万洪文物理化学教材习题答案

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.1-10.1kgC6H6(1)ᙠ353.35K(C6H6)=30.80kJmol-loQ,W,AUAH஺!"#"$%&஺n/mol=100/78,AH=Q=n=39.5kJ,W=-nRT=-3.77kJ,AU=Q+W=35.7kJ1-2'
(ᚪḄ+,-lOOOn/,.#-290K,/$0p"123#4ᓣ6300K,◤ᔾᦈ:;

1Kᢙឤ᜜$PQ\cdeOPQḄ/+Ḅᨬf#4b/+K᜜gᡠiḄjb/+Ḅk&ᓄlm&஺(C,=2.5R)pmo!(1)OW⌮PQ:Y=5/3,opjYTj:pjTT2V,T=145.6K,2==(T-T)=-1.9kJ,AH=nC(T-T)=AUWnCvm21p,m21-3.17kJফKᢙឤ᜜$PQᑭᵨAU=W,ᓽnC,(T-T)=-vm21P2CV2-VD,\]T2=198.8K஺sᳮAU=W=-1.24kJ,AH=-2.07kJo1-5Imoltᙠ100࠷,p”&ᡂs#s$Ḅt/(At/0ᳮC/+)ᯠa"#W⌮PQᑮ//,ᐰḄAU,
HoAfH(HO,373.15K,/)=40.67kJm2mol1o!0"#"$W⌮%&+ᳮC/+"#W⌮PQKa
zAU,AHᙳ0|஺AH=Hm=40.67kJ,AU=AH-A(pV)=37.57kJ1-6}~$ᘤᨵ/+Wk-/ᡈ/஺ᙠ29K]
᪵5dm3OW⌮PQᑮ6dm3,#421K஺kᔲᑨᘤ-/+?(?'ᓫHI/+ḄC,=1.5R,HI/+ḄC,=2.5R)vmvm:OW⌮PQ:Tz=277K,oTiVj-ZTzVz'",

2\]=7/5,ᘤ-N2.1-7ImolᓫHIᳮC/+(Cv,m=L5R),#40273K,+,022.4dm3,ᵫA⌶&ᓄᑮ#40546Kஹ+,022.4dm3ᵫB⌶&ᓄᑮ#40546Kஹ+,044.8dm3ᨬaᵫC⌶ᑮᐸ᝱஺\]!(1)ᔜ᝱Ḅ/+$b(2)ᵫᔜ⌶ḄQ,W,
U,AHb(3)S¡¢ḄQ,W,AU,AHo!A⌶!"ᓣ#B⌶"#PQC⌶"$#஺(1)pl=,p2=2,p3=(2)ᳮC/+!AU=nCV,mAT,AH=nCp,mAT.A⌶,W=0,Q=AU,ᡠ£Q,W,AU,AHᑖ¥"¦3.40kJ,O,3.40kJ,5.67kJB⌶,AU=AH=0,Q=-W,ᡠ£Q,W,AU,AHᑖ¥"¦3.15kJ,-3.15kJ,0,0;C⌶,W=-p
V,Q=AU-W,ᡠ£Q,W,AU,
Hᑖ¥"¦567kJ,2.27kJ,-3.40kJ,-5.67kJ(3)¡¢AU=AH=0,Q=-W=3.40+3.15+(5)=0.88kJ1-82mol}HIᑖIᳮC/+¨᝱0202.65kPa,lL2dm3,pTe©ᦪḄW⌮$«ᑮf᝱0405.20kPa.\f᝱Ḅ+,V2#4T2lW,
U,

3H.(Cp,m=3.5R).!plTl=p2T2,T1=136.5K\]T2=68.3K,V2=2.8dm3,AU=nCV,m
T=-2.84kJ,AH=nCp,mAT=-3.97kJ,6W=-2nRdT,W=-2nRAT=2.27kJ1-92moi,10L33kPa,373KḄ¬᝱tᐭ
¯ᳫ,¯ᳫᐭ373Kឤ#±@²஺ᡭẚ¯ᳫ,µ¶H2Oপ0101.33kPa,373KḄH2O(g)(AH2O(g)0ᳮC/+)\ḄQ,W,AU,AH;?ᙠ©$^_ᑣQ,W,
U,
HḄᔜ0;<¸tḄᙠ373K,10L33kPa040.66kjmol—1஺.!101.33kPa,373KH2O(l)->H2O(g)(1)"#"$W⌮%&AH=Q=nHm=81.3kJ,W=-nRT=-6.2kJ,,AU=Q+W=75.1kJ(2)ᔣ±@W=0,ஹf᝱%sAH=81.3kJ,,AU=75.1kJ,Q=AU=75.1kJ1-103373K,50650PaḄt/0.300m3"#ឤ᜜$$«ᑮ10L325kPa(ᐰ0t/)aº»ᙠ10L325kPaឤ#$«ᑮ+,030.0dm30¼,(ᨵ
½ᑖt/¾¿ᡂt).ḄQ,
U,AH.Ꮇ'¾¿ᡂtḄ+,ÁᶍVt/WA0ᳮC/+,tḄ/ᓄ022.59!W£Ãi!n=4.9molᳮC/+"#$«+n'=3.92molt/"#"$W⌮%&஺W=-pAV+n'

4RT=27kJ,Q=pAV+n'Hm=-174kJ,ᳮC/+"#$«AU,AH0|%&AH=nHm=-159kJ,AU=AH-ApV
=AH+n'RT=-147kJ1-11£T0Äᙶ᪗S0Çᙶ᪗È]ᓱÊ¡¢ḄT-SËDÌÍÎᩩᡠÐḄ☢,Ò-ᔾḄᦪc"¦K¢᛻iḄj஺1-12ImolᓫHIᳮC/+W⌮ᙢÕT=aVa0©ᦪÖḄ⌶,×273Kᓣ#ᑮ573K,\ḄW,
U,
S஺!W⌮⌶T=aVa0©ᦪÖᓽ"$W⌮⌶W=-nRT2-Tl
=-2.49kJAU=nCV,mAT=3.74kJ,
S=nCp,mlnT2/Tl
=15.40JK-11-131molᳮC/+ᵫ25࠷,IMPaPQᑮO.IMPa,Ꮇᑖ¥0!1
"#W⌮PQb2
ᔣ±@PQ஺ᔜḄØ&஺!প"#W⌮PQbAS=nRlnV2/Vl
=19.14JK-1ফஹf᝱%sAS=19.14JK-11-142mok27࠷ஹ20dm3ᳮC/+ᙠ"#ᩩÚPQᑮ50dm3,Ꮇ0!1
W⌮PQb2
×ᵫPQb3
Kᢙឤ᜜$PQ஺£cᔜḄQஹWஹAUஹAHl
So!ᳮC/+"#PQ,UU=
H=0lAS=nRlnV2/Vl
=

515.2JK-lo(1)W⌮PQW=-nRTln(V2/Vl)=-4.57kJ>Q=-W=4.57kJ(2)×ᵫPQW=0,Q=-W=0(3)ឤ᜜$PQW=-pAV=-3.0kJ,Q=-W=3.0kJ1-155moi}ᳮC/+(Cp,m=29.10JKlmoLl),ᵫ¨᝱(400K,200kPa)ᑖ¥ᑡVs&ᑮSᡠᢣḄf᝱஺ᑖ¥ᔜḄQஹWஹAUஹAHlAS஺(1)"Ýᑮ600K(2)"$Þᓾᑮ300K(3)Kᢙឤ᜜$OPQᑮb(4)OW⌮PQᑮ஺!ᳮC/+AUMnCYmAT,AH=nCp,mAT,AS=nRln(pl/p2)+nCp,mln(T2/Tl)(1)"ᓣ#T2=600K,W=0,Q=AU,AS=nCV,mln(T2/Tl)ᡠ£Q,W,
U,AH,ASᑖ¥"¦20.79kJ,0,20.79kJ,29.10kJ,42.15JK-lফ"$#T2=300K,W=-pAV,Q=
U-W,
S=nCp,mln(T2/Tl)ᡠ£Q,W,AU,
H,ASᑖ¥"¦-14.55kJ,4.16kJ,-10.4kJ,-14.55kJ,-41.86JK-1বឤ᜜$OPQQ=0,W=
U,T2=342.9K,AS=nRln(pl/p2)+nCp,mln(T2/Tl)=6.40JK-l(4)OW⌮PQAS=0,Q=0,Y=7/5,plVlY=p2V2Y,T2=328Kᡠ£Q,W,AU,AH,ASᑖ¥"¦0,-7.47kJ,

6-7.47kJ,-10.46kJ,01-16áâãä(å©0æçèéᑁëä)ḄìiWᳮCᓄ0᝞¡¢(Otto¡¢)(1)ᑭᵨîïḄðឋᔾᐭëᧇ/D^_O$«(2)æஹëó/+ᙠcôᜐឤᓣ#(3)/+OPQK᜜öj(4)ᙠôᜐ᣸]/+ឤ#஺'Oᢣᦪ=1.4ஹVl/V2=6.0,\SáâãäḄᳮøᦔ᳛஺!জfঝOW⌮$«ঝ
ঞឤV2ᓣ#ঞfট
⌮টfজឤVIঝfঞQ+=CV(T3-T2),টfজQ-=CV(T1-T4),n=IQ++Q—|/Q+ᑭᵨ
⌮n=L(T2-T3)/(Tl-T4)=1-(Vl/V2)l-Y=160.41-171molᵫ᝱(372.8K)ᔣ!"#$ᡂ372.8K,"&஺()*ḄAS(,-ᙠ372.8K/Ḅ=40.60kJmol-1)012(334⌮5$AS=/T=109JK-11-18,-Ḅ6100࠷,Cp,m(H2O,1)=75.20JK-lmol-1,(H2O)=40.67kJ-mol-1,Cp,m(H2O,g)=33.57JK-lmol-1,Cp,m7ᙳ9:;ᦪ஺(1)11molH2O(1,100࠷,)-*1molH2O(g,100࠷,)Ḅ>?(2)1lmolH2O(l,60࠷,)^lmolH2O(g,60࠷,)

7ḄAU,AH,ASo01প334⌮5$AS=/T=109JK-lফ2(34H2O(l,60࠷)fH2O(L100࠷)^H2O(g,100࠷)-*H2O(g,60࠷)AH=Cp,m(l)AT+-Cp,m(g)AT=42.34kJ,AU=AH-pAV=
H-RT=39.57kJAS=Cp,m(l)ln(T2/Tl)+/T+Cp,m(g)ln(Tl/T2)=113.7JK-l1-194moiᳮD&EF300K,G34H
ᑮ600K,JḄAU,AH,AS,AF,AGo,-JᳮD&EḄ(300K)=150.0JK-lmol-1,Cp,m=30.00JK-lmol-1஺01AU=nCV,mAT=26.0kJ,AH=nCp,mAT=36.0kJ,
S=nCp,mln(T2/Tl)=83.2JK-l(600K)=(300K)+AS=233.2JK-lmol-1AF=AU-A(TS)=-203.9kJ,AG=AH-A(TS)=-193.9kJ1-20KLᨵO.lmolNOPEḄQRSᴻUVᐭ35࠷,,10dm3ḄឤXYᐸY,ᐙ\N2(g),KRSᴻUᡭ^_,NOᐰb&ᓄdᡂḄeᔠ&E9:ᳮD&E஺,-NOᙠ101325Pa/Ḅ:35࠷,ᐸ=25.10kJmol-1஺()1(1)eᔠ&EYNOḄᑖ4?(2)h&ḄAH,AS,AG(3)NOḄAH,AS,AGo

801(l)pNO=nRT/V=25.6kPa(2)*Yh&Ḅ4iஹkஹElᙳm$ᓄAH,AS,AGᙳ:n஺(3)oNOpq9:1334⌮5$+ᳮD&E3H4AH=n=2.51kJ,AS=n/T-nRln(p2/pl)=9.3JK-l,AG=AH-TAS=-0.35kJ1-21s>ᓫuᓄvwxᙠ3(298.15K)ஹ34()Gyz{|V
40kJ,}Vᙠ⌮ᵯY{|ᑣᔾ
4kJ஺প()*wxḄArSm(2)()yzwxᙠ⌮ᵯYwxḄAiS(3)()wxḄArHm(4)()o᜜Ḅᨬᜧᵯ஺01(1)
rSm=QR/T=13.42JK-1(2)yzwxAiS=
rSm-Q/T=147.6JK-1,⌮ᵯYwxAiS=O(3)
rHm=Q=-40kJ(4)WR=ArGm=ArHm-TArSm=-44kJ1-22},-ᙠ298.15KஹGᓫuwxH2(g)+0.5O2(g)H2O(1)yz{|V
285.90kJ,ᙠ⌮ᵯYwxV
48.62kJ(1)ᓫuwxḄ⌮wx(ᯠᙠ298.15KஹḄoᩩG)ḄAH,AS,AG(2)⌕⌮wx#᛻ᨬ◤ᵯ?:01(1)AH=-Q=285.90kJ,AS=QR/T=163JK-1,AG=
H-TAS=237.28kJফWR=ArG=237.28kJ1-23PEḄEl¡4iḄᐵ:1V=V0(l-3p),,-

9ᦪa==2.0X10-4K-l,4£ᦪB==4.84¤10-10Pa-125࠷,L013X105PaGV0=L002cm3gl஺¥()1molᙠ25࠷ᵫ1.013X105PaH4ᑮ1.013X106Pa/ḄAU,AH,AS,AF,AG஺:T=298K,V0=18.036X10-6m3mol-1,=-T-p=-TVOa-pVOB=-(1.075X10-6+8.7X10-15p)m3mol-1
U==-0.98J¦ᳮ=V-T,=-,=-p,=V,lᑖAH=15.45J,AS=-3.32X10-3J,AF=9.86X10-3J,AG=16.44Jo1-24K1kg25࠷Ḅ!&ᙠ3ஹ34G¨ᐰᑖ©:ª&7«h&¬◤⌕ὑ®¯El?Ꮇ±!&ᵫ027N2²ᡂᐸᑖ³ᦪ´µ02:N2=2179ᨵᐵ&Eᙳ9:ᳮ;D&E஺011kg25࠷Ḅ!&Yn(O2)=7.28mol,x(O2)=0.21,n(N2)=27.39mol,x(N2)=0.79,eᔠAG=n(O2)RTlnx(O2)+n(N2)RTlnx(N2)=-44.15kJ,ᡠ¨ᐰᑖ©¬◤⌕ὑ®44.15kJ¯El஺1-25KlmolN2F3(298.15K)⌮4£ᑮ6,JḄQ,W,AU,AH,AF,AG,AS7AiS஺01ᳮD&E3⌮AU=AH=0,W=-Q=nRTln(p2/pl)=4.44kJ

10AS=-nRln(p2/pl)=-14.9JK-1,AiS==AS-Q/T=0,AF=AG=-TAS=4.44kJ1-26}⚪Y¸᝱ḄN2¹ᵨ6Ḅ᜜434£ᑮ5¦Ḅ¹᝱JḄQ,W,AU,AH,AF,AG,AS7AiS,ºᑨ¼JḄឋ¾஺[-12.39kJ,12.39kJ,0,0,4.44kJ,4.44kJ,-14.90JK-1,26.67JK-1]01AU,AH,AF,AG,AS¡⚪5¦஺W=-Q=-p2AV=12.39kJ,AiS==
S-Q/T=26.67JK-1J:¿⌮஺1-30ÀÁ1o«ᳮD&EḄ᥅Ä
(1)(2)ᵫ¸᝱(pl,VI)ᑮ¹᝱(p2,V2)YᡠÅḄÆÇ1ᡠᨵ\ÈpVn=K(K:;ᦪn6ᢣᦪ:ÊËÌᦪ஺)ḄᳮD&EÍ☟᝱Ïд:஺,ÑÒÓḄ⌮᝞345=0)ஹ3(n=l)ஹ
(n=)ஹ3(n)Ï6ᱯ±Ö×GḄ஺01ØpV=RT,KVl-n=RT,KV-ndV=RdT/(l-n),8W=-pdV=-KV-ndV=RdT/(n-1);dU=CVdT,pCn,m=8Q/dT=(dU-8W)/dT=CV,m-R/(n-1),CV,m=R/(-1)Ù(1)ÚplVln=p2V2n=K,8W=-pdV=-KV-ndV,lᑖ

112
ḄÛÜÝÞß5²ᑖ
iv2-11.25࠷/KNaClàÂ1kgYdᡂàPḄElV¡NaClᱥ¾Ḅân´ãᐵGä⊤Ç1V(cm3)=1001.38+16.625n+1.7738n3/2+0.1194n2,¥()Imolkg-lNaClàPYH2ONaClḄæ᥅ÄEl஺01ᵫæ᥅ÄâḄ±¤Ù1=16.625+1.7738X1.5nl/2+0.1194X2nn=1mol,VNaCl=19.525cm3mol-1,àPElV=1019.90cm3on(H2O)=55.556mol,ᢥèᔠéä1V=nVNaCl+n(H2O)=18.006cm3mol-l2-2ᙠ15࠷,Gs⏀ëYìᨵ104dm3Ḅ⏀wíN⏣ïÞ96%oðñHòᑴ:wíN⏣ï=56%Ḅ⏀஺¥()1পxHdm3?2
Ùᑮdm3wíN⏣ï=56%Ḅ⏀,

12-115࠷,/Ḅôk:0.9991kgdm-3¡N⏣Ḅæ᥅ÄEl:1w(N⏣)X100/cm3mol-1V(C2H5OH)/cm3mol-19614.6158.015617.1156.5801ᢥèᔠéä1V=n(C2H5OH)+n(H2O)w(N⏣)=96%/104dm3Ḅ⏀Yn(H2O)=17860molஹn(C2H5OH)=167887moL(1)w(N⏣)=56%,n(C2H5OH)=167887mol/,n(H2O)

13x:337122mol,ᦑxH5752dm3஺ফö÷ᑭᵨèᔠéäw(N⏣)=56%Ḅ⏀:15267dm3஺2-3NᨒḄ"&4ᙠᐸ᪗Í▬û3040PaK-1Ḅ$ᓄ᳛ᦋ$Ú-ᐸ᪗Í:80࠷,¥()Nᨒᙠ80°CḄ᥅Ä&ᓄᰚ஺01AvapHm=RT2(dInp/dT)=RT2(dp/dT)/p=8.314X(273.15+80)2X3040/105=31.5kJmolÿ஺2-4
ᙠ100࠷101325Pa,ᓄᰚ40638Jmol-1oᑖᙠᑡᔜ
Ḅᐵln(p*/Pa)=f(T),80࠷
Ḅ(!"#0.473X105Pa)প&ᓄᯚAHm=40.638kJmol-1(ᦪ;

14(2)Cp.m(H2O,g)=33.571JK-lmol-1,Cp.m(H20,1)=75.296JK-lmol-1ᙳ(ᦪ,(3)Cp.m(H2O,g)=30.12+11.30X10-3T(JK-lmol-1);Cp.m(H2O,1)=75.296JK-lmol-1(ᦪ,-.ln(p*/Pa)=ln(101325)+,AHm=40638+,
Cp.m=Cp.m(H2O,g)-Cp.m(H2O,1)পln(p*/Pa)=-4888/T+24.623,80࠷
Ḅ0.482X105Pao(2)ln(p*/Pa)=-6761/T-5.019InT+59.37,80࠷
Ḅ0.479X105Pao(3)ln(p*/Pa)=-6726/T-5.433InT+1.36X10-3T+61.22,0.479X105Pa஺2-5/0CO2Ḅ⛳2Ḅᐵ:1g(p*/Pa)=

15-1353/(T/K)+11.95745ᐸᰚᓄᯚ=8326Jmol-1,89:-56.6࠷o(1)89:Ḅ;,(2)ᙠlOOkPaCO2<ᔲ>?᝱AᙠB(3)C?0CO2Ḅ⛳2Ḅᐵ஺-:(1)lg(p*/Pa)=-1353/(273.15-56.6)+11.957=5.709,89:Ḅ;5.13X105Pa(3)=2.303X1353X8.314Jmol-1;=-=17.58kJmol-1,Dᑭᵨ89:ஹ;HI?0CO2Ḅ⛳2Ḅᐵ.lg(p*/Pa)=-918.2/(T/K)+9.952o2-7ᙠ40࠷J1.0molC2H5Br22.0molC2H5IḄK

16ᔠᱥ(ᙳ?0)OᙠPQRᘤTᎷ&ᐸᳮWKᔠᱥXp*(C2H5Br)=107.0kPa,p*(C2H51)=33.6kPa,.(1)YZ9Ḅ;2[ᡂ(90]^ᜧI`ᶍᵫcᡠeYḄf?[ᡂḄgᓄ),(2)hiRᘤᨵkIlmḄnoIp?9ᙠiqrc஺stᒕᨬwkx?0i?0KᔠᱥḄ[ᡂ2hyB-.পYZ9Ḅ;p=xBrp*(C2H5Br)+(1-xBr)p*(C2H5I)=58.07kPaoYZ9Ḅ[ᡂyBr=p/(xBrp*(C2H5Br))=0.614(2)[ᡂyBr=l/3yBr=xBrp*(C2H5Br)/(xBrp*(C2H5Br)+(1-xBr)p*(C2H5I))-xBr=0.136,p=43.58kPa

172-8ᙠ25࠷,z{([ᑖ1)2ᵬ{([ᑖ2)KᔠᡂᳮW?᝱Kᔠᱥ1᥅~C6H6xl=0.8(I᝱)ᑮxl=0.6(II᝱)kTAG஺-.AG=1(H)-1(1)=RTln[xl(II)/xl(I)]=8.314X298.15ln[0.6/0.8]=-713J2-920࠷f?AḄ[ᡂ1NH3-8H2O,ᐸ1.07X104Pa,f?BḄ[ᡂ1NH3-21H2O,ᐸ3.60X103Pao(1)ᜧrḄATllmolNH3ᑮᜧrḄBTAG஺(2)ᙠ20࠷hJ;ḄlmolNH3(g)f-ᙠᜧrḄf?BTAG஺-:(1)AG=(B)-(A)=RTln[x(B)/x(A)]=8.314X298.15In(9/22)=-2.18kJ

18(2)AG=(B)-*=RTln[x(B)]=8.314X298.15In(1/22)=-7.53kJ2-10C6H5cl2C6H5Br9KᔠI᪀ᡂᳮW?᝱Kᔠᱥ஺136.7࠷C6H5C12C6H5BrḄᑖ1.150X105Pa20.604X105Pa஺.প⌕Kᔠᱥᙠ101325Pa:136.7C,ᑣKᔠᱥᡂ᪵Ḅ[ᡂB(2)ᙠ136.7C⌕⊝9TᱥḄ9KᔠᱥḄ[ᡂ᝞B-.(1)101325=1.150X105(l-xBr)+0.604X105xBr,xBr=0.250o(2)1.150X105(l-xBr)=0.604X105xBr,xBr=0.656

192-11100࠷CC14SnC14Ḅᑖ1.933X105Pa0.666X105Pa஺?0I[ᡂᳮW?᝱Kᔠᱥ஺Ꮇ>KᔠᡂḄKᔠᱥᙠ᜜1.013X105PaḄᩩ¡¢ᑮ100࠷£Z¤஺.(1)¥KᔠᱥḄ[ᡂ,(2)¥Kᔠᱥ£Z¤Ḅ¦k§Ḅ[ᡂ஺-.(1)¥KᔠᱥT¨CC14x,101325=0.666X105(l-x)+1.933X105x,x=0.274oফ¦k§T¨CC14y=1.933X105x/101325=0.522o2-12xB=0.001ḄA-Bª[ᑖᳮW?᝱Kᔠᱥᙠ1.013X105Pa¡¢ᑮ80࠷£Z¤45A?09«;Ḅ:90࠷,ᎷA?0〉ᵨᱯ®¯°ᑣsxB=0.002ᙠ80°CḄ2⊝9[ᡂ஺

20-.(A)g88(273.15+90)=31957Jmol-1,A?0ᙠ1.013X105Pa:90࠷,ᡠ>In(p*/Pa)=-3843.7/(T/K)+22.11oI>p*(A)=74.7kPa,p*(B)=26674.7kPa±p=p*(A)(l-xB)+p*(B)xB=128kPa,yB=pB/p=0.4172-1320࠷sHC1ḄᑖL013X105Pa,²ᙠ{TḄ⊝[ᡂxHCl
0.0425oh20࠷{Ḅ0.100X105Pa,³{HC1Ḅ±1.013X105Pa100g{T´µIf-HC1µ¶·஺:p¸±¹=p*¸{
1-xHCl
+kxxHC1,kx=1.013X105/0.0425Pa,xHCl=0.038466,ᡠ>100g{T´µIf-HC11.87·஺2-14»ᾯḄᰚ:½172࠷,kf=40Kkgmol-1¸ᦪ¾ᜧ¿iᵨ»ᾯÀfᑺ"fḄ᥅~rÂ(t◤ÄÅ·ḄfÆÇȹ஺Éᨵ7.900mgÊ2129mg»ᾯḄKᔠᱥ,

21"Ë¥f?ḄÌ/:»ᾯÍ8.00࠷oÊÎḄ9ÏᑖÐÑ.O-.AT=kfb,b=(106/129)7.9X10-3/M,ᡠ>ÊᏲḄ9ÏᑖÐrM=306gmol-12-15ᙠ15࠷1᥅~NaOHfÔ4.6᥅~H2OTᡠÕᡂḄf?596.5Pa,ᙠi
Ḅ;1705Pa,&
nlo.পf?T
Ḅn¿Ð,(2)
ᙠf?TḄᓄÖ×
ᓄÖ×ØÙ஺-.(1)pA=xAp*(A),=596.5/[1705X(4.6/5.6)]=0.426஺(2)AG=(H2O,xA)-*(H2O)=RTln[xA]=-2.514kJ

222-16ẆÛC2H5OH(A)-H2O(B)Kᔠᱥ஺ᙠ50࠷ḄkÜ!ÝÞß᝞.xAP/PaPA/PaPB/Pa0.44390.881724832288841418221433106507451

2345¥à⏣Ḅ=29444Pa
Ḅ=12331Pa>?0᪗ã᝱᪷åæç!Ýᦪåoà⏣
Ḅn¿Ð2n஺:pA=AxAp*(A),A=pA/[xAp*(A)],aA=pA/p*(A),I>xAA,aAB,aB0.44390.88171.085,0.48170.8256,0.72791.553,0.86375.108,0.6043

242-17ᙠHNO32
[ᡂḄ?⊝è:T/K373.1383.1393.1395.1393.1388.1383.1373.1358.6x(HNO3)y(HNO3)0.000.110.270.380.450.520.600.751.000.000.010.170.380.700.900.960.981.00(1)éièḄ:[ᡂê஺(2)J3moiHNO322moiH2OḄKᔠëᓾᑮ387.1K,íᡂ⊝Ḅ9[ᡂ᝞?írµ¶B

25(3)J3molHNO322molH2OḄKᔠᱥïðf?:ᓣò4Kïᱥ[ᡂóµ¶B(4)JবTKᔠᱥõö÷ᐰᑖ✄ËᑮᱥB-(2)x(HNO3)=0.53,y(HNO3)=0.91,n(g)/n(l)=0.226বúᱥ[ᡂx(HNO3)=0.91(4)úᱥHNO3ûᶇᱥ[ᡂx(HNO3)=0.38]2-18ᙠ303KJ40gÊ260g
Kᔠèᑖý,ᙠÊýT¨Ê70%,ᙠ
ýT¨
92%,ý?0Ḅrᔜµ¶B[Êý51.6g,
ý48.4g]-.Êý?0Ḅrw,0.70w+(l-0.92)(100-w)=40,w=51.6g

262-20ÿAஹBᰚᓾḄᢚ᝞⊤ᡠᑡ᪗Ḅ᝱ᓄᔠᱥḄ$ᡂ஺':xA1.00.90.80.70.60.50.40.30.20.10.0ᢚ/࠷/࠷9509009001000100075055057510008008008008001100500500500500600

272-26+AஹB,ᡂᓄᔠᱥAB3ஹA2B3஺-.AஹBஹAB3ஹA2B3/0123ᙠ᝱56ᐰ12஺AஹBḄ89ᰚ:ᑖ<=600࠷ஹ1100࠷oᓄᔠᱥA2B3Ḅᰚ:=900࠷,>A,ᡂḄ?ᐳᰚ:=450࠷oᓄᔠᱥAB3ᙠ800࠷ᑖ'=A2B32>B,ᡂḄ?ᐳᰚ:=650°C஺᪷BCᦪ(1)A-BEFḄᰚ:-$ᡂH᪗IJᔜḄ᝱LᡂᑖMফxA=0.90ஹxA=0.10ᰚᓄḄOPQOᢚ:ᜐEF᝱LᡂᑖḄSᓄOᔜTḄ᝱Lᡂᑖ஺':

282-22VW101.325kPa,-.ABḄᰚ:ᑖ<=500࠷800࠷,XYZ[ᡂ-.ᓄᔠᱥAB(s)஺AB(s)\]^400࠷_ᑖ'=AB2(s)xB=0.40Ḅ᝱`ᔠᱥ஺AB2(s)ᙠ600࠷ᑖ'=B(s)xB=0.55Ḅ᝱`ᔠᱥ஺aEFᨵcᨬ?ᐳᰚ:,=300࠷,fgḄ$ᡂxB=0.10o(1)᪷hBᦪaEFḄᰚ:-$ᡂH᪗JᔜḄ᝱>ᡂᑖMফixA=0.20Ḅ᝱A,B`ᔠᱥ120mol,ᓾjkᑮ600࠷,mᨬnZopqBnr᥅t?'v(2)66.7mol

29wxyᓄz{gEF]|z}~⚪3-4ᙠ291R333KᑁCᔜᱥḄCp,m/(JK-lmoLl)ᑖ<=CH4(g):35.715;O2(g):29.36;CO2(g):37.13;H2O(1):75.30;ᙠ298.2K_{gCH4(g)+2O2(g)==CO2(g)+2H2O(1)Ḅឤ{g]ᦔg=-890.34kjmol-l°.333K_a{gḄឤ{g]ᦔg=nr'vপ333K_ឤ{g]ᦔgvAH(333K)=AH(298.2K)+=-887.0kJmol-1ফឤ{g]ᦔgvAU(333K)=AH(333K)-=-881.6kjmol-l

303-5ᵫhᦪ2,2,3,3ᵬḄ᪗[ᡂ]஺VWv[H(g)]=217.94kJmol-1,[C(g)J=718.38kjmol-l,eC-C=344kjmol-l,eC-H=414kjmol-lo'v[CH3c(CH3)2C(CH3)2CH3(g)]=18[H(g)]+8[C(g)]-7eC-C-18eC-H=-190kJmol-13-6VW25࠷_ᑡᦪvᱥCH3OH(1)CH3OH(g)(298.15K)/(kJmol-1)-238.7-200.7(298.15K)/(JK-lmol-1)127.0239.7

3125࠷_ᵬ⏣Ḅ⛳p*஺'vCH3OH(1)fCH3OH(g)=[-200.7-(-238.7)]-T[239.7-127.0]X10-3=4.4kJmol-1=,=p*/,p*=1.7X104Pa3-8VW{gC()+H2O(g)->CO(g)+H2(g)Ḅ(298.15K)=133kJmol-1,a{gᙠ125࠷_Ḅ(398.15K)஺Ꮇᔜᱥᙠ25125࠷ᑁḄᙳ᥅t]᝞⊤vᱥC()H2O(g)CO(g)H2(g)Cp,m/(JK-lmol-1)8.6429.1128.033.51

32'v(398.15K)=(298.15K)+ACp,mAT=135kJmol-13-9VWCᓫ¡{gvH2(g)+I2(s)===2HI(g)(291K)=49.46kJmoll°I2(s)ᙠᰚ:386.6Kᰚᓄᔾ]16.74kJmol-1o12(1)ᙠ£:457.4K,ᔾ]42.68kJmol-1I2(s)ᙠo291K-386.6K¤ᙳ]=55.65JK-lmol-112(1)ᙠo386.6-457.4K¤Ḅᙳ]=62.76JKUmol-¥BCᓫ¡{gᙠ473.15KḄArHm¦஺x§.᥅t]¨vCp,m[H2(g)l=29.08-0.00084T(JK-lmol-1)Cp,m[12(g)]=35.56-0.00054T(JK-lmol-1)Cp,m[HI(g)]=28.07-0.00021T(JK-lmol-1)o'vArHm(473.15K)=++(-42.68kJmol-l)++(-16.74kJmol-l)++(291K)+=-20.4kJmol-13-10VWCOCH3OH(g),25࠷Ḅ᪗᥅t[ᡂᯚᑖ<=110.52-201.2kJmol-1;COஹH2ஹCH3OH(1),25࠷Ḅ᪗᥅tªᑖ<=197.56ஹ130.57ஹ127.0JK-lmol-1o

33«W25cᵬ⏣Ḅ⛳=16582Pa,ᓄᯚ=38.0kJmol-1oZ¬=ᳮ®.{gCO(g)+2H2(g)=CH30H(g)Ḅ(298.15K)L(298.15K)஺'v=-201.2-(-110.52)=-90.68kJmol-1,[CH3OH(g)]=127.0+38.0X103/298+Rln(16.582/100)=239.4JK-lmol-1,=239.4-(197.56+2X130.57)=219.3JK-lmol-1,(298.15K)=-T=-25.3kJmol-1,(298.15K)=2.7X1043-11VW(H2O,1,298.15K)=-237.19kjmol-l,25࠷_¯Ḅ⛳p*(H2O)=3.167kPa,°H2O(g)Z¬=ᳮ®.(H2O,g,298.15K)o'v(H2O,g)=(H2O,l)-RTln(p*/)=-228.6kJmol-1

343.12VW(CH30Hg298.15K)=-162.51kJ-mol-1,25࠷_p*(CH3OH)=16.27kPa,°CH30H(g)Z¬=ᳮ®.(CH3OH,l,298.15K)o'v(CH3OH,1)=(CH3OH,g)+RTln(p*/)=-167kJmol-13-13VWBr2(l)Ḅ⛳p*(Br2)=28574Pa,{gBr2(l)=Br2(g)Ḅ(298.15K)஺'v=-RTln(p*/)=3.14kJmol-13-14VWᳮ®.¤Ḅ{gCO(g)+H2O(g)==CO2(g)+H2(g)ft973.15K_=0.71o(1)EFJ§.Ḅᑖᙳ=1.50_BC{gḄ±²³ᔣ᝞µ

35(2)p(CO)=10,p(H2O)=5,p(CO2)=p(H2)=1.5_{gḄ±²³ᔣ«᝞µW(DJ=[P(CO2)p(H2)]/[p(CO)p(H2O)]=l>⌮ᔣ±²(2)J=0.045<8ᔣ±²3.15VW{gCO(g)+H2(g)=HCOH(l)(298.15K)=28.95kJmol·,¸298.15K_p*(HCOH)=199.98kPa,298.15K_{gHCHO(g);CO(g)+H2(g)Ḅ(298.15K)O'v(298.15K)=-[28.95-RTln(p*/)]=-27.265kJmol-1,=6X1043-16¹9º»J¼Ḅ½¾ᨵr¿ḄÀᙠÁÂJ=◀ÄÀZi.¹ÅÆḄÇȲ[C{gv2Cu(s)+0.5O2(g)==Cu2O(s)VW{gḄ/(Jmol-l)=-166732+63.01(T/K)É°ᙠ600࠷_{gÊᑮ⊝mÌoÍÎᜐᳮϽJᒕÑÀḄÒ=°Ó'v(600࠷)=-111.7kJmol-1=4.8X106,[O2]=/[RT()2]=

365.9X10-16moldm-33-17ÔᔠᡂÕᔆᵨḄبᵫᜩᯠCH4>¯{g¸ᩭᐸ{g=CH4(g)+H2O(g)=CO(g)+3H2(g)஺VW{gᙠ1000KÝÞḄ=0.2656,᝞ßàá_CH4(g)H2O(g)ḄᱥḄ¿âã=12,äå⌕CH4Ḅᓄ᳛=75%_{gEFḄ|g=nr஺'vàá_CH4(g)Ḅ|=pO,CH4Ḅᓄ᳛=75%_=[0.75p0(3X0.75p0)3()2]/[0.25p0(2p0-0.75pO)]p0=9.987kPa{gEFḄ|=44.9kPa3-18NiCO5[ᡂèévNi(s)+4CO(g)=Ni(CO)4(g),T╋fë.ᨵᓻí஺°150࠷L¾ᨵw(CO)=0.005Ḅ`ᔠ¹ÅNi⊤☢ïÈw[Ni(CO)4]V1X10-9,mv.|0gðÅnᜧVW`ᔠᙳᑖò¿=10.7,BC{g150࠷_=6.0X10-6o

37'våw[Ni(CO)4]=1X10-9_p[Ni(CO)4l=p(ó)X10.7X10-9/170.7,p(CO)=p(ó)X10.7X0.005/28,={p[Ni(CO)4]/[p(CO)]4}()3p(ó)=9.3X106Pa3-19f{gH2(g)+0.5S2(g)==H2S(g),ÁÂõpᑡᦪT/K10231218136214731667In4.6643.0052.0771.4810.6333(1)1000-1700K¤{gḄ᪗᥅töSMফ1500K{gḄ,,o'vhInf1/T÷ø᳛-/R=10674;=-89kJmol-1,ùú

38/R=-5.765,=-47.9JK-lmol-1(1500K)=-17.2kJmol-1,=3.983-20AgNO3(s)ᑖ'{gvAgNO3(s)=Ag(s)+NO2(g)+O2(g),äᐸᑖ'஺VW298.15KḄᑡᱥḄᨵᐵᦪvᱥAgNO3(s)Ag(s)NO2(g)O2(g)/(kjmol-l)/(JK-lmol-1)-123.14140.920

3942.7033.85240.450205.03'v=156.99kjmol-l,=244.7JK-lmol-lT=/=641K3-21VW{g(CH3)2CHOH(g)=(CH3)2CO(g)+H2(g)ḄACp=16.72JK-lmol-1,ᙠ457.4K_Ḅü0.36,ᙠ298.15K_Ḅ=61.5kJmollᑏ1g=f(T)ḄþᦪᐵEÿ
(600K)o(T)=56.5X103+16.72T,1g(T)=1g(457.4K)+=-2952/T+0.8731nT+0.66,(600K)=21

403-22Ag2c03ᙠ100࠷ᵨCO2Ḅᑖᨬ!"Ag2CO3ᑖAg2O#CO2?T=298.15KAg2CO3(s)Ag2O(s)CO2(g)/kJmol-1-506.1-31.0-393.51/JK-lmol-1167.4121.75213.7Cp,m/JK-lmol-1

41121.165.8637.1:(373K)=80.23kJmol-1,(373K)=164JK-lmol-1,(373K)=19.04kJmol-1,=-RTln[p(CO2)/],p(CO2)>219Pa$%&'()*+,ᭆ./0123⚪4-1567'ᨵ%69ᑖ:Ḅ;<=>;

42প?9Ḅᑖ^{2,2,0,0}{3,0,1,0},QRS᝱ᦪ+=10(2)QRS᝱ᦪg0212+g03g2=66g4-3_`Cᑖ<Ḅ$5ᵯN,Nl/N=exp[-Ae/(kT)]=2.2X10-70(2)q'=1+exp[-Ae/(kT)],N0:Nl=9,exp[-Ae/(kT)]=l/9,T=2.2X104K4-4N2ᑖ<ᙠᵯrs(᪷uᡠv0ḄᐝxxyḄzZ,

43
{ᜐj|}~bc᝱Ḅᑖ<ᦪNv+᝱ᑖ<ᦪNOd᝞⊤ᡠ~E<ᦪu123Nv/NO0.2610.0690.018᪷uᩩᯚᜐj(⊝᝱஺ᜐj(⊝Nv/NO=exp[-uhv/(kT)],NlN2N3=0.2610.26120.26134-5N69[;<ᙠeO=0,el=kT,e2=2kT6@ᑖ^=6@ᙳNO@7'ᑮ⊝KḄᑁ

44lOOOkT,
N஺q=l+exp(-l)+exp(-2)=1.503,NO=Nexp(-O)/q,Nl=Nexp(-l)/q,N2=Nexp(-2)/q1000kT=N0e0+Nlel+N2e2,N=23544-6HC1ᑖ<Ḅ~@◞5.94X10-20J,298.15KC5@ᐸ5@Ḅᑖ<ᦪḄd஺j12ᑖ<~@◞0.43X10-20J,}᪵Ḅ஺Nj+1/Nj=exp[-Ae/(kT)],HC1ᑖ

45$&'()*+,23⚪5-7_`HBrᑖ<ᙠ+᝱Ḅᙳ᪶¡¢r=L414X10-10m,
HBrᑖ<Ḅ£Eஹᱯ¦qZஹ298.15KKḄnᑖ§ᦪ/HBrḄ᥅©ª஺:£EI=ur2=3.31X10-47kg.m2,0r=h2/(8n2Ik)=12.1Kqr=T/0r=24.63,Sm,r=R(l+lnqr)=35JXK-1Xmol-15-8Na(g)ᙠ298.15K#101325PaKḄ᪗᥅©Gibbs®ᵫ஺:q=(2nmkT/h2)3/2(RT/),=RT(lnq-lnN)=-213.2kJXmol-1

465-9Cl(g)Ḅᵯ<°+᝱h%±OḄᐸ$5bc᝱Ed+᝱e87540m-l(³ᦪ)fµ±O஺
প1000KKCl(g)Ḅᵯ

475-11NOᨔhᵫÁᡠÂᡂḄµÄN2O2ᑖ<ᡠÅᡂ.Çᑖ<ᙠᨔÈ9ᨵÉDÊËÌᔣN—00—NII#II0—NN—0
NOᨔᙠ0KKḄᒕ϶஺ᒕÏÐ=kIn(2N/2)=2.88JK-lmol-l5-12_`HCl(g)ᑖ<Ḅ⊝᪶¡1.275X10-10m,~⚣᳛86.27X1012s-1,
HC1ᙠ298.15K/101325PaᳮÕḄ᪗᥅©'◞E({Ḅ᪗E(Ð186.2J.K.mol-1d஺

48Sm,t=R(31nMr/2+51nT/2-1.165)=153.6J.K.mol-1,1=ur2=2.6X10-47kg.m2,Sm,r=R[ln(IT)+105.54]=33.1J.K.mol-1,0v=4141K,Sm,r^0.0001J.K.mol-1HCl(g)ᳮÕḄ᪗᥅©'Ö186.7JXK-1Xmol-5-13ᑖ[300K#101325PaK×(Ar)#Øᑖ<(H2)ḄN/qtÙ|9[;<7'ÚÛni«gi°ᵫqt=1.88X1026(MrT)3/2V
N/qt=[1.88X1026(MrT)3/2(kT/p)]-l×(Ar):N/qt=9.92X10-8,Øᑖ<(H2):N/qt=8.75X10-6N/qt«l,exp[-£t/(kT)]<=lᡠni«gi.

495-14ᵨ'()*:lmolᓫ½<ᳮÕᙠÜqᩩ,7'Ḅ)ᵫplÝᑮp2K,ᐸÐÝAS=Rln(pl/p2)oᓫ½<ᳮÕᙠÜqᩩAS=Rln(q2/ql)=Rln(V2/Vl)=Rln(pl/p2)$Þß/à☢ᓄ*$ã&ß/à☢ᓄ*23⚪

506-3298.2KKäᙠḄ⊤☢å)71.97X10-3Nm-l,ᐸ⊤☢å)qZ7ᦪ-1.57X106Nm-lK-1
ᙠឤqឤ.7'ç|ÝK9⌮és2cm2Ḅ⊤☢çK,ÇêëḄ(ஹìஹAG/AS?AS=-AA=3.14X10-10JK-1,Q=TAS=9.36X10-8JW'=-AA=1.44X10-5J,AG=W'=1.44X10-5J6-4ᨵ5íᐰïᙠḄðḂòLᐸóô2.0X10-3m,_`ðḂõö⊤☢å)0.7Nml,ᑣðḂòᑁᡠ÷Ḅ▬s)hVAp=4/r=2.8kPa6-5303KK,ù⏣ḄûZ780kgm-3;ù⏣ᐸü⊝KḄ⊤☢å)2.189X102Nm-l;ᙠᑁô

510.2mmḄýþÿ
ᓣḄ஺h=2/(Pgr)=0.057m6-6ᓄ◤⌕஺1000C᝱ᔲᓄ⊤☢!"1000C(g-A12O3)(g-Ag)>(Ag-A12O3)ᑖ$%1000X10-3Nm-l,920X10-3Nm-1,1770X10-3Nm-loCOSo=[(g-A12O3)-(Ag-A12O3)]/(g-Ag)=-0.837,9=147'஺6-720°C()*Ḅ⊤☢+,-ᦪᑖ$%7.28X10-2Nm-l,0.483Nm-l,*/0☢+,%0.375Nm-1,1ᑨ3(ᔲᙠ*Ḅ⊤☢567ᩭ஺9*:;9(:<+9*-(:56

526-8?@A⏣(Mr=74)CDEF0࠷,GHᐸJ⛳)p*/p*0=4LMNO%PQ273K@A⏣⊤☢+,஺=0.0261Nml;RP=1000kgm-3;1TUᙠVJ⛳)ᡠNOᡂPḄYZ[Pᡠ\ᑖ]ᦪ஺r=[PRTln(pr/pO)/(2Mr)]=1.23X10-9m,N=4nr3PNA/(3Mr)=636-9^ᨔ`abᑖ]cde80,ᙠ300KᐸR%0.9kgdm3;Qᨔ`fgh0☢+,%0.2Nm-loijᨔ`kZ%0.1X10-6m,.ᑣnjᨔ`geᜧᙽᨔ`gḄqrsRTln(cr/cO)=2Mr/(Pr)ln(cr/c0)=0.285cr/c0=1.33

536-1019࠷A⏚(gḄ⊤☢+,-ᦪuv⊤w%஺=஺0+bln(l+c/Kr),{஺0%(Ḅ⊤☢+,-ᦪஹbஹK'%}ᦪc%A⏚ᙠ(Ḅ~஺(1)1ngA⏚Ḅ⊤☢df~CḄᐵ-஺(2)Q!"b=1.31X10-4Nm-l,K'=5.097X10-2moldm3,1c=0.200moldm-3Ḅ஺(3)TUc/K'>>1Ḅ%qrQV⊤☢A⏚ᡂᓫᑖ]ᔾ▬1TUA⏚ᑖ]Ḅ☢প(d/dc)=b/(K'+c),r=-[c/(RT)](d/de)=bc/[RT(K'+c)](2)T=4.3X10-8molm-2,(3)c/K'»18=b/(RT)=5.4X10-8molm-2,A0=l/(TOONA)=3.1X10-17m26-11^bDᔾ▬Langmuir{ᐸᐹ`{%{VebDḄᔾ▬d(273.15K,Ḅ`)peD,஺!"ᑖ]☢%13.108X

5410-22m3,1kgḄ⊤☢஺V=V8Kp/(l+Kp),V8=1.36dm3kg-l,aO=V8AoNA/22.4=48m2kg-l6-12ᙠ192.4࠷ᵨấᔾ▬N2D஺ᙠ'⊝,ᓟ¡ấᔾ▬N2Ḅ`(᪗¤¥¦)᝞p/(kPa)8.88613.9320.6227.7333.7737.30V/(dm3)33.5536.5639.8042.6144.6645.92!"-192.4CN2Ḅ⛳)CD%147.1kPa,N2ᑖ]☢%16.2X10-20m2,ᵨBET{ᡠᵨấ¨⊤☢஺

55ᜐᳮᦪ«vp/[V(p*p)]bp/p*¬k®Ḅ¯᳛=0.17X10-3dm-3,±=28.3X10—3dm—3,V~=1/(¯᳛+±)=35.12dm3,a0=V8AoNA/22.4=1.53X105m2kg-16-14\Fe2Oa~%1.5kgm-3Ḅg,²³10000s´,ᙠµi¶·¸ᦪ¹º⚩¼ᙳ%4.1¾(¹º☢%YZ4.0X10-5mḄᙊÀ4.0X10-5m),!"cÁḄRp%5.2X103kgm3,¼%ᳫ1TUV¼ᙳYZ஺4nr3/3=cV/(PN),r=0.7X10-7m6-15Fe(OH)3gÄ298KÅᵯ45ᑖÇ0☢ÈM10mm.ᵯÉÊ%2Vcm-L!"(ḄabᵯË᳛%79,Ì%0.89X10-3Pas,gḄᵯÍ(ÎÏᵯË᳛=8.854X10-12Fm-1)

56=[nu/(D)](d4>/dl)-l=0.0236V6-16ᙠ298KÐÑÒÓ]ÔÕ~ᑖÖ᝞×ÒRC1g~%O.lmoldm-3,`%ldm3,ØÒNaClg~%O.lmoldm-3,`%2dm3,ÙÚᑮÐ⊝´,ᐸÜÝ%qr?(RC1%ᑖ]ᵯcᎷÂàᐰᵯÓÚᑮÐ⊝â´ÑÒg`'ã)஺Ð⊝(0.1+2x)2x=(0.1-x)2,x=0.0215moldm-3,
c=0.129moldm-3n=AcRT=320kPa6-17^äᜧᑖ]gᙠ300KåᨵᐵÜÝḄᦪ«%c/(gdm-3)0.51.001.50

57(ᐔ/c)/(Pag-ldm3)101.3104.3106.41Vᜧᑖ]Ḅᦪᙳᑖ]d஺v(n/c)bc¬k®Ḅ±=98Pag-ldm3,=RT/±=2.5X104gmol-1èéêᓄëM,ëèìíîᐗðñM,ëòó⚪7-2îᐗðñ,2A(g)+B(g)==E(g),?2molḄAfImolḄBõᐭ1ᓣËᘤøᔠúðñûüðñᱥþὑ
Ḅ᳛᳛Ḅ

582:1,ᱥὑ
[A]=0.5[A]0,[B]=0.5[B]0,r=k[A]2[B]r:rO=1:87-3aA==D,Aᣵ15/16ᡠ◤ាᣵ3/4ᡠ◤Ḅ2ᑣ!஺r=k[A]n,n=lt=ln([A]O/[A])/k,t(15/16):t(3/4)=lnl6/ln4=27-4#ᑖ%2A(g)B(g)+D(g),ᙠ623Kஹ()*+0.400moldm-3
⊦-+105s,./0(1)᳛1ᦪkফA(g)ᣵ90%ᡠ◤+?

59(3)4Ḅ5ᓄ7+140kJmol-1,573KḄᨬᜧ᳛+পr=k[A]2,t0.5=1/(2k[A]0),k=0.012dm3mol-ls-l(2)1/[A]-l/[A]0=2kt,t=945s(3)ln(k/k')=(Ea/R)(l/T'-1/T),573Kk=0.00223dm3mol-ls-l,ᨬᜧ᳛rmax=k[A]02=3.6X10—4moldm-3s-l.7-5500K;<=ᐗA+B=C,?A@BḄ()*Ḇ+0.20moldm-3(᳛+5.0X10-2moldm-3s-1(1)/Ḅ᳛Bᦪk(2)?ᱥAஹBḄ(ᑖCᙳ+50kPa(FGC),

60HBIC+75kPaᡠ◤+?(1)rO=k[A]0[B]0,k=1.25dm3mol-1s-1(2)pO(A)=pO(B),r=kpp(A)2,p=2pO(A)-p(A),p(A)=pO(A)/2,kp=k/(RT),tl/2=l/[kppO(A)]=66s7-6JKᙠ540-727KL@MNᩩPQ,#ᑖ%CO(g)+NO2(g)->CO2(g)+NO(g)Ḅ᳛Bᦪk⊤T+k/(mol-1dm3s-1)=1.2X1010exp[Ea/(RT)],Ea=-132kJmol-1o4ᙠ600KCO@NO2Ḅ(CUᑖV+667@933Pa,WXY(1)ᙠ600KḄkZ(2)[\10h]^NOḄᑖC+4_஺(1)T=600KḄk=0.0386dm3mol-ls-l

61ফkp=k/(RT)=7.75X10-9Pas-1,NOḄᑖC+p;ln{[pO,B(pO,A-p)]/[pO,A(pO,B-p)]}/(pO,ApO,B)=kt;p=142Pa7-7N2O(g)Ḅ`ᑖ+abcd0efg*ᔜiCU
⊦-᝞QT/K96796710301030po/kPa156.78739.1977.06647.996tl/2/s38015201440

62212(1)/!ᦪ@klg*QḄ᳛Bᦪkp@kcoফ/5ᓄ7Eaoব41030KN2O(g)Ḅ(CU+54.00kPa,/CUoᑮ64.00kPaᡠ◤஺(1)r=kpp2,tl/2=1/(2kppO),kp=kc/(RT);967KZkp=0.84X10-5kPa-ls-l,kc=0.068dm3mol-ls-l1030KZkp=4.92X10-5kPa-ls-1,kc=0.42dm3mol-ls-l(2)5ᓄ7Ea=240.6kjmol-1(3)p0=,54.00kPa1/p-1/pO=2kpt;t=llls

637-8qᜩᯠtuvwឋᐗyzᐸ∋}+~Jo᝱vw∋}⊝dzḄ)*ᢝ+[Ra]/[U]=3.47X10-7,ᱥzḄ)*+[Pb]/[U]=0.1792,JKḄ
⊦-+1580(1)/zḄ
⊦-ফXtḄᙢ(XY〉?)஺.প᝱d[Ra]/dt=kU[U]-kRa[Ra]=0,kU/kRa=[Ra]/[U]=3.47X10-7,Ḅ
⊦-t0.5=ln2/kRazḄ
⊦-t0.5=ln2/kU=4.55X109(2)[U]0-[U]=[Pb],ln{[U]/[U]0}=-kUt,t=1.08X1097-9=ᙠḄ@!ᐸ᳛BᦪᵨQ¡⊤T

64(1)XYḄ5ᓄ7ফᙠ283K4=Ḅ)*ᙳ+8.0X10-3mol.dm-3,/Ḅ
⊦-஺(l)Ea/(2.303R)=3163K,Ea=60.56kj.mol-l,*(2)k=5.17mol-l.dm3min-1,t0.5=l/(kc0)=24min7-10quᨵNaOH@CH3COOC2H5,)*ᙳ+1.00X10-2mol.dm-3,298K£¤lOminᨵ39%ḄCH3coOC2H5ᑖ¥ᙠ308K10ᑖ¦ᨵ55%ᑖ,XYপḄ5ᓄ7஺(2)288K10ᑖ¦7ᑖ?

65(3)293K4ᨵ50%ḄCH3COOC2H5ᑖ◤(l)l/[A]-l/[A]0=kt,k(298K)=6.39mol-l.dm3min-1,k(308K)=12.22mol-l.dm3min-1Ea=Rln(kl/k2)(l/T2-l/Tl)=49.4kJ.mol-l(2)288Kk=3.2mol-l.dm3min-1,t=10min{[A]0-[A]}/[A]0=24.2%(3)293Kk=4.55mol-l.dm3min-1,t0.5=l/(k[A]0)=22min7-11ki!1@2ᐹᨵ¨ᐰ

66min-1.2:t=22.4min7-12·ᓄ¸¹Ḅ`ᑖᓫᑖ%ᙠ651Kᑖ50%ᡠ◤+363min,5ᓄ7Ea=217.6kjmol-lW¯᝞⌕ᙠ120minᑁᑖ75%,g*»ᑴᙠK?651Kkl=ln2/t0.5=0.00191min-l.g*T:t0.5=60min,k2=0.01155min-1,T=682K7-13.XYᙠ298KឤNQg*¾¿À10KEa=kjmol—1(1)ÁÂ⚣᳛¿ÀḄÃᑖᦪZ(2)ᨵᦔÁÂᑖᦪ¿ÀḄÃᑖᦪᵫ0ÆÇÈÉ(Ea=56.0kjmol-1)(1)Z2/Z1=(T2/T1)O.5=LO17,¿ÀḄÃᑖᦪ1.7%

67(2)q2/ql=exp[-Ea(l/T2-l/Tl)/R]=2.08,¿ÀḄÃᑖᦪ108%7-14800Kᓫᑖ%Ḅ᳛BᦪḄ¬C᩽+5X10-4S-1,ᙠ

68(2)JKϹḄÁÂØÙd=0.5nm,WᵨÁÂᳮÉ/Yᙠ600KḄA஺ÚὅXYḄÈÜ஺:(l)A=0.5(kT/h)(1/)exp(/R)e2=3.08X1010dm3mol-ls-lফA=2Lᕒd2[RT/(nMr)]0.5e0.5=2.67X108m3mol-ls-l7-16#ÝÞ¹ᓫᑖ%;<`ᑖ´ᱥÝÞ¹ᓫHßḄ᳛Bᦪ᝞QT/K473.7483.7494.8502.4516.2527.7k?104/s-10.9472.054.509.2827.270.7WàMArrheniusáᦪA@Ea,Ö/5ᓄᯚ@5ᓄ

69ã´ᵨᙳg*500K
ᵫlogkä1/Tå,ØæḄç᳛+-8.69X103K,èé+14.28./0A=1.9X1014s-l,Ea=166kj.mol-l,=Ea-RT=162kj.mol-l,=Rln{A/(ekT/h)}=15.8J.K-l.mol-lêëìíᩖïUðñò⚪8-4qäôABZBAZJKkl=0.006min-l,k—l=0.002min—1.᝞ÜFõᨵA,¯?A@BḄ)*<ö◤⌕ln{([A]-[A]e)/([A]0-[A]e)}=-(kl+k-l)t,[A]=0.5[A]0,ln3=(kl+k-l)t,t=137min

708-6.ᙠ÷ᓄø]Ớ+úᓄᑺüýüþÿ᝞
ᙠỚḄḄᩩ
C6H5C1C12Ḅᙳ0.5mol.dm-3,30minC6H5C1ᨵ15%-C6H4C12,ᨵ25%-C6H4C12klk2o1/[A]-1/[A]0=(kl+k2)t,kl/k2=0.6,kl+k2=0.044mol-ldm3min-l,kl=1.67X10-2mol-ldm3min-lk2=2.78X10-2mol-ldm3miii-l8-7.ᙠ1189K
!⏚Ḅ#$ᑖᨵ&ᩩḄ⌶(:(1)CH3COOHfCH4+CO2kl=3.74s-1(2)CH3COOHH2C=C=O+H2O

71k2=4.65s-1(1)!⏚ᣵ99%ᡠ◤Ḅ./0(2)ᙠ1
!23Ḅᨬᜧ6᳛஺:পln([A]/[A]0)=-(kl+k2)t,t=0.55s.(2)ᨬᜧ6᳛94.65/(3.74+4.65)=0.5548-8ᨵ:⌮<ᔣᙳ>Ḅ?@A&ḄB⊦Dᙳ10min,FD-R1R2R3C-BrḄᱥHḄI1.00molJ,KLM10minNOPL-R1R2R3C-Br?kl=k-l=ln2/t0.5=0.0693min-l,ln{([A]-[A]e)/([A]O-[A]e)}=-(kl+k-l)t,[A]0=2[A]e,10minN[A]=0.625mol,OPL-R1R2R3C-Br0.375mol

728-9.ᨵ#$@A298K.kl=0.21s-1,k2=5X10-9Pa-l.s-1,QᓣS310K.klk2ḄTUVW1X஺(1)298K⊝.ḄZ[ᖪ0(2)LM:ஹ⌮Ḅ^ᓄ`0(3)298K.AḄZ[101kPa,abcZdᑮ152kPa,◤⌕gh./i(1)⊝.ḄZ[ᖪ=!^)=kl/k2=4.2X107Pa(2)Ea(l)=Ea(2)=Rln(k/k?)(1/T,-1/T)=44.36kj.mol-l(3)kl>k2p,nᶍ⌮ln(pA/pA,0)=-kit,p(c)=2pA,0-pA,t=3.3s

738-14qᨵ2NO(g)+2H2(g)-*N2(g)+2H2O(1)oNOH2Ḅ$rQsᵨuvḄZ[.PuvḄB⊦Dwxᦪz᝞
pO/kPa47.2045.4038.4033.4626.93tl/2/min81102140180224{Ḅ>ᦪ஺Wr=kpn,ᵫIn{tl/2}ln{p0}}~,Ḅ᳛-1.8,.n=2.88-15.9ᓄḄᑖ9>@Auv
Ḅ᳛ᦪkḄᦪz᝞


74T/K592603.2627651.5656k/(mol-lcm3s-l)522755170040205030(1)᳛ᦪḄᦪᐵ0(2)500K700K.Ḅ᳛ᦪ஺(1)ᵫln{k}1/T}~,Ḅ᳛-1.36X104K,29.13.(2)k(500)=7.4mol-l.cm3.s-l,k(700)=1.72X104mol-l.cm3.s-l8-16.ᙠ100cm3ḄᘤᨵH2C12,400nmḄᐝ᯿ᘤwxPC12ᔾᦈᐝ`Ḅ᳛LIX10-6Js-lo᯿1minPC12ḄᑖZᵫ27.3kPaS20.8

75kPa(@᪥:273K)஺6ᱥHC1ḄcIᦔ᳛஺
n(C12)=4pV/(RT)=2.86X10-4mol,ᔾᦈᐝn=lat/(Lhc/X)=2.2X1040mol,Iᦔ᳛=/\11(஺2)/n=2.6X1068-17ᙠ0.059dm3Ḅᘤᨵ#᝱¡3ᙠ840K
,313nmḄᐝ᯿¢£
ᑡᑖ(CH3)2CO+hvfC2H6+CO@Aᐭᐝ`48.1X10-4J.s-1,¡3ᔾᦈᐭᐝḄᑖᦪ0.195,᯿7h#¦ḄZ[ᵫ102.16kPa104.42kPaoKLM{ḄIᦔ᳛஺§¨(¡3)=Z\pV/(RT)=L91X10-5mol,ᔾᦈᐝn=IatH/(Lhc/X)=6.18X10-5molIᦔ᳛=§□(¡3)/n=0.309

768-18.ª9⏚«(S)ᙠ⏘(E,ª92ῃ®⏘)Ḅ}ᵨ
ᓄ£ᡂª29⏚«஺°±ᦋª9⏚«
P$Ḅ³᳛ᦪz᝞
[S]/(10-3moldm-3)10.02.01.00.50.33r0/(10-6moldm-3s-l)1.170.990.790.620.50Ḅ᩽▲᳛¶·¸ᦪ஺)ᵫ1/rO1/¹}~Ḅ᳛0.39X103S,0.83X106(moldm-3s-l)-l.᩽▲᳛rm=1.2X10-6moldm-3s-l,¶·¸ᦪ4.7X10-4mol.dm-38-19!º»ᓄ®ᓄO⊤½᝞
:

77ᙠ464K.Pᨵᐵᦪz᝞
:p(H2)/kPa10402020p(C2H6)/kPa3.03.03.01.04.100.251.000.32ᐸr¿⊤᳛r0ÀQp(H2)=20kPap(C2H6)=3.0kPa.Ḅ᳛஺aḄ᳛ÁO⊤½K᪷zÃᑡᦪzmnḄT஺:ln{r}=ln{k}+nln{p(H2)}+mln{p(C2H6)},<ÄPn=-2,m=1

788-20
ÅÆ⏚»ᓄ:aḄ᳛ÁO⊤½r=k[Co(NH3)5F2+]a[H+]BᙠḄdzᩩ
P&ÈᑖᦪÉDᦪz᝞
T/K298298308[Co(NH3)5F2+/(mol.dm-3)[H+]/mol.dm-3tl/2/(102s)

79tl/4/(102s)0.10.20.10.010.020.01361818723636(1)>ᦪa8ḄT0(2)uv.Ḅ᳛ᦪkT0(3)LMḄwx^ᓄ`EaḄT஺(1)⏚»ᓄr=k'[Co(NH3)5F2+]a,k'=k[H+]0B,2tl/2=tl/4,a=l.tl/2/,B=1.(2)tl/2=ln2/k',k(298)=0.019mol-l.dm3.s-l,k(308)=0.039mol-l.dm3.s-l.(3)Ea=52.9kj.mol-l

80ÊËÌᵯᓄÎÏẠAÑÒÓ⚪9-1291K.Õ0.1moldm-3NaClÖ×Øᐭ(2mmḄÙÚÛÛ&ÜAg-AgClᵯ᩽ḄÝ20cm,ᵯ᩽/ᵯÞ50V஺᝞ßᵯÞàáu஺âA291K.Na+C1-ḄᵯÙÚ᳛ᑖã3.73X10-85.98X10-8m2V-1s-1,äåᵯ30ᑖæ(1)ᔜÝÙÚḄÝ0(2)ᔜÝåèÙÚÛé☢ḄᱥHḄI0(3)ᔜÝḄÙÚᦪ஺(1)ÝÙÚḄÝL(Na+)=U(Na+)(d

819-2ᵨë}ᵯ᩽ᵯAgNO3Ö×åᵯᨵ0.078ìëᙠ▢᩽îïᩭñᑖ᪆A□᩽ôõᨵAgNO30.236ìö23.14ì÷ᵯøḄÖ×ùìöõᨵ0.00739ìAgNO3,KAg+ÝḄÙÚᦪ஺nᵯú=0.078/108mol,nøú=0.00739X23.14/170mol,nú=0.236/170molnÙÚú=nûøú-nú+nᵯútAg+ú=nÙÚú/nûᵯú=0.479-3éᵯýþᐜᐙO.OOlmoldm-3ḄHCkO.OOlmoldm-3ḄNaClO.OOlmoldm-3ḄNaNO3ᑖᵯ468,15801650Q.NaNO3Ḅ᥅ᵯ᳛121Scm2moi-1᝞ὃ⇋᥅ᵯ᳛Ḅᓄ,!"#(1)O.OOlmoldm-3NaNO3Ḅᵯ᳛?

82(2)ᵯ&'ᦪ1/A(3))ᵯ&*ᐙO.OOlmoldm-3HNO3ḄᵯHNO3Ḅᵯ᳛+:(l)=c=1.21X10-4Scm-1(2)1/A=/G=0.2cm-l(3)(HNO3)=(HC1)+(NaNO3)-(NaCl),ᵯ&ஹ-./ᨵG(HNO3)=G(HC1)+G(NaNO3)-G(NaCl),R(HNO3)=475Q=4.21X10-4Scm-19-4298.15K/ᵨ᜜34ᑮ6ᑡ8ᵯ9:Ḅ᩽▲᥅ᵯ᳛ᑖ=(NH4C1)=L499X10-2Sm2mol-1,(NaOH)=2.487X10-2Sm2mol-l,(NaCl)=1.265X10-2Sm2mol-lo!>NH40HḄ᩽▲᥅ᵯ᳛(NH4OH)஺9=(NH4OH);(NaOH)+(NH4C1)-(NaCl)=2.72X10-2Sm2mol-1

839-5298K/(NH4C1)=1.499X10-2Sm2mol-1,t°o(NH4+)=0.490o>(NH4+),(CL)஺9=t8(NH4+)=(NH4+)/(NH4C1),(NH4C1)=(NH4+)+(C1-)(NH4+)=7.35X10-3Sm2mol-1,(Cl-)=7.64X10-3Sm2mol-19-6BaSO4⛳ᙠ29L15K/ᵯ᳛3.648X10-6Scm-1>BḄ஺CḄᵯ᳛1.5X10-6Scm-1,(0.5BaSO4)=1.235X10-2Sm2mol-1o9=c=(BaSO4)/(BaSO4)=(3.648X10-5-1.5X10-5)/(2X1.235)=0.87X10-5moldm-3

849-7ᵨ.Dᵯ&ᑖE0.011.00moldm-3Ḅ.ᵯ9:(GHI-.)Ḅᵯᐸᵯᑖ1000஺L250C,ᑣNOḄ᥅ᵯ᳛PQRST+9=[(1)]/[(2)]=[c(2)R(2)]/[c(l)R(l)]=259-8ᙠ298.2K/O.Olmoldm-3HAcḄ᥅ᵯ᳛1.629X10-3Sm2mol-lHAcḄ᩽▲᥅ᵯ᳛39.07X10-3Sm2moi-1,ᑣᙠ298K/O.Olmoldm-3HAcḄpHUST+9=(HAc)/(HAc)=0.042,pH=-log[c]=3.389-9298.2K/,AgBr⛳CVWCḄᵯ᳛ᑖ1.729X10-5Sm-10.5528X10-5Sm-1,XY(AgBr)=14.0X10-3Sm2moi-1,>AgBr⛳CḄ+

859=c=(AgBr)/(AgBr)=(1.729X10-5-0.5528X10-5)/14.0=8.4X10-7moldm-39-10291K6WCḄᵯ᳛=3.8X10-6Sm-1,Z1.00kgdm-3,[B\6(H+)=35.0X10-3Sm2moi-1(OH-)=20.0X10-3Sm2mol-l,>)/CḄ]9^⊝'ᦪ+9==(HAc)/(HAc),=/[c],c=P/Mr,K=(c)2/[c(l-)]=8.6X10-17(`ᵨmoldm-3)9-11298K/ᙠa⏣*(LiCl)=39.2,(NaCl)=42.5,(Lil)=43.4(ᓫdScm2mol-l),!"#a⏣ᑺḄ(Nai)?.9=(Nal)=(NaCl)+(Lil)-(LiCl)=46.7Scm2mol-l

869-12>6ᑡᵯ&ᙠ298.15K/Ḅᵯfg:(1)Zn(s)IZn2+(a=0.DIICu2+(a=0.01)ICu(s)(2)Pt(s)IH2()1HC1(a=0.1)1H2(0.5)IPt(s)(3)Ag(s)IAgN03(b=0.01molkg-1,=0.90)IIAgN03(b=0.1molkg-1,=0.72)IAg(s)(4)Pt(s)IH2()1HC1(b2=0.01molkg-1,=0.904)1HC1(bl=0.1molkg-1,=0.796)1H2()IPt(s),t(H+)=0.829[(1)1.073V(2)0.0089V(3)0.0534V(4)0.0191V]9=প1.073V(2)0.0089V(3)0.0534V(4)E=-t-(2RT/F)ln[a+(2)/a+(l)]=0.0191V9-13298.2K/ᨵjkᵯ&AAg(s)|AgCl(s)|KCl(aq)|Cl2(p=0.1495)|Pt(s)

87Emf=1111.7mVBPt(s)IH2()|HC1(b=0.0171molkg-1,=0.8843)|AgCl(s)IAg(s)Emf=437.83mV>298.2K/(C12+2e--*2Cl-)o9=Emf=(RT/F)lnJ,>l(A)=1.136V,(B)=0.222V(C12+2e--2Cl-)=(A)+(B)=1.358V9-14298.15K/ᵯ&AgIAgCl(s)lHCl(a)lHg2C12(s)lHg(l)IPtḄE=4.55X10-2V,\mᦪ3.38X10-4VK-lo>n298.15Kᵯ&opIFᵯq/ᵯ&rsḄ4GஹAH>ASo9=AG=-nFE=-4.39kJmol-1,AS=nF()p=32.6JK-lmol-1,AH=5.32kJmol-1

889-15ᵯ9tuCḄvᵯ&᝞6:PtIC1(g,)INaCl(4.53moldm-3,=0.719)IINaCl(3.25moldm-3)NaOH(2.5moldm-3,),IH2(g,)IPt(1)!ᵨwxIn=-0.5115/(1+1.316)+0.0551/"#y᩽ᵯ9Ḅ஺(2)"#298.15KBᵯ&Ḅᵯfg஺9=(1)1=5.75moldm-3,In=0.0211,=1.021(2)Emf=-(RT/F)ln[a(OH-)/a(Cl-)]=-2.19V9-16z{ᧇᵯ&Ḅᵯ&rsNH3(g)+0.75O2(g)==0.5N2(g)+1.5H2(XDᵨ}~ᦪ"#=(D298.15K᪗᝱6DᓫdrsᡠḄᨬᜧᵯ(2)298.15K/ᵯ&Ḅ

89(3)298.15K/Bᵯ&ᵯfgḄ\mᦪ஺9=}~ᦪ"#==-339.2kJmol-1,=-145.6JK-1mol-1পDᓫdrsḄᨬᜧᵯ339.2kJফ-zF=,z=3,=1.172V(3)=zF()p,()p=-5.03X10-4VK-l9-17"#298.15K/vᵯ&=PtIC12(g,)IHCl(0.1moldm-3)IAgCI(s)IAg(s)(1)ᵯfg;(2)ᵯ&⌮/ᑖ91molAgCl(s)Ḅ};(3)ᵯ&ᵯfgḄ\mᦪ(4)AgCl(s)Ḅᑖ9~஺298.15K/(AgCl,s)=127.03kJmol-1,Ag(s),AgCl(s),C12(g)Ḅᑖ42.702ஹ96.11ஹ222.94JK-1mol-1o9=ᵯ&rs:AgCl(s)=Ag(s)+0.5C12(g)=58.082JK-1mol-1

90=109.7kJmol-1(1)=-/F=-1.137V(2)Q=T=17.31kJmol-1(3)()p=/zF=6.02X10-4VK-l(4)=-0.5RTln[p(C12)/],ᑖ9~p(C12)=3.67X10-34Pa9-18ᵯ&AgIAgI(s)IKI(1.00molkg-1,Y±=0.65)IIAgN03(0.001molkg-1,Y±=0.95)IAgᙠ298.15K/,Emf=0.720V,>(1)AglḄKsp(2)AglᙠWC*Ḅ9(3)AglᙠImolkg-IKI*Ḅ9஺9=ᵯ&rs:Ag++1-=Agl(s)(1)Emf=-(RT/F)InKsp+(RT/F)ln[a(Ag+)/a(I-)],AgIḄKsp=4.12X10-16

91(2)AglᙠWC*Ḅ9cs=(Ksp)0.5.=2.03X10-8moldm-3(3)Aglᙠ1molkg-lKI*Ḅ9cs=Ksp/[a(L)Y±]=9.75X10-16moldm-3஺9-19ᵯ&Zn(s)IZnS04(0.01molkg-1,=0.38)IPbSO4(s)IPb(s)ᙠ298.15K/Emf=0.5477V(1)(Zn2++2e-fZn)=-0.763V,>(PbSO4+2e-fPb+SO42-)(2)298.15K/PbSO4ḄKsp=1.58X10-8>(Pb2++2e--Pb)(3)nZnSO4Ḅb=0.050molkg-1/Emf=0.5230V,>)6ZnSO4ḄV஺9=ᵯ&rs=Zn(s)+PbSO4(s)=ZnSO4(aq)+Pb(s)

92(1)Emf=[(PbSO4+2e--*Pb+SO42-)-(Zn2++2e--*Zn)]-(RT/F)ln(),(PbSO4+2e--*Pb+SO42-)=-0.3585V(2)(Pb2++2e-fPb)=(PbSO4+2e--Pb+SO42-)-(RT/2F)ln(Ksp)=-0.1278V(3)=b/nb=0.050molkg-1,Emf=0.5230V,=0.1989-20298.15K/ᵯ&(Pt)H2()1HCl(b)lAgCl(s)IAgᨵ6ᑡᦪ:b(HCl)/(molkg-1)0.0050.0100.0200.0500.10Emf/V0.49841

930.464160.430220.385870.35239প>(AgCl+e-Ag+C1-);(2)298.15K/AgClḄKsp=1.69X10-10,>(Ag++e-fAg);(3)298.15K/ᵯ&AglAgCl(s)IHCl(a)IHg2c12(s)IHg(l)ḄE=0.0456V,>(Hg2cl2+2efHg+2CL)஺9=(1)Emf+0.11831og(b/)=(AgCl+e-Ag+Cl-)-0.1183A,(b/)0.5Emf+0.11831og(b/)8/)0.5Ḅ(AgCl+e-DAg+Cl-)=0.22V(2)(Ag++e-fAg)=(AgCl+e-^Ag+C1-)-(RT/F)ln(Ksp)=0.798V

94(3)ᵯ&rs=Hg2C12(s)+2Ag(s)=2Hg(l)+2AgCl(s),E=0.0456V,Emf=(Hg2C12+2e-^Hg+2Cl-)-(AgCl+e—>Ag+C1-),(Hg2C12+2e-->Hg+2Cl-)=0.266V஺9-21ᵯ&PtIH2()1HC1(0.1moldm-3)lAgCl(s)IAgᙠ298.15K/ḄᵯfgE=0.3524Vo>0.1moldm-3HC1Ḅ^ᙳ]aஹ^ᙳ]LḄpH஺9=ᵯ&rs=0.5H2()+AgCl(s)=Ag(s)+HCl(aq)Emf=-(2RT/F)ln(),(AgCl+e-^Ag+C1-)=O.2223V,=7.95X10-2=(/b)=0.795,pH=-log=1.10

959-22ᙠ298K/,6ᑡᱥ:Ḅ᪗¡᝞6ᱥ:AgAgClHg2C12Hg(298.2K)/(JK-lmol-l)42.7096.11195.877.4¢rsAg(s)+0.5Hg2c12(s)==AgCl(s)+Hg(s)Ḅ£r¤¥7950Jmol-1>ᵯ&Ag(s)IAgCl(s)|KCl(aq)IHg2C12(s)IHg(l)ḄᵯfgEemfL()p?9==32.91JK-1mol-1,=Ar-T=-1.857kJmol-1ᵯ&rs=AgCl(s)=Ag(s)+0.5C12(g)=109.7kJmol-1Eemf==-/F=0.0192V,()p=/F=3.41X10-4VK-1

969-23¦rs=PbO2(s)+Pb(s)+2H2SO4(a)=2PbSO4(s)+2H2O(l)§¨ᙠᵯ&*©ª298.2K/Bᵯ&ḄEmf=1.9188V,=2.041V(1)ᑏlBᵯ&Ḅ⊤xᵯ᩽rs(2)"#H2SO4Ḅ^ᙳ](3)"#Bᵯ&rsḄAG(4)"#Bᵯ&rsḄ?9=(1)ᵯ&Ḅ⊤xPb(s)lPbSO4(s)lH2SO4(a)lPbSO4(s)lPbO2(s)(2)Emf=+(2RT/F)ln(),=0.0927(3)AG=-zFEmf=-370.33kjmol-l(4)=exp[zF/(RT)]=1069

979-24ᵯ&rsAg(s)+0.5Hg2C12(s)=AgCl(s)+Hg(l)Ḅᵯ&ᙠ298K/Ḅᵯfg0.0455V,ᵯfgḄ\mᦪ3.38X10-4VK-1(1)¢ᨵImolAg®prs>Brsᙠ298K/ḄAH,AS,AG(2)¢Brsᙠᵯ&*⌮©ª/¯}(ᡈᔾ})ST+(3)¢²AgVHg2c12³ᵨ/¯}(ᡈᔾ})ST+:পAG=-nFEmf=-4.39kJmol-1,AS=nF()p=32.6JK-lmol-1
H=AG+TAS=5.33kjmol-1(2)QR=TAS=9.71kJ(3)Qp=AH=5.33kJ9-25rsH2(g)+Ag2O(s)=2Ag(s)+H2O(l)Ḅឤµ}ᦔsQV=-252.79kjmol-l,ᙠ᪗~L298.2K6¦·¸rs

98¹m᪀ᡂDk⌮vᵯ&,ᐸᵯfgḄ\mᦪ-5.044X10-4VK1,>(Ag2O+H2O+2e--*2OH-+2Ag),298K/CḄ]¼Ksp=1.0X10-14஺.9=AH=QV-RT=-255.27kjmol-l,AS=nF()p,AG=-226.24kjmol-l,(Ag2O+2H++2e--*H2O+2Ag)=-1.172V,(Ag2O+H2O+2e-2OH-+2Ag)=(Ag2O+2H++2e-H2O+2Ag)-(RT/F)ln(Ksp)=-0.345V9-26¾¿⏚ឋ(pH=1.0)*Âᙠ÷᪆lḄ᩽ᓄÅÆᔠTafelwxᑮa=0.7V,b=128mV,(ᵯÈZḄᓫdRAcm-2)o!>᜜ᵯÈ1.0X10-4mAm-2/Âᙠ÷᪆lḄ▢᩽Êᵯg(n▢᩽)¾▭᪆lᵯg()LÌᣚᵯÈZ00)஺9=n▢᩽:a+blog{j}=0.316V,=(RT/F)ln[a(H+)]-n▢᩽Î-0.375V,log{j0}=-a/b,j0=3.40X10-6Acm-2

99ÏᓝÑsᵨᵯᓄmÒÓÔ⚪10-1CḄ᪗pᡂÖᵫR-237.191kJmoLl,>ᙠ25࠷/ᵯ9WCḄᳮÙᑖ9ᵯ஺9=Emf=-237.191kJmol-l(n=2),Emf=1.229V10-2298.15K/ᵯ&=Pt(s)lH2()IHCl(b)IHg2C12(s)IHg(l)ḄᵯfgVHC1Ḅ:q᥅Ḅᐵm᝞6bX103/(molkg-1)

10075.0837.6918.875.04Emf/V0.41190.44520.47870.5437>(1)ᵞÜ(2)b=0.07508molkg-1/HC1Ḅ஺9:(1)Emf+(2RT/F)ln(b/)=ᵞÜ-(2RT/F)A'(b/)0.5,Emf+(2RT/F)ln(b/)(b/)0.5ḄᵞÜ=0.2685V(2)Emf=ᵞÜ-(2RT/F)ln(b/)-(2RT/F)In,=0.81510-3298.2K/ᙠᨵÞᴻᵯ᩽Ḅᵯ&*àᐭpH=4.00Ḅâãᵯfg0.1122Vᑣnᵯfg0.2305V/ḄpHST+9=pHx=pHs+F(Ex-Es)/(2.303RT)=6.00

10110-4>298.15K/6ᑡᵯ&*äpHU(ᡠ◤ᵯ᩽ᵯgᦪUÖ)஺(1)PtIH2()1pH(x)lᵞÜᵯ᩽(cKCl=0.1moldm-3)Emf=0.7940V(2)ᵞÜᵯ᩽(⛳)IpH(x),QH2QIPtEmf=0.2310V9=(1)pH(x)=[Emf-(0.1#^)]/(2.303RT/F)=7.78(2)pH(x)=[(QH2Q)-(⛳ᵞÜ)Em]/(2.303RT/F)=3.8410-5ᙠ298.15K/¦᥅ᵞÜᵯ᩽VæÂæQ?H2Q
ᵯ᩽çᡂᵯ&qḄpHU1
¢Emf=0.0V,ᑣḄpHUST+2
nèḄpHUᜧ¥éU/æÂæᵯ᩽ê᩽+3
nèḄpHUë¥éU/æÂ

102æᵯ᩽y᩽?9=pH(x)=[(QH2Q)(᥅ᵞÜ)-Em]/(2.303RT/F)(1)¢Emf=O.OV,pH=7.1(2)npH>7.1/EmvO,æÂæᵯ᩽ê᩽.10-6¦í⏚îᵯ&ᙠ10AᵯÈ6ᐙᵯ2ë/ᑣï⏚í[Mr(PbSO4)=303]ᑖ9STð+9=m=ItMr/(nF)=113g10-7ᵨ0.1AḄᵯÈᵯ90.2dm3,O.lmoldm-3ḄAgNO3ñ*᪆lDòó◤⌕Sõ/ö+9=cV=It/(nF)t=160min

10310-8÷ø¦ᜧë100cm2Ḅùúↈᱏj☢þ╄
0.05mmḄ᝞ᡠᵨḄᵯ2.0A,ᵯᦔ᳛96.0%,Ꮇ╄ᙳᒴḄ8.9gcm-3,ᑣ
╄◤⌕ᵯ!"#?[Mr(Ni)=58,70]$%PV/Mr=nIt/(nF)t=4.23h10-9298.2Kஹ"ᵨ'()ᵯ᩽ᵯ$+Imoldm-3ḄNaOH,-%(1))᩽.ᱥ012?ᑏ5ᵯ᩽6789:஺(2).ᵯ$"ᳮ>ᑖ$ᵯ@0ABCD(O2+2H2O+4e-^40H-)=0.401V,(Na++e-fNa);-2.714V$%(1)□᩽%O2+2H2O+4e-->4OH-▢᩽%2H2O+2e--2OH-+H2

104(2)E=(O2+2H2O+4e--*4OH-)-(RT/F)ln[H+]=1.229V10-10298.2K,HIᵯ᩽ᵯ$0.05moldm-3CuSO4JO.OOlmoldm-3H2SO4ḄKᔠ,-H2ᙠIḄNᵯO-0.23V,PH2QR@SlOOkPa,TH2ᙠIḄ᪆5ᵯO஺$:Ej=(H++e--*0.5H2)+(RT/F)ln[H+]+n=-0.39V10-11,-WNi2+,Cu2+ḄXᙳl.OOmolkg-1,298.15Kᵯ$"1ᙠ▢᩽YZ[\ᐜ᪆5ᩭB2
_`Z[\᪆5"ᐜ᪆5[\Ḅ+AB$প(Cu2++2e-->Cu)=0.337V,(Ni2++2e--Ni)=

105-0.25V,Cu2+ᐜ᪆5(2)(Cu2++2e-fCu)+(RT/2F)ln[Cu2+]=(Ni2++2e--*Ni),[Cu2+]=1.4X10-20molkg-110-12ᙠaᵯ᩽n(H2)=0.75V,ᵯ$
bZn2+Ḅ+LOOX105moiḄ,-cdeH2᪆5,-ḄpHf7gᑴᙠAi(ᙠ298.15Kஹk)B$-(2.303RT/F)pH+n(H2)<(Zn2++2e--*Zn)+(RT/2F)ln[Zn2+],pH>2.7210-14ᵨmᵯ᩽ᵯ$n%CD(H2O,1,298.15K)=-237.191kJmol-1,Tᵯ50.0Am-2"on(H2)=0.0V,n(O2)=0.487V.ᵯ$⏚ឋn,-a(H+)=1.0Ḅᑖ$ᵯ@(rᶍnᵯtn+u)஺$%AG=-nFEmf,Emf=1.229V,ᑖ$ᵯ@E=Emf+n

106(02)-n(H2)=1.72V10-15vwᙠ298.15Kஹkᵨx□᩽▢᩽ᵯ$l.OOmolkg-1y⏚,-Ḅᑖ$ᵯ@0ABCDzᙠ┼ḄNᵯO0-0.14V,|ᙠḄNᵯO00.53Vo$%Ej(▢᩽)=(H++e-->0.5H2)+(RT/F)ln[H+]+n=-0.14VEj(□᩽)=(O2+2H2O+4e--*4OH-)-(RT/F)ln[OH-]+H=1.759V,ᑖ$ᵯ@E=1.9V10-16298.2K)ZMl,M2Ḅ~⌮ᵯOu0.3V,ᵯ$b)Z[\ḄKᔠ,-ᐸW[M1+[=[M2+],M2✌ᐜᙠ▢᩽᪆5ᑣMl᪆5",-WM2Ḅ++ḄᑖB(Xᦪᙳ1).$%-0.3=(RT/F)ln{[M2+]/[M2+]0},[M2+]/[M2+]0=0.00085%

10710-17298.2Kஹ"ᵨᵯ$ᑖ[Cd2+JZn2+,,-WCd2+JZn2++ᙳO.lmolkg-1,dὃ⇋XᦪḄD(Zn2++2e--*Zn)=-0.763V,(Cd2++2e-->Cd)=-0.403VoZ✌ᐜᙠ▢᩽᪆5B_`Z᪆5"
Z[\Ḅ+AB$%(Zn2++2e-->Zn)<(Cd2++2e--*Cd),Cdᐜ᪆5.n2++2e--*Zn)+(RT/2F)ln[Zn2+]0=(Cd2++2e-fCd)+(RT/2F)ln[Cd2+],[Cd2+]=6.6X10-14molkg-l10-18298.2Kஹ"ᵨx▢᩽ᵯ$bFe2+[\Ḅ,-CDa(Fe2+)=0.8,(Fe2++2e-^Fe)=-0.440V,H2ᙠḄNᵯO0.35VPdᨵH2᪆5ᑣ,-ḄpHᨬAB$%-(2.303RT/F)pH+n(H2)<(Fe2++2e-->Fe)+(RT/2F)ln[a(Fe2+)],pH>2.72

10810-19ᙠ
,-WNiC12Ḅ+0.2moldm-3,NaClḄ+O.lmoldm-3,CD(Ni2++2e-->Ni)=-0.25V,(Na++e--*Na)=-2.714V,(C12+2e--*2C1-)=1.36V,(4H++O2+4e--*2H2O)=1.229V,ᙠ╋n(H2)=-0.42V,n(O2)=0.1V,n(C12)=0,Pᙠ298.2Kஹ"Hᵯ᩽ᵯ$¢,-£¤w¥¦)᩽✌ᐜ§¨1267B(Xᦪᙳ1).$%▢᩽Ej(Ni)=(Ni2++2e-fNi)+(RT/2F)ln[Ni2+]=0.229VEj(H2)=(H++e-f0.5H2)+(RT/F)ln[H+]+n=-0.834V,▢᩽67©Ni2++2e--Ni□᩽%Ej(Ni)=(Ni2++2e-fNi)+(RT/2F)ln[Ni2+]=0.229VEj(O2)=(4H++O2+4e--2H2O)+(RT/F)ln[H+]+n=1.329VEj(C12)=(C12+2e--*2C1-)-(RT/F)ln[Cl-]=1.39V□᩽NiNi2++2e-

10910-20ᙠ298.2Kஹ"Hm▢᩽ª«□᩽ᵯ$bᨵFeC12(b=0.01molkg-1,=1)JCuC12(b=0.02molkg-1,=1)Ḅn,-.Pᵯ$£9W,dᤅ¯,-NᵯO~ᶍd¤,%(1)YZᐜ᪆5BCD(Cu2++2e--*Cu)=0.337V,(Fe2++2e--*Fe)=-0.440V,(C12+2e-->2C1-)=1.3595V,(O2+2H2O+4e-^40H-)=0.401V,ফ᪆5"±A²Aᵯ@B$%প▢᩽Ej(Cu)=(Cu2++2e--Cu)+(RT/2F)ln[Cu2+]=0.286VEj(Fe)=(Fe2++2e-fFe)+(RT/2F)ln[Fe2+]=-0.499VEj(H2)=(H++e-f0.5H2)+(RT/F)ln[H+]=-0.414V▢᩽;Cuᐜ᪆5(2)□᩽%Ej(O2)=(O2+2H2O+4e-4OH-)-(RT/F)ln[OH-]=0.815V

110Ej(C12)=(C12+2e--*2C1-)-(RT/F)ln[Cl-]=1.39V,□᩽02ᐜ᪆5᪆5"±A²ᵯ@0.53V10-21ᙠ298.2Kஹ"᜜²ᵯ@ek¶ᵯ$·§¨ᵯ$xᵨPt(s)ICdC12(lmoldm-3)+NiSO4(lmoldm-3)IPt(s)(1)᜜²ᵯ@⌲¹ºᜧ",)᩽✌ᐜ§¨1267?¢"᜜²ᵯ@±AA?(Ꮇdὃ⇋NᵯO¼ᔜᵯ$¾,-Ḅ=1).CD᝞kᦪ¿%(Cd2++2e--Cd)=-0.403V,(Ni2++2e--Ni)=-0.250V,(C12+2e-f2C1-)=1.3595V„(O2+2H2O+4e-40H-)=0.401Vo

111(2)PH2ᙠPtḄNᵯO0-0.07V,02ᙠPtḄNᵯO00.85V,ᑣᵯ$.ᱥ012Bᵯ$"ᑖ$ᵯ@0AB$%প▢᩽Ej(Cd)=(Cd2++2e--*Cd)+(RT/2F)ln[Cd2+]=-0.403VEj(Ni)=(Ni2++2e-->Ni)+(RT/2F)ln[Ni2+]=-0.250VEj(H2)=(H++e--*0.5H2)+(RT/F)ln[H+]=-0.414V▢᩽©Niᐜ᪆5□᩽%Ej(O2)=(O2+2H2O+4e-f4OH-)-(RT/F)ln[OH-]=0.815VEj(C12)=(C12+2e--2C1-)-(RT/F)ln[Cl-]=1.34V,□᩽02ᐜ᪆5±A²ᵯ@1.065V(2)Ej(H2)=(H++e--0.5H2)+(RT/F)ln[H+]+n=-0.484V,▢᩽©Niᐜ᪆5

112Ej(O2)=(O2+2H2O+4e-4OH-)-(RT/F)ln[OH-]+n=L665V□᩽C12ᐜ᪆5ᑖ$ᵯ@%1.59V