"£¤,¥¦z{§¨©ªᩭḄ஺2.Dூ᪆௃ὃ$ᑏ{c஺)®+Ḅ)®¯°"Thestudyshowedthatthose...thanthosewhohadnot"±²ᡃ
᎛Ḅᵱ⌕µḄᵱᡂ·CE¸¹ᨵ»⌼ឋC☢¿ḼÁᵨVaillantḄ°ᩭÂUÃÄsÅÆᨵÇᵱᡂ·CḄ஺3.Cூ᪆௃ὃ$%⁚ᳮ஺᪷¡)È+Ḅᑁ£¤,VaillantḄÉÊË̵ÍÎÏḄÐᑖÒÓÐ^.ÔḄÕÖ஺4.Cூ᪆௃ὃ$×ØÙÚ஺᪷¡Û×C☢Ḅ"Thosewhohaddonethemostboyhoodactivities...lesslikelytohavebeenunemployed"£¤Ü
DḄ§ᜧCḄÝÞḄὶ<àá᧕Ḅ஺5.Bூ᪆௃ὃ$âᳮᑨä஺᪷¡ᨬCU+Ḅᑁ£¤Ü
DḄEæçèUéPêë☢ḄEFìÇEFGàÒíᏉïḄðẠ
E[\ÔÌḄ஺ᵫ£âä^ÒíᏉï2óôḄᡂ·ᓝᑖö⌕஺ூ÷øùú௃ìûᦻ~ᑁ§XüýḄþᑗᐵẆḄᨵᯠὃ⚪ᨵᐶ!▅#ᦻ%&'〉)஺ὃ+,ᐰ☢◀0ᳮ23⁚⚪5◤⌕〉8Ḅ9ᳮ5ᨵ:;<᪆>Ḅ⚪?@Aὃ+,ᐰ☢஺B:;<᪆>Ḅ⚪?⌕C3▅#DE:ᡠᙠḄHIḄJKLMᨵNᨵᐵὶḄP;:Q;:ᡈDE:ḄS;ᑖ᪆D&▅#Ḅ4⚪⌕UᑨWsharpḄX;DE:YZḄᓫ:\)ᦟᩞ_M`Ḅab“dᑭḄf┦ḄhᣩḄjkḄ“lmᐭILMDoabpYqᔠsᔠᡠᙠJKᱯvUwᦻḄThosewhohaddonethemostboyhoodactivitiesweretwiceaslikelytohavewarmrelationswithawidevarietyofpeople,fivetimesaslikelytobewellpaidand16timeslesslikelytohavebeenunemployed.xyz_ᦻḄ{|}~ḄDoᙠKḄ᎛BḄzᡂI᪵ḄḄᐵὶᙢk஺ᫀY஺Passage4ூᦻ%ᜧa௃ᦻ0zEᨴᜧḄ¡¢Ḅᐵὶ஺

231.Dூ2᪆௃ὃ9ᳮᑨW஺£ᦻ%¤}¥Ḅ"butsomedevelopmentalpsychologists§¨ᳮ©havearguedthatthis'play'ismorelikeascientificinvestigationthanonemightthink”xy,}oL«¨ᳮ¬¡¢Ḅ®¯ᙠ°±²³_>´µḄ¶·ᡠ¸⌱D⚗஺2.Dூ2᪆௃ὃ9ᳮᑨW஺£¤»¥ḄMintheprocess,itbringsoutimportantevidenceabout...thebaby'sinvestigationandthescientist"sexperimentappeartosharethesameaim...u9Wxy¡¢ᦈ¾¿ÀḄ>´µḄᦑ⌱D⚗஺3.Cூ2᪆௃ὃ3⁚ᳮ2஺£¤Â¥Ḅ"theyinvestigatehumanpsychologyandtherulesoflanguageusingsimilarmeans...throughrepeatedexperiments..."xy,KxAÃYÄᙢÅÆÇḄ"¶·”ᩭÊËÌÍᑣᦑ⌱C⚗஺4.Bூ2᪆௃ὃ¥Ïᜧa஺learn...lookatscienceandscientists"xyẆKḄ®¯xAᨵеÑᙢᳮ2ᡠ¸B⚗ÒÓ஺5.Dூ2᪆௃ὃ{|᝱³஺#ᐰᦻᱯÕᨬI}¥Ḅ"Perhapsevolution§×ᓄ©provided...”xyÙὅḄ᝱³ÛÜÝḄᡠ¸⌱D⚗஺ூÞß|à௃▅#ᳮ2ᨵᳮ2ᦻ%ḄáJᐵâᳮ2Y0DoJKÛᳮ2ᦻ%Ḅᜧa஺w☢ᡃᑖ᪆}wD&ᦻ%)ḄáJ஺JK1äItislikelythatbabiesarenotbornknowingthebasicfactoftheuniverse;noraretheyeverclearlytaughtit.DJåæᵨᑖèéêëEìᑡᑖJH☢ḄᑖJæᵨItislikelythatDEJî5ᨵknowing...ÙïðñËI☢ḄᑖJnor+᎔óJḄs᪀஺JaäxAKYᜩy⍝÷øḄù¶NᨵúûüḄᦟ஺JK2äForexample,itmayonlybethroughrepeatedexperiments,evidencegathering,andfinallyoverturningatheory,thatababywillcometoaccepttheideathatotherpeoplecanhavedifferentviewsanddesiresfromwhatheorshehas.DJåæᵨýJýḄthroughrepeatedexperiments,evidencegathering,andfinallyoverturningatheory,Dþᑖ+,áὃxANᨵÿ
஺ᑖidea☢from☢ᨵ஺᝞!"ᦈ$%&'ᨬ)*+,ᳮ.,/0123ᐸ56785/᝛ᨵ;Ḅ=8>?Ḅ@A஺

24Passage5ூᦻEᜧ௃HIJK!"LMNOᲡᲡQRᔠT6UNVWᩭḄ,YZᨵḄ[஺1.Aூ\᪆௃ὃ_`⁚ᳮ\஺᪷&c,dḄ"theyhavelittleinstincte[ftohelponeanother,,8gᦻḄ!"hOᲡᲡijᐵlmḄOᲡᲡnop஺qr⌱⚗Auv஺2.Aூ\᪆௃ὃ_`⁚ᳮ\஺᪷&cwd✌"Humanchildren,ontheotherhand,arenaturallycooperative"8gᦻz{!"|}Ḅ~hm60Ḅ[qr⌱Ao3.Cூ\᪆௃ὃ_ᜧ஺ᦻEdOᲡᲡḄocwdTὅ,,[ᦻ⌕Ḅl:Humanchildren,ontheotherhand,arenaturallycooperativeoqᓃ⌱⚗Cuv஺Passage6ூᦻEᜧ௃ᔈMḄLVᐰᳫᩭᜧḄ¡,Tὅᐹ£Ḅᦪ&¥ᔙ6§¨©■8¬ᜓ®T஺1.Dூ\᪆௃ὃ_`⁚ᳮ\஺᪷&c,dḄ"ElNinoseeswarmwater,collectedoverseveralyearsinthewesternPacific,flowbackeastwardswhenwindsthatnormallyblowwestwardsweaken,orsometimestheotherwayround”hᔈMLV¯1ᨵ°±Ḅ²ᓄqrD⚗uv஺2.Cூ\᪆௃ὃ_`⁚ᳮ\஺᪷&ᦻEc´dḄ"RichcountriesgainmorefrompowerfulNinos,onbalance,thantheylose"h,µ¶Ḅ·JḄᦈ¸ᜧ{¹ᜫqr⌱C஺3.Aூ\᪆௃ὃ_*ᳮᑨ¼஺᪷&ᦻḄ"howeverJust12%ofdisaster-relieffundinginthepasttwodecadeshasgoneonreducingrisksinadvance"N"Thisisdespiteevidencethatadollarspentonrisk-reductionsavesatleasttwoonreconstruction"h
½ᦪ&¾j¿◅ḄᢗᐭÃj,ÄÅÆÇÈᜧ
É☢ḄᢗᐭqrÊᫀÌA஺4.Dூ\᪆௃ὃ_ᑏTÎ஺᪷&ᨬ,dḄ"SincethepoorestareleastlikelytomakeupfortheirlossesfromdisasterslinkedtoElNino,reducingtheirlossesneedstobethepriority"h,Tὅrᦻ¥ᔙ6§ÌᔈM¨¬ᜓqrD⚗uv஺⚪
Passage1ூᦻEᜧ௃ᕸᖹ✂ÒḼA·6VÔÉḄᦋ²Ö;×Ø஺,½⚪ᕸᖹ✂ƯÖVᙠÛÜÝ⌲ßᐶá'â3ᑮ6§Ḅäå……1.Dூ\᪆௃ὃ_`⁚ᳮ\஺c,dḄ"Heretheyarelearningtogetintouchwiththeirtruefeelings"-⊤,thecafeLaChopeèé6§⊤êopḄë!ìí஺

252.Aூ\᪆௃ὃ_*ᳮᑨ¼஺᪷&c´dh,îïᩭᕸᖹ✂3ᑮ6§VÔɲᓄḄ¡஺ᵫᦻḄlongerworkinghours,afast-foodboomandayoungergeneration'sdesiretospendmoretimeathome”*h6§eMᙠf;Kòóᕸᖹ✂஺3.Cூ\᪆௃ὃ_*ᳮᑨ¼஺᪷&c´dcwḄ"It'stryingtohelpthecity'stroubledneighborhoodcafesh,⚪ᕸᖹ✂ḄôḄõöᦗøùúûḄᕸᖹüý஺4.Bூ\᪆௃ὃ_*ᳮᑨ¼஺᪷&ᨬ,dh”lᳮᕸᖹ✂”þᡠ
ᙠḄᳮ᠚Ḅᮣ஺ᦻḄ"Peoplehavefewrealfriends.Andtheyneedtoopenup"ᨩ#ᩭḄ%&◤⌕)*+,஺Passage2ூᦻ.ᜧ0௃2ᦻ3456☢89:;Ḅ<᛻>?@ḄABC3DABḄEF஺1.BூG᪆௃ὃJKᳮᑨM஺NOPQRḄ"Yourhousemayhaveaneffectonyourfigure...whetheryoupackonthepoundsorkeepthemoff”,STᔠVRᨬXQY"Herearesomewaystoturnyourhomeintopartofyourdietplan"Z[,B⚗^_஺2.BூG᪆௃ὃJ`⁚ᳮG஺NOPbRPbYHInonestudy,peoplewhoatemealsinablueroomconsumed33percentlessthanthoseinayelloworredroom”Z[Cᙠe⁐<᛻Ḅ@ghij33%,klᜐe⁐Ḅ<᛻ᨵopij@g஺3.CூG᪆௃ὃJKᳮᑨM஺NOP4RḄᑁrZ[CᔛtᔛuḄvhᔛwCk:xoiyᔛtḄz{Cᔛt|Z}~—yC᣸◀AஹB⚗;D⚗PR✌YḄᑁr;NOPRḄᑁrZ[CᵨFḄ⚶ᐹᨵopij@ᱥ᤬ᐭg஺ᦑ⌱C஺4.AூG᪆௃ὃJ᪗⚪ᑨM஺2ᦻ⌕8ḄḄஹᐝ¡ஹᜋ£¤⁐ஹ⚶ᐹᜧ¥6☢ᙳhAB@§¨@gC©DAB⁚@ᦔ«¨lᩞCᦑA⚗”Ḅᙠ®¯ᔩ±”²ᦻ.᪗⚪ᨬ³஺Passage3ூᦻ.ᜧ0௃ᦻ.´µ::G¶·¸¹º»¼⚪D½¾Ḅ¿C5¿ÀᯠÂᦔCÃÄÅÆ:ÇQ5ÈḄ¼⚪஺1.BூG᪆௃ὃJ`⁚ᳮG஺3ᦻ.PQRḄᑁrZ[,²ὅ85Êv:ËÌ·¸¹ḄÍ☢ᓝᑖ»Ð஺2.DூG᪆௃ὃJ`⁚ᳮG஺3ᦻ.PbRPQY"AnengineernamedEllisChesbroughconvincedthecitythatithadnochoicebuttobuildthepipesabovegroundandthencoverthemwithdirt"ZHdÑᫀ஺3.BூG᪆௃ὃJÓÔÕÖ஺᪷Oᦻ.P4R1SIØÓX☢Ḅ"Smallwood-framebuildingscouldbeliftedfairly

26easilyZ[,hoistliftÙÔ஺4.AூG᪆௃ὃJKᳮᑨM஺᪷OPRᨬXQY"Astonishingly,theTremontHotelstayedopenduringtheentireoperation,andmanyofitsguestsdidn,tevennoticeanythingwashappening”ZKM¾TremontHotelḄÚÛÜ©ÝÞßᑭ஺5.Cூ
᪆௃ὃJáᜧ0஺᪷O᦮ãᦻ.Z[,2ᦻ⌕8Ḅ·¸¹äåæᐵpèéêᑜìḄÛܼ⚪íG¶6ᫀ஺Passage4ூᦻ.ᜧ0௃QãîÌᦻ஺ᦻ.ïðᡃòᵯᾯᵨὅõᩭõN☠ᵯᾯᩭ÷øùúCûüýõᩭõj±þᨵÿ⌕ᙠᜧᾯᔩSparrowᦟᣴᨵᵯᾯḄ!ᨵ"#ᡈὅ"&'()ᡂ+,-.(ᡃḄ01஺1.Aூ
᪆௃ὃ45ᳮᑨ8஺9ᦻMarepeoplerememberingless"<="whystoreitinyourownpersonalmemory,yourbrain?᪵ḄA⚪ᩭDᐭFᦻGH⌕IḄJ⚪஺2.2ூL᪆௃ὃ4O⁚ᳮL஺᪷RSTUḄ"Peopleinthefirstgroupknewtheycouldfindtheinformationagain,sotheydidnottrytorememberitVW,C⚗Z[஺3.DூL᪆௃ὃ4O⁚ᳮL஺᪷RS\Uᨬ^G_`"Rather,theyrememberhowtofindit.Thisiscalled'transactivememorya+,b.'"VW,eᫀgD⚗஺4.Aூ
᪆௃ὃ45ᳮᑨ8஺hᦻVWᵫjkᙠW⍝mᱯo(V<ḄᦑkᙠḄqrst᪵9u'(Ḅvw஺ᓽkᙠᙠḄyᵨ0☢(q|Ḅ஺Passage5ூᦻ}ᜧ~௃<=ᙢᳫᐸᔜᱥḄᯠᔊḄᓄᡠᨵᱥḄ-+Ḅ〉¢஺ᯠ'£Ḽk¥¦§Ḅ¨©ª«ᐝ®¯ᡂg°ᩭ°±²Ḅ³HA⚪´µ¶ᐸᱥḄ·ᩭḄ¸☢¹ºZᙠ»¼½¾ᐵÀ஺1.BூL᪆௃ὃ4O⁚ᳮL஺ᵫS³UST_HInstead,wearediurnalcreatures,witheyesadaptedtolivinginthesun'slight”VWÁÂÃᙠᨵᐝḄÄ᛻(ÆÇᱥmÈ⌱B஺2.Aூ
᪆௃ὃ4¥Êᢣ¥஺ὶÍᦻḄ"whatwe'vedonetothenight"VW,itᢣ¥Ḅ(thenight,mÈ⌱Ao3.Bூ
᪆௃ὃ45ᳮᑨ8஺ὶÍSÎஹÐUḄᑁÒVWὅᑡÔÕ¶☘×ḄØÙ(gÚᐝ®µÇᱥ·ᩭḄᓻÜ,mÈ⌱B஺4.Dூ
᪆௃ὃ45ᳮᑨ8஺ᵫᨬ^³UḄ”...losesightofourtrueplaceintheuniverse,toforgetthescale

27ofourbeing..."VW,ᐝ®ÞßàᙠáâḄvwmÈ¢ãäḕà,æçàḄvw,ᡠ<⌱D஺5.CூL᪆௃ὃ4᪗⚪ᑨ8஺éᔠᐰᦻVW9ᦻJ⌕ìíᐝ®?H`⚪©î9ã!ᨵᐝḄïᓾ»⌼ᐝᐙóḼ?ôÇᱥ¶õ⌼ᡂᓻÜ஺ᡠ?⌕AB%CḄD஺B%&&EFGḄHᫀB?᪷JKᡂᕒḄNF%CḄOP஺B?Q7⏨ὁᔛU>?V᤬K᯿ᱏ஺ᵫ/Jiboᘤ?QZ[:Ḅ\]>?7⏨:ᔛUᦑ⌱D஺3.Cூ᪆௃ὃ3⁚ᳮ஺᪷᎔ᦪQshbot?Qᙠᖪa6bcdeᦑ⌱C⚗஺4.Bூ᪆௃ὃ3⁚ᳮ஺ᨬh7ᑮ#$ᘤ%'ᵨᩭkl(Ḅ"'mᐸoᕒ(p(qᵫ/#$ᘤsᡂtᡃvḄCwᦑB⚗x஺5.Dூ᪆௃ὃyzᜧ|஺}~ᐰᦻᦻN#$ᘤḄᦑ⌱D⚗஺Passage7ூᦻᜧ|௃ᦻNḄᕸᖹ᪛ᡂlEᙢmᐰᳫᑁḄᱥm0ᩭḄ%ᑭḄ஺1.Bூ᪆௃ὃ3⁚ᳮ஺᪷¡6Ḅ"...leadstoairpollutionandglobalwarming"ᙠ□ᐝᐙ¦Ḅ§᛻6©ªḄᕸᖹ«$¬®¯°±mᐰᳫᨨ஺2.Dூ᪆௃ὃᳮᑨ஺᪷ᦻᨬh6Ḅ"Butconsumersdohaveachoice.Theycanpurchaseshade-growncoffeewheneverpossible...Thefuturehealthoftheplanetandmankindissurelyworthmorethananinexpensivecupofcoffee"³´ὅ'ᨵ⌱·Ḅ⌕¸?¹º᪛»¼©ªFᩭḄᕸᖹ«½t¾J¿ᙢᳫḄÀᩭᩭÁ'ÂÃÄḄ஺ᵫ/;FqὅᑏqᦻḄÆḄ'"ÇÁ"஺ᦑHᫀtD஺3.Aூ᪆௃ὃᳮᑨ஺ᵫ¿ᦻy⌕ÁÈḄ'ᙠ□ᐝᐙ¦Ḅ§᛻6©ªḄᕸᖹ«Jᕜ§᛻Ḅ,ᦻy⚪'ᨵᐵËÌḄᵫ/ᑨFÍᦻᩭÎËÌᩖÐ஺ᦑHᫀtA஺4.Aூ᪆௃ὃᦻÑ᪀஺✌ᐜᦻ7Fᙠ□ᐝᐙ¦Ḅ§᛻6©ªḄᕸᖹ«$ᩭᓻÖ;ஹ5ஹ¡}ÙᐹÚḄwÛᩭÁÈḄÜÝ;Þ6,qὅßÑàᦻᑁáâEFNÎãḄÜÝ஺ᦑHᫀtA஺

28Passage81.Dூ᪆௃ὃ3⁚ᳮ஺᪷ᦻḄm5,vÐäὅy⌕'ᵫ¿Ðäὅåæ⌕A?Qç¦ovÎèḄ◤Aᦑ⌱D஺2.Bூ᪆௃ὃ3⁚ᳮ஺᪷᎔ᦪÐäὅḄ(qḄç|ê'ë(q6ḄìíᨵᐵḄ½/îïᕒ◤⌕ðÐäὅvJ¿(q6Ḅìíᨵñòóôᜓâö7÷ø<⚪Ḅùᶍ½/⌱·B஺3.Cூ᪆௃ὃ3⁚ᳮ஺ᨬh6Ḅ"theyfoundapositivecorrelationûüᐵýbetweenthestrengthofroleidentityandIhelengthoftimepeoplecontinuedtovolunteer"ÁÈNþ⁐
ὅḄᨵᐵ⌱C஺4.Aூ᪆௃ὃ᪗⚪ᑨ஺᪷!ᐰᦻᑁ%&ᐸ()*+,Ḅᨬ.••012,4ᦻ56᝞89:;<=ὅ஺