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行色字体为生词，力口下划线包亍为耕箱背I甬令Jdrc'wxt.inUnit1WebBusinessIntheyearorsoofWebbusiness,mostoftheactionhasrevolvedaroundeffortstotaptheconsumermarket.Morerecently,astheWebprovedtobemorethanafashion,companieshavestartedtobuyandsellproductsandserviceswithoneanother.Suchbusiness-to-businesssalesmakesensebecausebusinesspeopletypicallyknowwhatproductthey'relookingfor.CCNonetheless,manycompaniesstillhesitatetousetheWebbecauseofdoubtsaboutitsreliabilily,“Businessesneedtofeeltheycantrustthepathwaybetweenthemandthesupplier,“sayssenioranalystBlaneErwinofForresterResearch.Somecompaniesarelimitingtheriskbyconductingonlinetransactionsonlywithestablishedbusinesspartnerswhoaregivenaccesstothecompany'sprivateinternet②Antherm^orshiftinihemodelforintemelcommerceconcernsthetechnologyavailableformarketing.Untilrecently,Internetmarketingactivitieshavefocusedonstrategiesto"pull”customersintosites.Inthepastyear,however,softwarecompanieshavedevelopedtoolsthatallowcompaniesto^push^infbrmationdirectlyouttoconsumers,transmittingmarketingmessagesdirectlytargetedcustomers.Mostnotably,thePointCastNetworkusesascreensavertodeliveracontinuallyupdatedstreamofnewsandadvertisementstosubscribers'computermonitors.Subscriberscancustomizetheinformationtheywanttoreceiveandproceeddirectlytoacompany'sWebsite.CompaniessuchasVirtualVineyardsarealreadystartingtousesimilartechnologiestopushmessagestocustomersaboutspecialsales,productofferings,orotherevents.ButpushtechnologyhasearnedthecontemptofmanyWebusers.Onlineculturethinkshighlyofthenotionthattheinformationflowingontothescreencomestherebyspecificrequest.Oncecommercialpromotionbeginstofillthescreenuninvited,thedistinctionbetweentheWebandtelevisionfades.That'saprospectthathorrifiesNetpurists.(3)ButitishardlyinevitablethatcompaniesontheWebwillneedtoresorttopushstrategiestomakemoney.TheexamplesofVirtualVineyards,Amazon.com,andotherpioneershowthataWebsitesellingtherightkindofproductswiththerightmixofineractivity,hospitality,andsecuritywillattractonlinecustomers.Andthecostofcomputingpowercontinuestofreefall,whichisagoodsignforanyenterprisesettingupshopinsilicon.Peoplelookingback5or10yearsfromnowmanywellwonderwhysofewcompaniestooktheonlineplunge.名人名言：Natureisconqueredbyobeyingher.Natureneverdeceivesus,itisalwaysuswhodeceiveourselves.Rousseau单词

1web-internetrevolverotaterotaryspinreelconsumeconsumertypicalrepresentativenonethelessneverthelesshesitatereliablereliabilityreliancerelyanalysisanalyticanalyzeanalystriskhazardperilventuretransactionaccessentryshifttransfercommercecommercialavailablestrategycontrivetransmitrelaydeliver-conveyscreenshuttersubscribecontemptscornpromotepromotionprospecthorrifyhorror-horribleterrifyhospitalityenterprisesiliconquartzmercurysulfur/sulphur-acidcarbonplungeinsertthrustobeyobedienceobedientdeceivedeceitcheatUnitTwoIVIadCowsFears①TheUniteStatesonFridayfollowedCanada'sleadintemporarily_suspendingimportsofBrazilianbeef,gclalinsandotherprocessedbeefproductsasaprecautionagainslmadcowdisease.TheU.S.DepartmentofAgriculture(USDA)saidalthoughtherewasnoevidenceofmadcowdiseaseinBrazil,itwasconcernedthatcertainBrazilianbeefproductsmayhavecomeintocontactwithbeeffromEurope,whichhasbeenhitwithanoutbreakofthebrain-wastingdisease.'Thisdecisionisatemporaryaction,MUSDAsaidinastatement.FurtheractionwouldbetakenifneededtokeepthediseaseoutoftheUnitedStates,whichhasneverhadacase.MadcowdiseaseisbelievedtohavespreadfromBritaintoothercountrieswhenthebonesandotherremainsofdiseasedcattleweregroundupforuseinlivestockfeed.Nearly90peopleinBritain,FranceandIrelandhavediedfrommadcowdisease.CanadaistheleadingexporterofbeeftotheU.S.,with345,069tonsshippedin1999,accordingtotheUSDA.Brazilshipped50,376tonsofbeeftotheU.S.in1999,upfrom33,534tonsin1998.

2BraziPsministrysaidcannedbeefexportstotheUnitedStateswerewortharound$82.5millionperyearwhilesalestoCanadawereabout$5.5million.EarlierFriday,CanadabecamethefirstNAFTAcountrytoannounceitwasbanningBrazilianbeefproductsafterreceivinginformationthatBrazilhadimportedliveanimalsfromEuropeuntil1999.OttawasaiditwassuspendingallimportsofBraziliancannedbeefandwouldpulltheproductsfromgrocerystoreshelves.Mexico,theotherU.S.tradepartnerundertheNorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement,saiditexpectedtoissueitsownbanonBrazilianbeefproducts.AnangryBrazilcriticizedCanadaforoverreactingandinitiatingabanthatwouldforcesimilaractionbyNAFTApartners."Brazil.'sbeefisabsolutelysafe,andthereisnomadcowinBrazil.”SaidMarcioFortest,executivesecretaryoftheagriculturalministry.②Brazilhometotheworld'slargestherdofcattle,islockedinabittertradebattlewithCanada.TheUSDAsaiditwasworkingwithBrazilianagricultureofficialstocompleteamadcowriskassessmentinBrazilasquicklyaspossible.“OncethisdatahasbeenreceivedandUSDAisassuredthatBrazilhastakensoundmeasurestopreventmadcowdisease,thesuspensionwillbelifted.^^theUSDAsaid.名人名言，Thereisnoroyalroadtoscience,andonlythosewhodonotdreadthefatiguingclimbofitssteeppathshaveachanceofgainingitsluminoussummits.Marx单词:temporarytemporarilymomentarytransientsuspendsuspensionpostponedelaygelatinproteinprocessproceduredisposeprecautioncautioncautiousevidenceevidenttestimonytestifycontactoutbreakeruptstatementdeclarationremainscattlelivestockdonkeybullgrindmillflourministryministerpremierbureaubanprohibitforbidtaboorestrictrestrictionrestrainrestraintissuecirculatedistributeinitiate—initiativeinitialcommencelaunchoriginateabsolutethoroughsheerutterexecutiveexecute

3assessassessmentestimate-・・・verdictappraisalroyalroyaltydignitydreadsteepcliff-summitluminousbrilliantMarxismUnitThreeHackers:TheEnemyontheInternetUntilcomparativelyrecentlytheopportunitiesforcriminalactivityontheInternethavebeenlow.However,thevolumeofbusinessdoneontheInternetisgrowingrapidly,adpeopleorderbooksandotherproductsandmakemoneytransactions.Allthisiscreatingtemptationsforhackers.Hackersareoftenyoungpeoplewhoareobsessedbycomputers.TheyusethemtoprowltheInternet,lookingforwaystobreakintocomputersystemsrunbybanks,telephonecompaniesandevengovernmentdepartment.Theylookforsamplesofcreditcardsandtrytostealthenumbers.RecentlyinAmerica,hackershavebeencaughttestingthesecuritysystematthePentagon,headquartersoftheAmericanDefenseDepartment.Butstillthehackerspersistoftenforadare“becauseit'sthere^^althoughwithwhatsuccessnobodyreallyknows.①EstimatesforworldwidesalesontheInternetnowrangebetween$US40billionand$US90billionbytheendoftheyear2000.Muchofthisisinpublishingandsoftwarepurchases,whichrequirethedisclosureofcreditcardnumbers,butthereisreallynolimittowhatcanbeconductedontheInternet.“Youjustdon'tgiveyourcreditcardouttoanybody/*expertssay.44Andinthesamewaythatyoushouldregularlychangeyourcreditcardaccessnumber,youcandefeathackersbyregularlychangingyourInternetpassword.Ifyoudon't,it'slikeleavingthebankvaultdoorwideopen.”Whenitcomestocreatingyourpassword,expertsrecommendincludingafewpunctuationmarksandnumbersratherthanrelyingonlettersinthealphabet.TelecommediacommunicationsmanagerGienSowrysaysthatwhenitcomestosecurityofcreditcards,theInternetoffersahigherstandardthanmanyotherswhosehonestyistakenforgranted.Forexample,fewpeoplethinktwiceaboutgivingacreditcardnumberoverthephoneandmanyareequallycarelessaboutwhathappenstothecarboncopywhencompletingatransactionoverthecounter.SomecustomersmayinadvertentlyrevealtheirpasswordstohackersviawhatisknownasaTrojanhorseformofvirus.②Thesearnattachedtodocumentsormessagesbeingreceived,andlodgeinacomputer'sharddrive.NexttimethecustomerlogsontoanInternetserviceproviderthevirusrevealswhereitisandthepasswordtoanyonewhoisprowlingtheNetlookingforsuchinformation.Theycanthentapin.Thetwowaystodefeatsuchsnoopingare:

41)tohaveanup-to-datevirusscannerwhichcanrecognisetheinvaderanddeleteit,and2)constantpasswordchanges.名人名言：Glass,porcelainandreputationareeasilycrackedandneverwellmended.Franklin单词：hackercomparativecomparativelyopportunitycriminalcrimetempttemptationobsessprowlsamplespecimencreditpentagonpersistrangescopepublishpublicationsoftwarehardwarecomputeinputkeyboardrequirerequirementnecessitatenecessitydisclosedisclosureencloseenclosurerevealleak——leakageaccessadmissionvaultrecommendpunctualpunctuationmediummoderateinadvertentindifferentaccidentaldeliberateviavirusattachdocumentdocumentarylodgelodginglogsnoopup-to-datecontemporaryfashionableout-of-datescaninvadeinvasionassaultdeletedetachporcelain——chinaearthenwarereputationcracksplitUnitFourElNino（厄尔尼诺）ElNinoisthetermusedfortheperiodwhenseasurfacetemperaturesareabovenormalofftheSouthAmericancoastalongtheequatorialPacific,sometimescalledtheEarth'sheartbeat,andisadramaticbutmysteriousclimatesystemthatperiodicallyragesacrossthePacific.ElNinomeans“thelittleboy"or'theChristchild,,inSpanish,andissocalledbecauseitswarmcurrentisfeltalongcoastalPeruandEcuadoraroundChristmas.①Butihelocalwarmingisjustpartofanintricateseiofchangesin」heoceanandatmosphereacrossthegpicalPacific,whichcovers^athirdoftheEarthLScircumfercncei2_Itsintensityissuchthatitaffectstemperatures,stormtracksandrainfallaroundtheworld.DroughtsinAfricaandAustraliatropicalstormsinthePacific,torrentialrainsalongtheCaliforniancoast

5andthePeruviandesertshaveallbeenascribedtothewhimofElNino.②Thisalleastis【hetheory,andithasworkedprettywelloverthepastcentury,withElNinooccurringabouteveryihreelofiveyearsandLaNinainbetween.Buttherehavebeensomebafflingdevelopmentsinrecentyears.Foronething,ElNinohasreturnedthreetimesinthepastfouryears.Foranother,since1976ElNinohasdominatedrelativetothecoolerphase(LaNina).TherehasbeenonlyonesignificantLaNina,butfiveElNinos,includinganextremelysevereonein1982-83thatcauseddamagecosting8billiondollars.MoreoverahugepoolofwarmwaterhassettleddownnearthedatelineinthecentralPacific.YetitisimportanttounderstandthechangesifscientistsaretobeabletoforecasttheclimaticeffectsofElNinoswithanydegreeofaccuracy.Thisisnotjustanacademictask—accurateforecastscanspelloutfeastorfamineinmanytropicalcountriesaroundtheworld.ForecastingeffortshavefocusedonElNino,whoseeffectsaregenerallymoreseverethanthoseofLaNina.Aworryingpossibilityisthatthechangesmaybeduetogreenhousewarming.Ifso,therecentfluctuationsmaybeanearlyglimpseofworsethingstocome.名人名言：Thereasonablemanadaptshimselftotheworld;theunreasonablemanpersistsintryingtoadapttheworldtohimself.Thereforeallprogressdependsontheunreasonableman.ShawAfoolmayaskmorequestionsinanhourthanawisemanmayanswerinayear.Ifthingsweretobedonetwice,allwouldtowise.生词与联想词：equator-arcticdramadramaticoperamysteriousmysterymythclimateperiodicalcurrentcurrencyChristian—Christ-•••ChristianityChristmasintricatesophisticatedelaborateatmosphereatmospherictropicaltropiccircumferencediameter-radiusintensityintenseintensivedroughttorrentascribewhimbafflepuzzlebewilder-riddleperplexdominatedominantpredominatephaseforecastcastforeseepredictaccuracyaccuratepreciseprecisionacademyacademicfeastfestivalevefaminestarvegreenhousefluctuate——swayswing

6glimpsegazepeepreasonablerationalplausibleadaptreviseUnitFiveAmericanEconomicSystemTheAmericaneconomicsystemisorganizedaroundabasicallyprivate-enterprise,market-orientedeconomyinwhichconsumerslargelydeterminewhatshallbeproducedbyspendingtheirmoneyinthemarketplaceforthosegoodsandservicesthattheywantmost.Privatebusinessmen,strivingtomakeprofits,producethesegoodsandservicesincompetitionotherbusinessmen;andtheprofitmotive,operatingundercompetitivepressures,largelydetermineshowthesegoodsandservicesareproduced.Thus,intheAmericaneconomicsystemitisthedemandofindividualconsumers,coupledwiththedesireofbusinessmentomaximizeprofitsandthedesireofindividualstomaximizetheirincomes,thattogetherdeterminewhatshallbeproducedandhowresourcesareusedtoproduceit.①Animportantfactorinamarket・orientedeconomyisthemechanismbywhichconsumerdemandscanbeexpressedandrespondedtobyproducers.IntheAmericaneconomy,thismechanismisprovidedbyapricesystem,aprocessinwhichpricesriseandfallinresponsetorelativedemandsofconsumersandsuppliesofferedbyseller-producers.Iftheproductisinshortsupplyrelativetodemand,thepricewillbebidupandsomeconsumerswillbeeliminatedfromthemarket.If,ontheotherhand,producingmoreofacommodityresultsinreducingitscost,thiswilltendtoincreasethesupplyofferedbyseller-producers,whichinturnwilllowerthepriceandpermitmoreconsumerstobuytheproduct.Thus,priceistheregulatingmechanismintheAmericaneconomicsystem.Theimportantfactorinaprivate-enteq)riseeconomyisthatindividualsareallowedtoownproductiveresources(privaleproperty),andtheyarepermittedtohirelabor,gaincontrolovernaturalresources,andproducegoodsandservicesforsaleataprofit.IntheAmericaneconomy,theconceptofprivatepropertyembracesnotonlytheownershipofproductiveresourcesbutalsocertainrighttodeterminethepriceofaproductortomakeafreecontractwithanotherprivateindividual.名人名言：②Thenewspapermustprovideforthereaderthefacts,objectivelyselectedfacts.Butinthesedaysofcomplexnewsitmustprovidemore;itmustsupplyinterpretation,themeaningofthefacts.Thisisthemostimportantsignmentconfrontingjournalism-tomakecleartothereadertheproblemsoftheday,tomakeinternationalnewsasunderstandableascommunitynews,torecognizethat③thereisnolongeranysuchthingas“locaTnews、becauseanyeventintheinternationalarenahasalocalreaction.生词与联想词enterpriseambitionorientorientalorientationconsumeconsumer-consumptionexhaust

7strivecontendexertstrainprofitprofitablemotivemotionintentionmaximummaximizeZ-seminimumminimize/-seresourcefactormechanismmechanicmechanicalmechanicsrespondresponsereactbideliminatediscarddeletecancelcommodityconceptconceptionpropertyembraceownershipcontractcompactobjectiveselectselectioncomplexcomplexityinterpretinterpretationinterpreterconfrontjournal-journalistjournalism—reporterarenaplatformUnitSixHowtoSeeaPerson'sGrowthTherearetwobasicwaystoseegrowth:oneasaproduct,theotherasaprocess.Peoplehavegenerallyviewedpersonalgrowthasanexternalresultorproductthatcaneasilybeidentifiedandmeasured.Theworkerwhogetsapromotion,thestudentwhosegradesimprove,the

8foreignerwholeamsanewlanguage一・alltheseareexamplesofpeoplewhohavemeasurableresultstoshowfortheirefforts.①Byconlrasl,theprocessofpersonalgrowthismuchmoredifficulttodetermine、sincebydefinitionitisaioumeyandnotthespecificsignpostsorlandmarksalongtheway.Theprocessisnottheroaditself,butrathertheattitudesandfeelingspeoplehave,theircautionorcourage,astheyencounternewexperiencesandunexpectedobstacles.Inthisprocess,thejourneyneverreallyends;therearealwaysnewwaystoexperiencetheworld,newideastotry,newchallengestoaccept.Inordertogrow,totravelnewroads,peopleneedtohaveawillingnesstotakearisks,toconfronttheunknown,andtoacceptthepossibilitythattheymay"fail"atfirst.Howweseeourselvesaswetryanewwayofbeingisessentialtoourabilitytogrow.Doweperceiveourselvesasquickandcurious?Ifso,thenwetendtotakemorechangesandtobemoreopentounfamiliarexperiences.Dowethinkwe'reshyandindecisive?Thenoursenseoftimiditycancauseustohesitate,tomoveslowly,andnottotakeastepuntilweknowthegroundissafe.Dowethinkwe'reslowtoadapttochangeorthatwe'renotsmartenoughtocopewithanewchallenge?Thenwearelikelytotakeamorepassiveroleornottryatall.Thesefeelingsofinsecurityandself-doubtarebothunavoidableandnecessaryifwearetochangeandgrow.Ifwedonotconfrontandovercometheseinternalfearsanddoubts,ifweprotectourselvestoomuch,thenweceasetogrow.Webecometrappedinsideashellofourownmaking.佳人名言I②Educationinanysocietyisamirrorofthatsociety.Inthatmirrorwecanseethestrengths,theweaknesses,thehopes,theprejudices,andthecentralvaluesofthecultureitself.Thegreatinterestinexceptionalchildrenshowninpubliceducationoverthepastthreedecadesindicatesthestrongfeelinginoursocietythatallcitizens,whatevertheirspecialconditions,deservetheopportunitytofullydeveloptheircapabilities.Exceptionalchildrenaredifferentinsomesignificantwayfromothersofthesameage.③ForthesechildrenlodeveloptoIheirfulladu山polcniial,iheireducationmustbeadaptedlothosedifference.生词与联想词process--processionprocedureexternalexterior-internalinterioridentifyidentificationidenticalpromote——promotion——elevate——elevation-elevator-hoist-hinder-obstruction—obstaclecontrastincontrastwith/tocontrarydefinedefinitedefinitioninfinitefinitespecificattitudealtitude

9encounter-confrontwillingunwillingriskessentialcrucialvitalfundamentalperceivedetectdiscerntendtendencydecisivetimidtimiditycowardadaptadaptationadjustconformcopepassiveactivateavoidavertescapeceasesuspendhalt---quitterminateterminaltrappitshellcannonmirrorprejudicebiasexceptionalpotentiallatentUnitSevenNetiquette(1)网」^礼仪WhatisNetiquette?Simplystated,it'snetworketiquette--一thatis,theetiquetteofcyberspace.And“etiquette“means“theformsrequiredbygoodbreedingorprescribedbyauthoritytoberequiredinsocialorofficialInotherwords.Netiquetteisasetofrulesforbehavingproperlyonline.①Whenyouenteranynewcultureyou'reliablelocommitafewsocialblunders.Youmightofiendpeoplewithoutmeaningto.Tomakemattersworse,somethingaboutcyberspacemakesiteasytoforgetthatyou'reinteractingwithotherrealpeople--notjustASCIIcharactersonascreen,butlivehumancharacters.Thelistofcorerulesbelow,andtheexplanationsthatfollow,areofferedhereasasetofgeneralguidelinesforcyberspacebehavior.Theywon'tanswerallyourNetiquettequestions.ButtheyshouldgiveyousomebasicprinciplestouseinsolvingyourownNetiquettedilemmas.Rule1:Rememberthehuman.Whenyoucommunicateelectronically,allyouseeisacomputerscreen.Youdon'thavetheopportunitytousefacialexpressions,gestures,andtoneofvoicetocommunicateyourmeaning;wordslonelywrittenwordsareallyou'vegot.Andthatgoesforyourcorrespondentaswell.

10It'sironic,really.②Computernetworksbringpeopletogetherwho'dotherwisenevermeet.Buttheimpersonalityofthemediumchangesthatmeetingtosomethinglesswell,lesspersonal.Humansexchangingemailoftenbehavethewaysomepeoplebehindthewheelofacardo:theycurseatotherdrivers,makeobscenegestures,andgenerallybehavelikesavages.ThemessageofNetiquetteisthatit

11otacceptable.Yes,useyournetworkconnectionstoexpressyourselffreely,explorestrangenewworlds,andboldlygowhereyou'venevergonebefore.ButrememberthePrimeDirectiveofNetiquette:Thosearerealpeopleoutthere.Rule2:Adheretothesamestandardsofbehavioronlinethatyoufollowinreallife.GuyKawasakitellsastoryaboutgettingemailfromsomefellowhe'snevermet.Online,thisfellowtellsGuythathe'sabadwriterwithnothinginterestingtosayUnbelievablyrude?Yes,butunfortunately,ithappensallthetimeincyberspace.Maybeit'stheawesomepowerofbeingabletosendmaildirectlytoawell-knownwriterlikeGuy.Maybeit'sthefactthatyoucan'tseehisfacecrumpleinmiseryashereadsyourcrudewords,whateverthereason,it'sincrediblycommon.Guyproposesausefultestforanythingyou'reabouttopostormail:Askyourself,"WouldIsaythistotheperson'sface?"Iftheanswerisno,rewriteandreread.③Repeattheprocesstillfeelsureihatyou'dfeelascomfortablesayingthesewordslothelivepersonasyoudosendingthemthroughcyberspace.生词与联想词etiquettenetnetworkcyberspacebreedcultivateprescribeprescriptionliableliabilityblunderoffendoffense/offenceoffensiveinteractintercourseprincipleformuladoctrinedilemmagestureelectronelectronicelectronicscorrespondcorrespondencecorrespondentcorrespondingironicsatiremockteasecurseswear-oathobscenesavagefiercebrutalprimitiveexploreexplorationexpedition

12primeadhereclinggluepastestickywriter-writingauthor-masterpiececlassicclassical--manuscriptawesomecrumplemiserymiserableincredibleproposeproposalUnitEightNetiquette(2)Rule3:Respectotherpeople'stimeandbandwidth.Peopletodayseemtohavelesstimethaneverbefore.Whenyousendemailorposttoadiscussiongroup,you'retakingupotherpeople'stime(orhopingto).It'syourresponsibilitytoensurethatthetimetheyspendreadingyourpostingisn'twasted.Theword“bandwidth“issometimesusedsynonymouslywithtime,butit'sreallyadifferentthing.Bandwidthistheinformation-carryingcapacityofthewiresandchannelsthatconnecteveryoneincyberspace.There*salimittotheamountofdatathatanypieceofwiringcancarryatanygivenmoment-evenaup-to-datefiber-opticcable.Theword“bandwidth“isalsosometimesusedtorefertothestoragecapacityofahostsystem.Rule4:Younotthecenterofcyberspace.①Presumably,thisreminderwillbesuperfluoustomostreaders.ButIincludeitanyway,becausewhenyou'reworkinghardonaprojectanddeeplyinvolvedinit,it'seasytoforgetthatotherpeoplehaveconcernsotherthanyours.Sodon'lexpectinstantresponsestoallyourquestions,anddon,tassumethatallreaderswillagreewith---orcareabout---yourpassionatearguments.Rule5:Makeyourselflookgoodonline.②Idon'twanttogivetheimpressionthatthenetisacold,cruelplacefullofpeoplewhojustcan'twaittoinsukeachother:Networks・・・particularlydiscussiongroups—letyoureachouttopeopleyou'dotherwisenevermeet.Youwon'tbejudgedbythecolorofyourskin,eyes,orhair,yourweight,yourage,oryourclothing.Youwill,however,bejudgedbythequalityofyourwriting.Formostpeoplewhochoosetocommunicateonline,thisisanadvantage;iftheydidn'tenjoyusingthewrittenword,theywouldn'tbethere.Sospellingandgrammardocount.Rule6:Shareexpertknowledge.Finally,afterallthatnegativity,somepositiveadvice.Thestrengthofcyberspaceisinitsnumbers.Thereasonaskingquestionsonlineworksisthatalotofknowledgeablepeoplearereadingthequestions.Andifevenfewofthemofferintelligentanswers,thesumtotalofworldknowledgeincreases.TheInternetitselfwasfoundedandgrewbecausescientistswantedtoshareinformation.Gradually,therestofusgotinontheact.

13It'sespeciallypolitetosharetheresultsofyourquestionswithothers.Whenyouanticipatethatyou'llgetalolofanswersloaquestion,whenyoupostaquestiontoadiscussiongroupthatyoudon'tvisitoften,it'scuslomarytorequestrepliesbyemailinsteadofloihegroup.Whenyougetallthoseresponses,writeupasummaryandpostittothediscussiongroup.Thatway,everyonebenefitsfromtheexpertswhotookthetimetowritetoyou.I生词与联想词Iband——bandwidthwidthbreadthstrapresponsibilityresponsibleensuresynonymsynonymouscapacitycapablechanneltunnelcanalfibernylonopticopticalvisualauraloralcabletelegraphreferinferstoragehosthostesspresumepresumablyassumeassumptionsuperfluousprojectprojectorpassionpassionateimpressionimpressimpressiveinsultabuseadvantagegain/haveanadvantageover----takeadvantageofadvantageousdisadvantagegrammar-noun—pronoun—verb-verbal—adjective—adverb-preposition-conjunction一--singular-plural—phrase—idiom—clause—auxiliaryexpertexpertiseintelligentintelligencesumsumupgradualanticipateexpect-expectationcustomaryorthodoxsummarysummarize/summarisesketchskeletonbenefitbeneficialUnitZineInformationisPowerInsuchachanging,complexsocietyformerlysimplesolutionstoinformationalneedsbecomecomplicated.Manyoflife'sproblemswhichweresolvedbyaskingfamilymembers,friendsorcolleaguesarebeyondthecapabilityoftheextendedfamilytoresolve.Wheretoturnforexpertinformationandhowtodeterminewhichexpertadvicetoacceptarequestionsfacingmanypeopletoday.①Inaddiliontothis,thereisIhegrowingmobilityofpeoplesinceWorldWarII.Asfamiliesmoveawayfromtheirstablecommunity,theirfriendsofmanyyears,theirextendedfamilyrelationships,theinformalflowofinformationiscutoff,andwithittheconfidencethatinformationwillbeavailablewhenneeded

14andwillbetrustworthyandreliable.Thealmostunconsciousflowofinformationaboutthesimplestaspectsoflivingcanbecutoff.Thusthingsoncelearnedsubconsciouslythroughthecasualcommunicationsoftheextendedfamilymustbeconsciouslylearned.②Addingtosocialchangestodayisanenormousstockpileofinformation.Theindividualnowhasmoreinformationavailablethananygeneration,andthetaskoffindingthatonepieceofinformationrelevanttohisorherspecificproblemiscomplicated,time-consumingandsometimesevenoverwhelming.③Coupledwiththegrowingquantityofinformationisthedevelopmentoftechnologieswhichenablethestorageanddeliveryofmoreinformationwithgreaterspeedtomorelocationsthanhaseverbeenpossiblebefore.Computertechnologymakesitpossibletostorevastamountsofdatainmachinereadablefiles,andtoprogramcomputertolocatespecificinformation.Telecommunicationsdevelopmentsenablethesendingofmessagesviatelevision,radio,andveryshortly,electronicmailtobombardpeoplewithmultitudesofmessages.Satelliteshaveextendedthepowerofcommunicationstoreporteventsattheinstantofoccurrence.Expertisecanbesharedworldwidethroughteleconferencing,andproblemsindisputecanbesettledwithouttheparticipantsleavingtheirhomesand/orjobstotraveltoadistantconferencesite.Technologyhasfacilitatedthesharingofinformationandthestorageanddeliveryofinformation,thusmakingmoreinformationavailabletomorepeople.④Inihisworldofchangeandcomplexily,iheneedforinformationisofgreateslimportance.Thosepeoplewhohaveaccurate,reliableup-to-dateinformationtosolvetheday-to-dayproblems,thecriticalproblemsoftheirbusiness,socialandfamilylife,willsurviveandsucceed.“Knowledgeispower“maywellbethetruestsayingandaccesstoinformationmaybethemostcriticalrequirementofallpeople.生词与联想词complexcomplexitycomplicatecomplicatedcomplicationformerlattercolleagueextendextensionextensivestablestabilitycommunityrelaterelationship-・・・relativitymutualreciprocalformalinformalconfidence——confident——confidentialavail-——availableconsciousconsciousnessunconscious——subconsciousaspectcasualcasualtyrelevantoverwhelmingoverwhelmquantityquantitativequantifyqualitative——qualifyqualificationbombbombardmultitudemultiplemultiply——multiplicationmagnitude—bulkinstantinstanceinstantaneousoccurrenceconferenceconfer

15disputeparticipantparticipatefacilitatecriticalcriticcriticismcriticizeUnitTenOnehundredandthirteenmillionAmericanshaveatleastonebank-issuedcreditcard.Theygivetheirownersautomaticcreditinstores,restaurants,andhotels,athome,acrossthecountry,andevenabroad,andtheymakemanybankingservicesavailableaswell.Moreandmoreofthesecreditcardscanbereadautomatically,makingitpossibletowithdrawordepositmoneyinscatteredlocations,whetherornotthelocalbranchbankisopen.Formanyofusthe“cashlesssociety“isnotonthehorizon--it'salreadyhere.Whilecomputersoffertheseconveniencestoconsumers,theyhavemanyadvantagesforsellerstoo.①Electroniccashregislerscandomuchmoreihansimplyringupsales.Theycankeepawiderangeofrecords,includingwhosoldwhat,when,andtowhom.Thisinformationallowsbusinessmentokeeptrackoftheirlistofgoodsbyshowingwhichitemsarebeingsoldandhowfasttheyaremoving.Decisionstoreorderorreturngoodstosupplierscanthenbemade.Atthesametimethesecomputersrecordwhichhoursarebusiestandwhichemployeesarethemostefficient,allowingpersonnelandstaffingassignmentstobemadeaccordingly.②Andtheyalsoidentifypreferredcustomersforpromolionalcampaigns.Computersarereliedonbymanufacturesforsimilarreasons.Computer-analyzedmarketingreportscanhelptodecidewhichproductstoemphasizenow,whichtodevelopforthefuture,andwhichtodrop.③Computerskeeptrackofgoodsinslock,ofrawmaterialsonhand,andevenofIheproductionprocessilself.Numerousothercommercialenterprises,fromtheaterstomagazinepublishers,fromgasandelectricutilitiestomilkprocessors,bringbetterandmoreefficientservicestoconsumersthroughtheuseofcomputers.名人名言Livingwithoutanaimislikesailingwithoutacompass.Lifeisacomedytohimwhothinksandatragedytohimwhofeels.Laugh,andtheworldlaughswithyou;weep,andyouweepalone.Chieflythemouldofaman'sfortuneisinhisownhands.Youmustreapwhatyouhavesown.Lifeisanencyclopedia.

16生词与联想词automaticautomationabroadaboardwithdrawdepositdepositionscatterdiffuselocatelocationlocallocalityhorizonhorizontal——vertical---erectconvenience——convenientcashcashierregisteritemefficientefficiencyeffectivepersonnelstaffassignassignmentallocatedesignatecampaigncombatmanufactureemphasizeemphasisrawmaterialmaterialismutilityutilizeutilizationusagecompasscomedytragedyweepsob

17mould/moldreapencyclopediasowplow/plough-rakegrainbamUnitElevenKindBillGatesBillGatesandhiswife,Melinda,announcedlastweekagiftof$100milliontospeedthedeliveryoffourvaccinestodevelopingcountries.①Thecouple,nowexpectingasecondchild,wanlslogivemorepeoplebetteraccesstonewvaccinesagainstagroupofrespiratory^intestinalandliverdiseases,whichtogetherlakethelivesofmorethan2millionchildrenayearworldwide.OnatriptoNewYork,GatesspoketoNEWSWEEKaboutthedonation,theongoingantitrustsuitagainstMicrosoftandotherchallenges.NEWSWEEK:Whyspecificallythiscause,andwhyhisspecificsumofmoney?GATES:Youthink,“HowcouldI(usethe)resourcesIhavetomakeanimpactT5Contributingtotheworld'shealthhasgottobeagreatopportunity.Thesevaccinationprograms,from1980totoday,wentfrom5percentofkidsto80percentgettingsixvaccines,andthathassavedmorelivesthananymedicaleffortinhistory.Fouradditionalnewvaccinesreallyshouldbeinthepackage;there'sjustliterallyhundredsofthousandsofkidswhodiebecausetheydon'tget(them).Aboutamonthagotheplancametogether,andwedecidedtofunditveryaggressively,becausevaccinescanhavesuchahugeimpact,andyettherehasn'tbeenthatmuchprivatefunding.NEWSWEEK:Doyouthinkaboutaspecificamountofmoneyorpercentageofyourwealththatyouwantovertimetobegivingaway?GATES:I'm43yearsold,andcontrarytowhatanybodymightthink,②Microsoft's(continued)successisanythingbu【assured.I'vegotafull-timejobthere,andhowwellIdothat,Iandalltheotherpeopleinthecompany,howwellwedoourjobwilldeterminethevalueofthepartownershipofMicrosoftIhave.AndasIgetolder,1mightgettoputmoretimeintothis.Melindaandmydad,ofcourse,gettoputquiteabitoftimeintoit.NEWSWEEK:Somepeoplemightthinkthisisreallyanefforttoimproveyourimage,whichhastakensomehitsattheantitrusttrial.GATES:We'vebeengivinggiftsforquitesometime,andwe'llkeepgivinggifts,andwedothatbecausewethinkiscanhavesomepositiveimpact.IfIwasgoingtopauseandnotgiveuntilMicrosoftwasnoncontroversial,youknow,alotofkidswouldgowithoutvaccinesforalotoftime.名人名言Definesuccess.③Makeitcleartoyouremployeeswhatconstitutessuccessandhowtheyshouldmeasuretheirachievements.Goalsmustberealistic.Projectschedule,forexample,mustbesetbythepeoplewhodothework.Peoplewillaccepta“bottom-up"deadlinetheyhelpedset.Unachievablegoalsundermineanorganization.

18BillGatesI生词与联想词Igiftgifteddonationdonatecontributecontributionvaccinevaccinationrespiratoryintestinalliverlungimpactinfluenceinfluentialeffectpackageparcelbundlebaggageluggagepacket--wrapliterallyliteraryliteratureilliteratefundaggressiveamountsumpercentpercentagewealthwealthycontrastcontraryassureassuranceensureimageportraittrialpositivenegativepauseceasesuspendcontroversialcontroversydisputeargumentrefuterealisticrealityscheduledeadlineundermineUnit"TwelveDanceofDeathAttheageof21,PatrickBissellburstuponNewYorkasprincipaldanceroftheAmericanBalletTheatre.Rarelyhadamansoyoungdazzledsomanyintheintenselycompetitiveworldofballet.Hewaspraised,inthewordofMikhailBaryshnikov,as“oneofthebrightestlightsintheentireballetworld.^^PatrickBissellalsohelpedburytheAmericanmyththatballetisforsissies.Atsixfeettwoinchestall,Patrickwasatough,hard-drinkingkidfromTexaswithapassionformotorcycles,cowboybootsandwomen.Hewasamusclemanwhocouldtwirlballerinasintotheairandmakethemlookasgracefulasbutterflies.Sevenmonthsafterhisbirthin1957,babyBissellwasnotwalking,accordingtohismother;hewasactuallyrunning.WhenPatrickwasten,hissisterbribedhimwithherallowancetocometoherdanceclass,becausesheneededapartner.①Hisnaturalgiftsofcoordinationandsiaminawereslunning,andfromthatpointoilhisdestinywasdans.②Theballetworldisnotoriouslybrutalinitsphysicalandemotionaldemands.Theprimarygoalisabsoluteperfection.Unlikeaprofessionalathlete,whichmanybelieveBissellcouldhavebecome,aballetstarneverhasthesatisfactionofknowingafinalscore,orofbeatingthecompetition.Hecompetesonlyagainsthimself-andforaperfectionistthismaybetheharshestcompetitionofall.WhenyoungBissellsetoffforlife,hismotherbelieveshecarriedwithhimseedsthatwouldleadtohis

19destruction.Everyindicationisthat,evenearlyinhiscareer,Bissellwasaddictedtococaine,alcoholandotherdrugs.Buthisstrengthandskillweresotremendousthathewasabletoperformthemostdemandingworkwithouthismanagers'knowingthetruth.InJune1981,onlythreeyearsintohiscareer,Bissellslashedhiswrist.Whenthedoctorsreachedhim,Bissellslashedabottletouseforaweaponandfoughtthemoff.Nextday,hewasbandagedandbackonstage.Inthefallof1987,theballetcompanysentBissellawayfortreatmenttotheBettyFordCenterinCalifornia.Hetoldfriendsthathewasreadytocleanuphislife.Hewantedafreshstart.HewasreleasedaweekearlyandreturnedtoNewYork.DuringDecember,AmyRose,aballerinahehadbecomeengagedto,wasontourinCaliforniaandwouldreturntoNewYorkaftertheholidays.Alone,BissellgotChristmastreeanddecorateditfortheirapartment.OnDecember23,hehadalongtelephoneconversationwithhisparents.Hismotherbeggedhimtojointhemathome.Hedeclined,explainingthatbeingaloneduringChristmaswasachanceforhimtoshowthathewasstrongenoughtolivewithoutcocaine.FourdaysafterChristmas,AmyRoseletherselfintotheapartment.ShediscoveredPatrick'sbodyontheliving-roomcouch.PatrickBissellwasdeadofanoverdoseofcocaineandotherdrugs.Hehadjustturned30.生词与联想词burstprincipalballetdazzleintenseintensityintensivemythsissytoughpassionmusclemuscularfleshtwirlgracegracefulbutterflybribecorruptcoordinatecoordinationstaminastundestinydestinationnotoriousemotionmoodsentimentalperfectionperfectionistprofessionprofessionalcareervocationharshdestructiondestructiveindicateindicationindicativeaddictcocainealcoholbrandywhiskytremendousslashchopsword

20wristankleforefingerthumbtoeheelweaponbandagebandbindribbonreleasedecoratedecorativeornamenttrimmosaicdeclinecouchcushionrugdoseoverdoseUnit"ThirteenProfessionalsandAmateurs①Speciali/alioncanbeseenasaresponsetoIheproblemofanincreasingaccumulalionofscientificknowledge.Bysplittingupthesubjectmatterintosmallerunits,onemancouldcontinuetohandletheinformationanduseitasthebasisforfurtherresearch.Butspecializationwasonlyoneofaseriesofrelateddevelopmentsinscienceaffectingtheprocessofcommunication.Anotherwasthegrowingprofessionalisationofscientificactivity.@Noclear-cutdistinctioncanbedrawnbetweenprofessionalsandamateursinscience:exceptionscanbefoundtoanyrule.Nevertheless,theword“amateur“doescarryaconnotationthatthepersonconcernedisnotfullyintegratedintothescientificcommunityand,inparticular,maynotfullyshareitsvalues.Thegrowthofspecializationinthenineteenthcentury,withitsconsequentrequirementofalonger,morecomplextraining,impliedgreaterproblemsforamateurparticipationinscience.Thetrendwasnaturallymostobviousinthoseareasofsciencebasedespeciallyonamathematicaloflaboratorytraining,andcanbeillustratedintermofthedevelopmentofgeologyintheUnitedKingdom.AcomparisonofBritishgeologicalpublicationsoverthelastcenturyandahalfrevealsnotsimplyanincreasingemphasisontheprimacyofresearch,butalsoachangingdefinitionofwhatconstitutesanacceptableresearchpaper.Thus,inthenineteenthcentury,localgeologicalstudiesrepresentedworthwhileresearchintheirownright;butinthetwentiethcentury,localprofessionalsonlyiftheyincorporate,andreflecton,thewidergeologicalpicture.Amateurs,ontheotherhand,havecontinuedtopursuelocalstudiesintheoldway.Theoverallresulthasbeentomakeentrancetoprofessionalgeologicaljournalsharderforamateurs,aresultthathasbeenreinforcedbythewidespreadintroductionofrefereeing,firstbynationaljournalsinthenineteenthcenturyandthenbyseverallocalgeologicaljournalsinthetwentiethcentury.Asalogicalconsequenceofthisdevelopment,separatejournalhavenowappearedaimedmainlytowardseitherprofessionaloramateurreadership.Arathersimilarprocessofdifferentiationhasledtoprofessionalgeologistscomingtogethernationallywithinoneortwospecificsocieties,whereastheamateurshavetendedeithertoremaininlocalsocietiesortocometogethernationallyinadifferentway.AlthoughtheprocessofprofessionalisationandspecializationwasalreadywellunderwayinBritishgeologyduringthenineteenthcentury,itsfullconsequenceswerethusdelayeduntilthetwentiethcentury.③Insciencegenerally,however,thenineteenthcenturymustbe「ecknnedasthecrucialperiodforthischangeinIheslruciurcofscience.生词与联想词specialspecialistspecialtyaccumulateaccumulationstackheap

21splitslitflawcrackfractureseambasisfoundationseriesaffectprofessionprofessionalbarberamateurintegrateintegrityintegralimplyimplicationimplicithintconnotetrendtendtendencyillustrateillustrationclarifycartoonpictorialgeologypublicationpublishconstituteconstitutionconstituentrepresentrepresentationrepresentativeincorpotareassimilatereflectreflectionoverallpursuepursuitchasereinforcestrengthenlogiclogicaldifferentiatedifferentiationdifferreckoncalculatestructureconstructformationarchitecturearchitectVJnitFourteenTheVirtueAmericansValueHighlyAreportconsistentlybroughtbackbyvisitorstotheUSishowfriendly,courteous,andhelpfulmostAmericansweretothem.Tobefair,thisobservationisalsofrequentlymadeofCanadaandCanadians,andshouldbestbeconsideredNorthAmerican.Thereare,ofcourse,exceptions.(DSmall-mindedofficials,rudewaiters,andill-manneredtaxidriversarehardlyunknownintheUS.Yetitisanobservationmadesofrequentlythatitdeservescomment.Foralongperiodoftimeandinmanypartsofthecountry,atravelerwasawelcomebreakinanotherwisedullexistence.Dullnessandlonelinesswerecommonproblemsofthefamilieswhogenerallyliveddistantfromoneanother.Strangersandtravelerswerewelcomesourcesofdiversion,andbroughtnewsoftheoutsideworld.②Theharshrealitiesofthefrontieralsoshapedthistraditionofhospitality.Someonetravelingalone,ithungry,injured,orill,oftenhadnowheretoturnexcepttothenearestcabinorsettlement.Itwasnotamatterofchoiceforthetravelerormerelyacharitableimpulseonthepartofthesettlers.Itreflectedtheharshnessofdailylife:ifyoudidn'ttakeinthestrangerandtakecareofhim,therewasnooneelsewhowould.Andsomeday,remember,youmightbeinthesamesituation.

22Todaytherearemanycharitableorganizationswhichspecializeinhelpingthewearytraveler.Yet,theoldtraditionofhospitalitytostrangersisstillverystrongintheUS,especiallyinthesmallercitiesandtownsawayfromthebusytouristtrails."Iwasjusttravelingthrough,gottalkingwiththisAmerican,andprettysoonheinvitedmehomefordinner-amazing."SuchobservationsreportedbyvisitorstotheUSarenotuncommon,butarenotalwaysunderstoodproperly.ThecasualfriendlinessofmanyAmericansshouldbeinterpretedneitherassuperficialnorasartificial,butastheresultofahistoricallydevelopedculturaltradition.③Asisirueofanydevelopedsociety,inAmericaacomplexsetofculturalsignals,assumptions,andconventionsunderliesallsocialinterrelationships.And,ofcourse,speakingalanguagedoesnotnecessarilymeanthatsomeoneunderstandssocialandculturalpatterns.Visitorswhofailto'translate“culturalmeaningsproperlyoftendrawwrongconclusions.Forexample,whenanAmericanusestheword'friend”,theculturalimplicationsofthevisitor'slanguageandculture.Ittakesmorethanabriefencounteronabustodistinguishbetweencourteousconventionandindividualinterest.Yet,beingfriendlyisavirtuethatmanyAmericansvaluehighlyandexpectfrombothneighborsandstrangers.生词与联想词consistentpersistentcourtesycourteousdecentgraciousobserveobservationotherwisediversionfrontierbordervicinityvergehospitalitycordialcabin——hutcottagesettlementcommunitycharitycharitableimpulsepropelpropellerpeopulsionsituationstatuswearyfatiguetediousmonotonoustourismsightseeingexcursiontrailtraceamazeastonishstartlesuperficialshallowhollowprofoundartificialsyntheticgenuineconventionconventionaldistinguishdiscerndiscriminatevirtuemoralityUnitFifteenGeneTherapyHumangeneticengineering,alsoknowasgenetherapy,isbasedonthepremisethatourgenesarethedefenseandhealingsystemofourbody.Itisourgenesthatprotectourbodyfromtheassaultsofnature;itisourgenesthatrepairthedamagecausedbydiseaseandrestoreustohealth;①itis〈urgenesthat,

23whentheyfunctionabnormally,contributetocancer,heartdisease,andmentalillness.Ifwewanttocureadisease,therefore,wemustdoitatthelevelofthegenes.Therearetwoprimarywaysthatgenescanbeusedtotreatdisease.Thefirstisgenetherapy,inwhichoneormoregenesareinjectedintothepatienttoreplacethosethatareabsentornotworkingproperly.Thisapproachhasbeenusedtotreatrareenzymedisorders,includingone

24knownasADAdeficiency,andclinicaltrialshaveemployedgenetherapyagainstabroadrangeofdisorders:heartdisease,manyformsofcancer,andAIDS.Thesecondwaytoexploitgenestotreatdiseaseisknownassmall-moleculetherapy.Inthisapproach,asmallmolecule(thatis,adrug)isgiventothepatienttomodifythefunctionofoneormoregenesinthebody.AstheHumanGenomeProjectidentifiesallofthe70,000to13,0000humangenesand,intime,teachesuswhattheydo,wewillrapidlydeveloptheabilitytoscreenfordefectorweaknessesinallofourgenes.By“weaknesses“wemeangenesthatdonotfunctionoptimallyfortheenvironmentinwhichtheindividuallivers,whichmanbeunusuallystressfulbecauseofdiet,toxins,radiationorsomeotherfactorandthereforewillresultinthepatient'sdevelopingadisease.Onceadefectiveorpoorlyfunctioninggeneisdiscovered,wewillbeabletogivetheindividualamoreeffectivegenetoreplacethe"weak"one.Orifthegeneismakinganonnalproductbutjusttoomuchortoolittleofit,asmallmolecule(drug)canbegiventoregulateproduction.Thirtyyearsfromnow,essentiallyeverydiseasewillhavegene-basedtherapyasatreatmentoption.Genetherapyisstilltooinefficienttobehelpfulinmostcases.②Butprogressisrapid、andihefirsttreatmentsareexpectedtobeavailabletothepublicoverthenextfiveyears.Thegreatestsuccesssofarhasbeeninstimulatingnewblood-vesselgrowthinthehearttotreatheartfailureorinthelimbstocorrectfaultycirculation.Treatmentofanumberofgeneticdiseases,suchashemophilia,appearspromisingaswell.TherehasalsobeensignificantprogressintheuseofgenetherapytodelivervaccinesforprotectionagainstAIDSandseveraltypesofcancerMostphysiciansexpectthatinthefirst10yearsofthenewcenturywewillseeanexplosionofgenetherapytreatmentsformanymaladiesthathavebeenascourgetohumanhealth.©Geneticengineeringshouldallowpeopletoleadhealthier,happierlivesandadddecadestoourlifespan.生词与联想词genegeneticgenomeengineeringtherapypremiseassaultraidrestorereclaimfunctionmalfunctionabnormalcancerhemophiliainjectreplacereplacementenzymedisorderdeficiencydefectscantyexploitmoleculeoptimizeoptionoptionaloptimaldiet

25toxinradiateradiationradioactive——radioactivityradiurn--laserregulateregulationregularityirregularirregularitystimulatesimulateprovokeagitate——spurvessellimblapcirculatecirculationcircularcircuitsignificantsignificancesignifyphysicianphysicist----physiologysurgeon---surgerydentistexplodeexplosionexplosiveblastpowderfireworkscourgewhipspanUnitSixteenWhoIsLiableforCustomers9Misfortunes?Il'saroughworldoutthere.Stepoutsideandyoucouldbreakalegslippingonyourdoormat.Lightupthestoveandyoucouldburndownthehouse.Luckily,ifthedoonnatorstovefailedtowarnofcomingdisaster,asuccessfullawsuitmightcompensateyouforyourtroubles.Orsothethinkinghasgonesincetheearly1980s,whenjuriesbeganholdingmorecompaniesliablefortheircustomers'misfortunes.①Feelingthrealencd,companiesrespondedbywrilingever-longe「warninglabe1s,tryingtoanticipateeverypossibleaccident.Today,stepladderscarrylabelsseveralincheslongthatwarn,amongotherthings,thatyoumight--surprise!-falloff.Thelabelonachild'sBatmancapecautionsthatthetoy“doesnotenableusertofly.”Whilewarningsareoftenappropriateandnecessary-thedangersofdruginteractions,forexample---andmanyarerequiredbystateorfederalregulations,itisn'tclearthattheyactuallyprotectthemanufacturesandsellersfromliabilityifacustomerisinjured.About50percentofthecompanieslosewheninjuredcustomerstakethemtocourt.Nowthetideappearstobeturning.Aspersonalinjuryclaimscontinueasbefore,somecourtsarebeginningtosidewithdefendants,especiallyincaseswhereawarninglabelprobablywouldn'thavechangedanything.InMay,JulieNimmons,presidentofSchuttSportsinIllinois,successfullyfoughtalawsuitinvolvingafootballplayerwhowasparalyzedinagamewhilewearingaSchutthelmet."We'rereallysorryhehasbecomeparalyzed,buthelmetsaren'tdesignedtopreventthosekindsofinjuries,^^saysNimmons.Thejuryagreedunanimouslythatthenatureofthegame,notthehelmet,wasthereasonfortheathlete'sinjury.Atthesametime,theAmericanLawinstitute一agroupofjudge,lawyers,andacademicswhoserecommendationscarrysubstantialweight-issuednewguidelinesfortortlawstatingthatcompaniesneednotwarncustomersofobviousdangersorbombardthemwithalengthylistofpossibleones.@"Impertanlinformalioncangelburiedinaseaoftrivialities”,saysalawprofessoratCornellLawSchoolwhohelpeddraftthenewguidelines.Ifthemoderateendofthelegalcommunityhasitsway,theinformationonproductsmightactuallybeprovidedforthebenefitofcustomersandnotasprotectionagainstlegalliability.

26I生词与联想词Iroughcoarsecruderudeslipslipperyslipperslideglidematstoveovenfurnacedisasterdisastrousmisfortunesuitlawsuit-・・・-juryattorneyclientaccusesue——courttort-・・・defendantcompensatecompensationoffsetthreatenthreatlabelbrandtagtrademarkcapeappropriatefederalinjuryinjureimpairtidewavefoamclaimassertdeclarationproclaimmaintain---affirmallegeinvolvecompriseconsistparalyzenumbhelmetunanimousinstituteinstitutionacademyacademicrecommendrecommendationsubstantialtrivialtrivialtrivialitytriflepettyslightdraftdiagramchartgraphmoderatemodestmodestylegalillegalUnitSeventeenEconomicModelsoftheWorldAsummaryofeconomicmodels,bestandworstfeatures:TheAmericanModel.①Goodpoints:flexiblelaborandproductmarkets;low〔axes：fiercecompetition;andshareholdercapitaiism,whichputspressureonmanagerslomaximizeprofits.Badpoints:wideincomeinequalities;lowwelfarebenefits,poorqualityof“publicgood”,suchasprimaryandsecondaryeducation;lowinvestmentandverylowsavingsrates.TheJapaneseModel.Goodpoint:lifetimeemploymentencouragedloyaltyandhighskilllevels;publicservice,especiallyeducation,ofhighquality;closerelationsbetweenbanksandotherfirms;corporatecross-shareholdingssheltermanagersfromimpatientshareholders,allowingthemtotakealongtermviewofinvestment.®This,itwasorceargued,gaveJapananadvantageoverAmericancapitalism,obsessedwithshort-termprofit.Badpoints:these“virtues“arenowseenasvicesattherootofthecountry'sproblems:firmsshelteredfromthefullforceofthemarketfeellittlepressuretousecapitalefficiently.TheEastAsianModel.Theregionhaslongbeenanintellectualbattlegroundforeconomists.SomesawEastAsia'srapidgrowthasproofofthevirtuesofmarket-friendlypolicies--lowtaxation,flexiblelabormarketsandopentrade.OthersarguedthatSouthKorea'sindustrialpolicywasevidenceofthepossiblegainsfromselectivegovernmentintervention.Thetruthisthatthereisnosingle“EastAsianmodel”:economicpoliciesvaryhugelyfromrelativelyliberalHongKongtoheavy-handedSouthKorea;fromwidespreadgovernmentcorruptioninIndonesiatocleanSingapore.WhattheEastAsiancountriesshared

27wasanopennesstotradeandhighersavingsthaninotheremergingeconomies.TheGermanModel.Goodpoints:excellenteducationtraining,agenerouswelfarestateandnarrowwagedispersionbreedsocialhannony,closerelationsbetweenfirmsandbanksassisthighinvestment.Badpoint:overlypowerfultradeunions,hightaxes,overgenerousjoblessbenefitsandwidespreadlaborandproductmarketrestrictionshaveledtopersistentlyhighunemployment.TheSwedishModel.Onceadvertisedasa“thirdway“betweencapitalismandsocialism.Goodpoints:relativelyopenmarketcombinedwithacomprehensivewelfarestate,narrowwagedispersionandemploymentschemesthatpushedthejoblessbackintowork.③Badpoints:risinginflaiionandrecessionincreasedIhebudgeldeficit,andasunemploymenlrose、costlyjobschemeswerenolongeraffordable:highpersonaltaxesblunledinccmivcstowork.生词与联想词summarysummarizefeatureflexibleelasticplasticcapitalismpressurewelfarefarewellinvestinvestmentshareholdersavingrateratioemploymentemployeremployeeunemploymentloyalloyaltycorporationcorporatesheltershieldrefugeimpatientpatienceobsessviceintellectualproofwaterproofselectselectionselectiveinterveneinterventioninterfereinterferencevaryalteralterationfluctuateliberalliberatelibertycorruptcorruptionemergegenerousdispersedispersionharmonyunityunifyunionwidespreadadvertisecomprehensivecomprehensioncomprehendapprehensionschemeplotinflationrecessionbudgetdeficitblunt

28incentiveUnitEighteenPersonalityandEnvironmentPersonalitytoalargeextentinherent-A-typeparentsusuallybringaboutA-typeoffspring.Buttheenvironmentmustalsohaveaprofoundeffect,sinceifcompetitionisimportanttotheparents,itislikelytobecomeamajorfactorinthelivesoftheirchildren.OneplacewherechildrensoakupA-characteristicsisschool,whichis,byitsverynature,ahighlycompetitiveinstitution.Toomanyschoolsadoptthe“winatallcosts”moralstandardandmeasuretheirsuccessbysportingachievements.Thecurrentpassionformakingchildrencompeteagainsttheirclassmatesofagainsttheclockproducesatwo-layersystem,inwhichcompetitiveA-typesseeminsomewaybetterthantheirB-typefellows.①Beinglookeentowincanhavedangerousconsequences:rememberthatPheidippides,thefirstmarathonrunner,droppeddeadsecondsaftersaying:"Rejoice,weconquer!^^Byfartheworstformofcompetitioninschoolsisthedisproportionateemphasisonexaminations.Itisarareschoolthatallowspupilstoconcentrateonthosethingstheydowell.Themeritsofcompetitionbyexaminationaresomewhatquestionable,butcompetitioninthecertainknowledgeoffailureispositivelyharmful.②Obviously,itisneitherpracticalnordesirableIhalallA・youngsterchangeinB's.TheworldneedsA-types,andschoolshaveanimportantdutytotrytofitachild'spersonalitytohispossiblefutureemployment.Itistopmanagement.Ifthepreoccupationofschoolswithacademicworkwaslessened,moretimemightbespentteachingchildrensurervalues.Perhapsselectionforthecaringprofessions,especiallymedicine,couldbemadelessbygoodgradesinchemistryandmorebysuchconsiderationsassensitivityandsympathy.ItissurelyamistaketochooseourdoctorsexclusivelyfromA-typestock.B'sareimportantandshouldbeencouraged.匿人名言1Ifyoulieuponroseswhenyoung,you'lllieuponthornswhenold.③Fireistheofgold:adversityoffriendship.Breadnourishesthebody,andbooksenrichthemind.Talentscomefromdiligence,andknowledgeisgainedbyaccumulation.Don'tcountyourchickensbeforetheyarehatched.Namenotaropeinthehouseofamanthathangedhimself.生词与联想词extentinheritinherent--coherentoffspringdescendantenvironmentsoakdipimmersedye

29charactercharacteristic——characterizeadoptadoptionmoralmoralitycurrentcurrencylayersystemsystematickeenacuteearnest---enthusiasticconsequenceconsequentlyrejoice-jollyconquerconquestproportionrarerarelyconcentratemeritoccupationoccupypreoccupationconsiderationconsiderableconsideratesensitivesensitivitysensiblesympathysympathizesympatheticexclusiveexcludethornadverseadversitynourishdiligentdiligencehatchropecordstringfastenUnitZineteen^Vant-to-dosorHave-to-dos?“我要做”还是“不得＞1^”?Apatientcametoseemeaboutthestressinherlife.Shedescribedallthethingsshehadtodo-onewastomakeherbed-fromthemomentshewokeupuntilsheflewoutthedoorforwork.Isuggestedsheexperimentbynotmakingherbedfortwoweeks.Shewasappalled,probablythinkingI'dbeenraisedbywolvesinaforest.However,shewentalongwithmyidea.Twoweekslatershebreezedintomyofficebeaming.Shehadleftherbedunmadeforthefirsttimein42years-andnothingbadhadhappened.t4Andyouknowwhat?”shesaid."Idon'tdrymydishesanymore,either.”Thiswomanhadmadetwomajorbreakthroughs.Onewasdiscoveringthatshehadchoicesinherlifethatshehadneverseenbefore.Theotherwasgivingherselfpermissiontobelessthanperfect.Itwasawatershedexperience.①Thisstoryillustratedanimportantprincipleaboutmanagingtime:Noonecandoitall.Eachofushas

30tomakechoicesandaccepttrade-offs.Theproblemis,manypeoplechooseinwaysthatputthemselvesandtheirhealthlast.Theytakebettercareoftheirhousesandcarsthantheydoofthemselves.Theyputeveryoneelse'sneedsaheadoftheirown.Thal'sfineifit'soccasional.Itwouldevenbeokayiftherewasabalance.Butmostpeoplelivingthatwayarewearingthemselvesout,feelingoutofcontrol.Fortunately,lifedoesn'lhavetobelikethat.Noticehowithappens:②Folksgetbusyandrunshortoftime;theystopexercisingorstartskippingmeals;nexttheystealtimefromtheirsleep.Soontheygettoobusytoseefriends;theystopreadingandplayingball,andsixmonthsgobywithoutalongwalk.That'snotagreatwaytolive.Sowhatisthesolution?Inaword,prioritize.Decidewhatyouwantinyourlife,andputthatfirst.Onadailybasis,thatshouldincluderegularmeals,adequatesleepandtimewithyourfamily.③ExerciseJeisure.friendshipsandhobbiesshouldalsoberegularaspectsoflife.Thepointistodosomethingforyourselfeveryday.Thechoiceisyours:whatevermakesyoufeelgoodaboutyourselfandyourlife.Takeanap.Takeawalk.Taketimetoplaythepiano.Ofcourse,you'llhavetotradeoffsomethingsthatarecurrentlycloggingyourscheduletomakeroomforyournewpriorities.Stopbringingyourbriefcasehomefromtheoffice.Stopkeepingyourhouseascleanasyourmotherkepthers.Fillmoreofyourtimewithwant-to-dosinsteadofhave-to-dos.生词与联想词StressgravityaccentpressureburdenDescribedescriptiondetailnarraterelatedepictoutlineappallterrifybreezetyphoonbeampillarglitterglareglowbreakthroughpermissionapprovalbanshedwatershedspillillustrateillustrationilluminateclarifyclarityprincipledoctrineoccasionoccasionalbalanceskipbouncebound—omitignoreneglectsolutionsolvesolublepriorityprioritizeprioradequateleisureidleaspectnapdozeyawnclogblockobstructionobstaclescheduleagendabriefbriefcaseconcise

31UnitTwentyXVhatIsDrug?Technically,anysubstanceotherthanfoodthataltersourbodilyofmentalfunctioningisadrug.Manypeoplemistakenlybelievethetermdrugrefersonlytosomesortofmedicineoranillegalchemicaltakenbydrugaddicts.Theydon'trealizethatfamiliarsubstancessuchasalcoholandtobaccoarealsodrugs.Thisiswhythemoreneutraltermsubstanceisnowusedbymanyphysiciansandpsychologists.①Thephrase“substaoceabuse“isoftenusedinsteadof”drugabuseMtomakeclearthatsubstancessuchasalcoholandtobaccocanbejustasharmfullymisusedasheroinandcocaine.Weliveinasocietyinwhichthemedicinalandsocialuseofsubstances(drug)isprevalent:anaspirintoquietaheadache,somewinetobesociable,coffeetogetgoinginthemorning,acigarforthenerves.Whendothesesociallyacceptableandapparentlyconstructiveusesofasubstancebecomemisuses?Firstofall,mostsubstancestakeninexcesswillproducenegativeeffectssuchaspoisoningorintenseperceptualdistortions.Repeateduseofasubstancecanalsoleadtophysicaladdictionorsubstancedependence.®Dependenceismarkedfirstbyanincreased⑹erance,withmoreandmoreofthesubstancerequiredtoproducethedesiredeffect,andthenbytheappearanceofunpleasantwithdrawalsymptomswhenthesubstanceisdiscontinued.Drugs(substances)thataffectthecentralnervoussystemandalterperception,mood,andbehaviorareknownaspsychoactivesubstances.Psychoactivesubstancesarecommonlygroupedaccordingtowhethertheyarestimulants,depressants,orhallucinogens.Stimulantsinitiallyspeeduporactivatethecentralnervoussystem,whereasdepressantsslowitdown.Hallucinogenshavetheirprimaryeffectonperception,distortingandalteringitinavarietyofwaysincludingproducinghallucinations.Thesearethesubstancesoftencalledpsychedelic(fromtheGreekworkmeaning**mind-manitesting)becausetheyseemedtoradicallyalterone'sstateofconsciousness.名人名言s|Myphilosophyoflifeiswork.Iwanttobringoutthesecretofnatureandapplythemforthehappinessofman.Iknowofnobetterservicetorenderfortheshorttimeweareinhisworld.Adison③Loveyourneighbor-yetdon'tpulldownyourhedge.FranklinPeoplewhoareveryquickareapttobetoosure.Slowandsteadywintherace.Aesop生词写联想词substancesubstantialfunctionchemicalchemistneutralphysicianphysicistphysiologysurgeonsurgerypsychologypsychologistpsychologicalabuseheroincocaineaspirinpenicillinprevalentsocialsociablesociologycigr——tar

32nervenervousapparentobviousexcessexcessivesuperfluousnegativepositivepoisonpoisonousperceptionperceptualditortdistortiondependentdependencedependentindependencetoleratetoleranttolerancesymptomsyndromepneumoniapsychoactivestimulatestimulantdepressdepressanthallucinogenhallucinationpsychedelicmanifest

33philosophyrenderphilosopheraptsteadyUnit21DevelopaPeacefulHeartMakePeacewithImperfection.①I'veyetlomeetanabsoluieperfeciionislwhoselifewasfilledwithinnerpeace.Theneedforperfectionandthedesireforinnertranquilityconflictwitheachother.Wheneverweareattachedtohavingsomethingacertainway,betterthanitalreadyis,wearefocusedonwhat'swrongwithsomethingandneedtofixit.Whenwearezeroedinonwhat'swrongitimpliesthatwedissatisfied,discontent.Whetherit'srelatedtoourselves-adisorganizedcloset,ascratchonthecar,animperfectaccomplishment,afewpoundswewouldliketolose-orsomeoneelse's"imperfections"—thewaysomeonelooks,behaves,orlivestheirlife-theveryactoffocusingonimperfectionpillsusawayfromourgoalofbeingkindandgentle.②Thisstrategyhasnothingtodowithceasingtodoyourverybestbutwithbeingoverlyattachedandfocusedonwhat'swrongwithlife.It'saboutrealizingthatwhilethere'salwaysabetterwaytodosomething,thisdoesn'tmeanthatyoucan'tenjoyandappreciatethewaythingsalreadyare.Thesolutionhereistocatchyourselfwhenyoufallintoyourhabitofinsistingthatthingsshouldbeotherthantheyare.Gentlyremindyourselfthatlifeisokaythewayitis,rightnow.Intheabsenceofyourlife,you'llbegintodiscovertheperfectioninlifeitself.CounttoTen.WhenIwasgrowingupfatherusedtocountoutloudtotenwhenhewasangrywithmysistersandme.Itwasstrategyhe,andmanyotherparents,usedtocooldownbeforedecidingwhattodonext.I'veimprovedthisstrategybyincorporatingtheuseofthebreath.Allyouhavetodoisthis:Whenyoufeelyourselfgettingangry,takealong,deepinhalation,andasyoudo,saythenumberonetoyourself.Then,relaxyourentirebodyasyoubreatheout.Repeatthesameprocesswiththenumbertwo;allthewaythroughatleastten(ifyou'rereallyangry,continuetotwenty-five).Whatyouaredoinghereisclearingyourmindwithaminiversionofameditationexercise.Thecombinationofcountingandbreathingissorelaxingthatit'salmostimpossibletoremainangryonceyouarefinished.Theincreasedoxygeninyourlungsandthetimegapbetweenthemomentyoubecameangryandthetimeyoufinishtheexerciseenablesyoutoincreaseyourperspective.Ithelpsmake“bigstuff,looklike“littlestuff.^^Theexerciseisequallyeffectiveinworkingwithstressorfrustration.Wheneveryoufeelalittleoff,giveitatry.Thetruthis,thisexerciseisawonderfulwaytospendaminuteortwowhetherornotyou'reangry.③I'veincorporatedthisstrategyintomydailylifesimplybecauseit'srelaxingandIenjoyit.Often,ithelpsmetokeepfromgettingangryinthefirstplace.

34生词与联想词perfectionperfectionistabsolutetranquiltranquilityconflictclashcollidecollisioncoincide--coincidenceharmonyfocuslensphotography——photographic-・・・photoelectricclosetcupboardscratchscrapeaccomplishaccomplishmentstrategyappreciateappreciableabsenceabsentpresenceincorporateassimilateconsolidateinhaleinhalationgasppantpuffrelaxloosenloosesiackversionmeditatemeditationspeculatecombinecombinationconnectionoxygenhydrogennitrogengapenableperspectivelateralstuffstuffy-jamtuckeffectiveefficientefficiencyvalidinvalidfrustratefrustrationhinderdefeat---upsetUnit22Economics:aPreciseScience?①Muchoflanguageusedtodescribemonetarypolicy,suchas"steeringtheeconomytoasoftlanding"or“alouchonIhebrakes”,makesitsoundlikeaprecisescience.Nothingcouldbefurtherfromtruth.Thelinkbetweeninterestratesandinflationisuncertain.Andtherearelong,vtiriablelagsbeforepolicechangeshaveanyeffectontheeconomy.Hencetheanalogythatlikenstheconductofmonetarypolicytodrivingacarwithablackenedwindscreen,acrackedrearviewmirrorandafaultysteeringwheel.Givenallthesedisadvantages,centralbankersseemtohavehadmuchtoboastaboutoflate.Averageinflationinthebigsevenindustrialeconomiesfelltoamere2.3%lastyear,closetoitslowestlevelin30years,beforerisingslightlyto2.5%thisJuly.Thisisalongwaybelowthedouble-digitrateswhichmanycountriesexperiencedinthe1970sandearly1980s.Itisalsolessthanmostforecastershadpredicted.Inlate1994thepanelofeconomistswhichTheEconomistpollseachmonthsaidthatAmerica'sinflationratewouldaverage3.5%in1995.Infact,Itfellto2.6%inAugust,andisexpectedtoaverageonlyabout3%fortheyearasawhole.InBritainand

35Japaninflationisrunninghalfapercentagepointbelowtheratepredictedattheendoflastyear.②Thisisnoflashinthepan.Overthepastcoupleyears,inflationhasbeenconsisicnilylowerthanexpectedinBritainandAmerica.EconomistshavebeenparticularlysurprisedbyfavorableinflationfiguresinBritainandtheUnitedStates,sinceconventionalmeasuressuggestthatbotheconomies,andespeciallyAmerica's,havelittleproductiveslack.America'scapacityutilization,forexample,hithistoricallyhighlevelsearlierthisyear,anditsjoblessrate(5.6%inAugust)hasfallenbellowmostestimatesofthenaturalrateofunemployment-theratebelowwhichinflationhastakenoffonthepast.Whyhasinflationprovedsomild?(3)Themostthrillingexplanationis,unfortunately,alittledefective.Someeconomistsarguethatpowerfulstructuralchangesintheworldhaveupendedtheoldeconomicmodelsthatwerebaseduponthehistoricallinkbetweengrowthandinflation.名人名言Ofallthedispositionsandhabitswhichleadtopoliticalprosperity,religionandmoralityareindispensablesupports.Invainwouldthatmanclaimthetributeofpatriotismwhoshouldlabortosubvertthesegreatpillarsofhumanhappiness.GWashington生词与联想词monetaryfinancialfinancerevenuesteerpaddleoardockferrybrakevalvelinkinflationvaryvariationvariablelagdraglingerhencehenceforthanalogyrear-hindboastmeredigitdigitalrateratioforecastpredictpanelpollconsistentconvention—conventional-一assembly-conferencecongress■一session—symposium—preside-attendanceproductiveproductivityutilityutilizeutilizationhistoricalhistorichistorianmildmoderatethrilldefectdefectivedeficiencydisposedispositionindispensablepatriotismpatiotictribute

36Unit23BringBirthRateUnderControlItremainstobeseenwhetherthereservesofrawmaterialsintheyear2000willbesufficienttosupplyaworldeconomywhichwillhavegrownbyfivehundredpercent.South-EastAsiaalonewillhaveanenergyconsumptionfivetimesgreaterthanthatofWesternEuropein1970.Incidentally,iftheunderdevelopedcountriesstartedusinguppetrolatthesamerateastheindustrializedareas,thenworldreserveswouldbeexhaustedby1990.①Allthisonlygoestoshowjusthowimportanlitistosetupap山ntoconserveanddivideupfairlynaturalresourcesonaworldwidescale.Thisisamatteroflifeanddeathbecauseworldpopulationisexpandingatanincrediblerate.Bythemiddleofthenextcenturypopulationwillexpandeveryyearbyasmuchasitdidinthefirst1500yearsafterChrist.Inthesouthern,poorpartsoftheglove,thefiguresareenoughtomakeyourhairstandontheend.Evensupposingthatstepsaretakentostabilizeworldpopulationinthenextfiftyyears,thenumberofinhabitantspersquarekilometerwillincreasebyfrom4intheUnitedStatesto140inSouthEastAsia.Whatcanwedoaboutit?Inthefirsthypothesiswedonothing.Bytheyear2000,thesouthernpartsoftheworldwouldthenhaveapopulationgreaterthanthetotalworldpopulationtoday.Alternatelywecouldstartactingrightnowtobringbirthrateundercontrolwithinfifteenyearssothatpopulationlevelsoff.Eventhenthepopulationinthesouthernareaswouldnotstopgrowingforseventy-fiveyears.Andthepopulationwouldleveloffatsomethingliketwicetoday'sfigure.Finally,wecouldwaittentotwentyyearsbeforetakingaction.Ifwewaittenyearsthepopulationofthesouthernareawouldstabilizeat3,000million.Eventodaythenumberofpotentialworkersincreasesby350,000peopleperweek.Bytheendofthecenturythisfigurewillreach750,000.Inotherwords,itwillbenecessarytofindworkfor40millionpeopleperyear-nottospeakoffood.Whatthismeansinpracticaltermwecanscarcelyimagine.②Butclearlyifwedonothing,naturewillsolvetheproblemforus.Butatwhatcost!匿人名匍③Thelibertyoftheindividualmustbethuslimited:hemustnotmakehimselfanuisancetootherpeopleMillPeacedoesnotrestinchartersandtreatiesalone.Itliesintheheartsandmindsofthepeople.KennedyIsolationmeans,infuture,deathandruinofthecountryNethru生词与联想词reservesreservationconserveconservationrawmaterialmaterialismsufficientadequateabundantabundanceampleincidentincidenceincidentallypetrolpetroleum

37industrialindustrializeindustriousexhaustresourceworldwidescaleexpandexpansioninhabitantinhabitresidentresidencehypothesisalternatealternativesubstitutelevelflattenpotentiallatentscarcelyscarcesolvesolutionsolublelimitlimitationlimitednuisancecharterfaretreatyisolateinsulateUnit24Entrepreneur开拓型企业家AwomangoestoworkforalargecorporationlikeIBM.Sheisintelligent,ambitiousandhard-working.Sheisalsogoodatsolvingproblems.Shelikesthesecurityofadefinitesalaryandthesecurityofknowingthattherewillalwaysbeadefinedjobtobedone,adefinitedirectioninwhichtoexertherabilities.Perhapstheconsciousnessthatabilitywillberewardedisalsoimportant.Amangoestoworkforthegovernmentservice.Heiscompetentandhard-workingbutheisnotambitious.Hedoesnotliketoworkunderpressureorinacompetitiveenvironment.Hisrealinterestslieoutsideworkinhisloveofmusic.①Anotherbrashyoungmanwhowantsonlyloworkforhimselfproceedstoseiuphisownbusiness,startingwithahamburgerfranchiseforwhichheborrowsmoney.Hissatisfactionistoseethingshappen.Hewantstobeabletomakethingshappen.Hewantstolookattheaccountsattheendofthemonthandseewhathashappened.Hewantsthemaximumresponsibilityandthemaximumreward;hedoesnotmindtherisk.②IlisiheurgelobringsomelhingaboutIhatdefinestheenlrepreneur.Thisurgeisnotunlikethatofthepainterofwriter.Thereisanurgetomakesomethinghappen,somethingthatwasnottherebefore.Themediumchosenbytheentrepreneurisactionoroperation.Theaestheticsatisfactionisthatofseeingsomethinghappeningeffectively,ofseeingdecisionscorrectlymade.Thissatisfactionismadeconcretebymoney.③Moneyistheindicatorofsuccessbutnotnecessarilythedrivingfactor.Thetestwouldbesimple:ifanentrepreneurwassuddenlygivenasmuchmoneyashewanted,wouldhestophisactivitiesofusethemoneytodevelopnewones?Historyisverymuchonthesideofthenewactivities.Theentrepreneurseeksoutopportunities;hetriesthingsout;hemakesdecisionsbasedasmuchonhunchasonanalysis.Quiteoftenhestartsupasuccessfulbusinesswhichgrowstosuchasizethathisentrepreneurialstyleofmanagementisnolongerthebestandhehastoresignifthecompanyistosurvive.Entrepreneursaretheriskelementinsociety,theevolutionaryelementthatbringsaboutchangeasdistinctfromtheoperatingelementthatkeepsthingstickingover.Intoomanycountriestheyarediscouragedasbeinggreedyandselfish.

38英语谚语Thelifeofthewolfisthedeathofthelamb.Therecomesnothingoutofthesackbutwhatisinit.Deathpaysalldebts.生词与联想词intelligentintelligenceambitiousambitionsecuritysecuredefinitedefinetentativeexertresortconsciousconsciousnessrewardawardbonuscompetentproficientproficiencyversatilecompetecompetitioncompetitivecompetitoropponentbrashproceedproceedingfranchiseurgeurgentaestheticconcrete——plaster——limecementbricktilehunchstyleresignresignationsurvivesurvivalelementelementaryevolutionevolvedistinctdistinctiondiverse——vague-・・・obscure——ambiguousdiscouragedismaytickgreedywolfbeastlambdeerzebra——camel—rabbit----hare—squirrel・・・ratsackdebtmortgageloanUnit25HowNewYorkBecameAmericansLargestCityInthe18thcenturyNewYorkwassmallerthanPhiladelphiaandBoston.TodayitisthelargestcityinAmerica.Howcanthechangeinitssizeandimportancebeexplained?Toanswerthisquestionwemustconsidercertainfactsaboutgeography,history,andeconomics.TogetherthesethreewillexplainthehugegrowthofAmerica'smostfamouscity.ThemapoftheNortheastshowsthatthefourareaswiththelargestpopulationsinthisregionarearoundseaports.AtthesepointsmaterialsfromacrosstheseaentertheUnitedStates,andtheproductsofthelandaresentthereforexportacrossthesea.Weknowthatplaceswheretransportationlinesmeetaregoodplacesformakingrawmaterialsinto

39finishedgoods.Thatiswhyseaportsoftenhavecitiesnearby.ButcitieslikeNewYorkneededmorethantheirgeographicallocationinordertobecomegreatindustrialcenters.About1815,whenmanyAmericansfromtheeasthadalreadymovedtowardthewest,transportationroutesfromtheseaportstothecentralregionsofthecountrybegantobeaseriousproblem.Theslowwagonsofthattime,usuallydrawbyhorses,weretooexpensiveformovingheavyfreightveryfar.(l)InNewYorkacanalseemedthebestanswertothetransportationproblem.FromtheeasternendofLakeErieallthewayacrossthestatetotheHudsonRiverthereisalongstripoflowland.HeretheErieCanalwasbuilt.Afterseveralyearsofworkitwascompletedin1825.Thecanalproducedanimmediateeffect.Freightcostswerecuttoaboutonetenthofwhattheyhadbeen.NewYorkCity,whichhadbeensmallerthanPhiladelphiaandBoston,quicklybecametheleadingcityofthecoast.Thecomingoftherailroadsmadecanalshippinglessimportant,butittiedNewYorkevenmorecloselytothecentralregionsofthecountry.ItwaseasierforpeopleinthecentralstatestoshiptheirgoodstoNewYorkforexportoverseas.ExportsfromNewYorkweregreaterthanimports.②Asaresult,shippingcompaniesmadeeveryefforttofilltheirshipswithpassengersonthereturntripfromEurope.AndsopassengercouldcomefromEuropeverycheaply.ThusNewYorkbecamethegreatestportforreceivingpeoplefromEuropeancountries.Manyofthesepeopleremainedinthecity.ForthesegreatnumbersofnewAmericansNewYorkhadtoprovidehomes,goodsandotherthings.Theirlaborhelpedthecitybecomegreat.英语谚语(3)Astitchintimesavesnine.Nobees,nohoney;nowork,nomoney.Greatestgeniusoftenliesconcealed.生砺联想词economyeconomic----economics——economicalmonetary—financegrowthmaturitymaturedecreaseregionterritoryrangezoneprovincecountysphere—domainseaportimportexportpassportsmugglematerialmaterialismproductproductiveproductivitytransporttransportation-transfer---transmit——transmissiondispatchroutewagonfreightstrip——stripepeelleadingleaderleadershiphierarchyelitestitchneedleknitweavehoneygeniusconceal

40Unit26CZreditUarci①America'sloveaffairwiththecredilcardbeganin1949.WhenbusinessmanFrankMcNamarafinishedamealinaNewYorkrestaurantandthendiscoveredhehadnocash.Inthosedays,gasolineandstorechargecardswerecommon,butcashwasstandardforalmosteverythingelse.McNamaracalledhiswife,whorushedovertobailhimout.HisembarrassmentgavehimtheideaforDinersClub.Withinayearsome200peoplecarriedtheworld'sfirstmulti-usecard.Foranannualfeeof$5,thesecardholderscouldchargemealsat27restaurantsinandaroundNewYorkCity.Bytheendof1951morethanamilliondollarshadbeenchargedonthegrowingnumberofcards,andthecompanywassoonturningaprofit.Theproblemwastopersuadeenoughpeopletocarrythecards.DinersClubturnedtopromotions.Itgaveawayaround-the-worldtriponapopulartelevisionshow.Thewinnerschargedtheirexpensesandmadeit“fromNewYorktoNewYorkwithoutadimeintheirpocket”.By1955theconvenienceofchargingwascatchingoninabigway.ThefirsttoturnaprofitwasBankofAmerica'sBankAmericard.Bankersfromalloverthecountrydescendedonit'sCaliforniaheadquarterstolearnthesecretofitssuccess-somanythatin1966BankAmericardbeganfomiingallianceswithbanksoutsidethestate.Fivemillionholidaycreditcardshopperswouldhavecreatedabonanzaforbanks,butinthedashtomarket,thebankshadbeenlessthancautiousinassemblingtheirlists.Somefamiliesreceived15cards.Deadpeopleandbabiesgotcards.HundredsofChicagoansdiscoveredtheycoulduseofsellacardthey“found“andbylaw,thepersonwhosenameappearedonitwasliableforthecharges-evenifheorshehadneverrequestedofreceivedthecard.②Thedisastersparkedamovementtoregulatetheindustry.PublicLaw91-508,signedbyPresidentNixoninOctober1970,prohibitedissuersfromsendingcardstopeoplewhohadn'trequestedthemandallbuteliminatedcard-holderliabilityforchargesonacardreportedlostorstolen.Later,theFairCreditBillingActsetstandardproceduresforresolvingbillingdisputes.Ofcourse,Creditcardshavenotonlyreplacedcashformanypurposes,butalsoineffecthavecreatedcashbymakingitinstantlyavailablevirtuallyeverywhere.Expertsestimatetherearefrom15,000to19,000differentcardsavailableinhiscountry.③Sotherevolutionihalbeganin1949withaembarrassedbusinessmanwhowasoulofcashnowseemscomplete.WhatAlfredBloomingdale,thenpresidentofDinersClub,predictedmorethan30yearsagoseemstohavecometrue:anAmericawhere“therewillbeonlytwoclassesofpeople—thosewithcreditandthosewhocan'tgetthem.^^

41生词与联想词cashcashiergasolinegasgaseouskerosenebailembarrassembarrassmentannualanniversarymonthlyquarterlyfortnightovernight--一periodicalfeefareexpenseexpendexpendituredimeshillingconvenienceconvenientdescenddescendentdescentascendheadquartersallianceallyalliedbonanzadashassembleassemblyrallysparksparkletwinkleprohibiteliminateabolisheraseexpeldisputedebateargumentestimateoverestimateunderestimate-evaluate—evaluation--assessimaginativeimaginaryimaginationvirtualvirtuallyUnit27ANewCurrency"Euro"①Anewcurrencycalledihe“Euro”waslaunchedinEurope.Itwillreplaceelevencurrenciesbytheyear2002sothatelevenEuropeancountrieswillshareacommoneurocurrency.Theeurowillmakeiteasierforthesecountriestotradewitheachotherandforothercountriestotradewiththem.Theeuroisthelatestinaglobaleconomyofmoneywhichseesfrantictradingofcurrencyhoursaday.Everydaytrillionsofdollarsaremovedaroundtheworldviabanks'computers.Evenasnationssleep,thefiberopticcables,faxandphonelines,andInternetcyberspacehighwaysarehummingwiththetradeinmoney.Thisnewformofelectronicmoneyistakingtheplaceofthecashthatweknowfromeverydaydealings.Moneyhasbeenusedformanycenturiesbutnotalwaysinformofcoinsandnotes.Someculturesusedshells,clothandpreciousstones.EarlyMaoritradeditemsofvaluesuchasfoodandgreenstone.Historically,gold,silver,copperandbrassbecamethecommonestcurrency,usedbytheChinese,Greeks,Romans,ArabsandIndians.PapermoneywasusedinChinaasearlyasathousandyearsago.Overtime,theintroductionofcheques,plasticcreditcards,andrecentlyelectronicbanking,havemeantthatnewstandardsformeasuringthevalueofmoneyhavebeensought.Youcanseenthefluctuatingvalueofmoneywhenyoucomparethebuyingpowerofthedollarovertime-becauseofinflation,one

42dollartodaybuyslessthanatenthofthatonedollarcouldbuyin1967.Theconstantwhichcouldbeguaranteedtomeasurethevalueofmoneyusedtobethegoldba匚Butgoldhasfluctuatedsincethestandardpriceofgold(aconstantat$US35anouncefordecades)becamemoveable.Todaygoldisboughtandsolddaily.Ithasmovedashighas$US800anounce,andnowhoversaroundthe$US250to$270mark.Stockexchangersarenoguaranteeofpermanentvalueseither②Conslancyisnotconstancy,toparaphraseShakespeare,“whichalterswhenilsalleralionfinds.”匿人名言1③Courageisnotheloweringoakthatseesstormscomeandgo：itisthefragileblossomthatopensinthesnow.AliceSwainHistoryistheessenceofinnumerablebiographies.TomasCarlyleErrorslikestrawuponthesurfaceflow;Hewhowouldsearchforpearlsmustdivebelow.JohnDrydenTheslighteststretchofanytruthwillproduceanabsurdity.生词与联想词launchglobalglobefranticfurioushystericaltrillionfaxhistoricalhistorichistoriancopper-brassplasticfluctuatevibrateshiftconstantbarouncehoverstockbond--一reserve--一reservationtowerskyscraperoakcherrychestnutpalmpinefragilecrisptenderdelicatesubtlebrittleblossombloombudsproutessenceessentialinnumerablenumeroushandfulbiographyessayerrorerroneousflawfaultypearl-jewel-jewelryrubydiveslightslenderslimabsurdabsurdityUnit28AlphabetfortheEffectiveIVlanagerA-ThemanagerisAMBITIOUSB-BACKShispeopleC-COMMUNICATESwellwithsubordinates,peers,superiorsD-DELEGATESdeftly,startsmall-increasingE-isETHICAL,giveakindofmodeltohispeopleF-isFAIRbutFIRM,justicecomesbeforecharityG一CatalystforGROWTH,plannedprogramofdevelopment

43H-HUSBANDShisresources,avoidwastingresourcesI-INSPIRESrespectandconfidenceJ-HasgoodJUDGEMENT-NobodyisperfectK-KNOWSthesystemwithinwhichhemustworkL-LEADS,3alternatives:driveshispeople,pullshispeople,seeksrelationshipM-MOTIVATES,opportunitiesforsubordinatestomotivatethemselvesN-isopentotheNewandnovel,improvement,innovationO-ORIENTEDtothefuture,forecastingP-PATIENTLYpersistent,seeeverything,overlookalot,correctalittleQ一AskstherightQUESTIONSsuchas“whatisyouropinion?'R-REVIEWStheworkofhispeople-preventativemanagementS-STAFFSefficiently,seekoutandpromotethosewhoareableT-IsaTEACHERanddoesnotgettiredofitU-UNDERSTANDShimself,isawareofhisassetsV-IsVEXEDbytherightthingsW-①WEARSwell,distinguishbetweenbeingmerelyslickandtrulysmoothX-EXAMINEcauses,notsymptomsY-NeverYIELDShisbasicconvictionsZ-HasaZESTfortheworkbedoes名人名言Imaginationisnottobedivorcedfromthefacts.Theloverofnatureishewhoseinwardandoutwardsensesarestilltrulyacijustedtoeachother;whohasretainedthespiritofinfancyevenintotheeraofmanhood©Craftmustclothes、biniruthlovestogonaked.Aquietconsciencesleepsinthunder生词与联想词alphabetthresholdcommunicatecommunicationsubordinateinferiorpeer-superiorsuperioritydelegatedelegationdeftlyshrewdclumsyethicaljustice-justifycharitycatalystavoidvoidinspireinspirationconfidenceconfidentconfidentialnovelnoveltyinnovationoverlookoverhearoverhauloverlapawarebewareignorantignoranceassetvexmereslicksymptomyieldconvictionconvinceconvict

44zestzealzealousenthusiasmdivorceretainnakedconscienceconscientiousthunderlightningUnit29TheMergingofManandComputerin21s,CenturyEducationin2009:TowardComputer-AidedSelf-LearningStudentstypicallyhaveacomputeroftheirown,athin,tablelikedeviceweighingunderapound,withavery-high-resolutiondisplaysuitableforreading.Learningmaterialsareaccessedthroughwirelesscommunication.Thetraditionalmodeofahumanteacherinstructionagroupofchildrenisstillprevalent,butschoolsincreasinglyrelyonsoftwareapproaches.Teachersprimarilyattendtoissuesofmotivation,psychologicalwell-being,andsocialization.Businessin2009:VirtualCommerceGrowsAtleasthalfofalltransactionsareconductedonline.®Thereisastrongtrendtowardthngeographicseparationofworkgroups.Peoplearesuccessfullyworkingtogetherdespitelivingandworkingindifferentplaces.Theaveragehouseholdhasmorethan100computers,mostofwhichareembeddedinappliancesandbuilt-incommunicationsystems.Householdrobotshaveemergedbutarenotyetfullyaccepted.HealthCarein2009:ElectronicParamedicsTelemedicineiswidelyused:Physiciansexaminepatientsusingvisual,auditoryexaminationfromadistance.Computer-basedpatternrecognitionisroutinelyusedtointerpretimagingdataandotherdiagnosticprocedures.Lifetimepatientrecordsaremaintainedincomputerdatabases.TheArtsin2009:Media-EnhancedExpressionThecomputerscreenisthemediumofchoiceforvisualart,whichisbecomingacollaborationbetweenhumanartistsandtheirintelligentartsoftware.Technologyallowsnonmusicianstocreatemusic,suchascyberneticmusic-creationsystemsandsoftwaretocreatemusicfromaperson'sbrainwaves.Writersusevoice-activatedwordprocessingandstyle-improvementsoftware.名人名言Tofleeviceisthebeginningofvirtue;andtohavegotridoffoolisthebeginningofwisdom.②Confessingafaultmakeshalfamendsforit.Jealousyiscruelasthegrave.Timepartiallyreconcilestoanything.

45生词写联想词mergedeviceinstrumentapparatusinstructinstructorprevalentprimarypreliminaryfundamentalprincipalpsychologicalpsychologyparamedicattendantwardemergesubmergevisualvisionvideoauditoryinterpretinterpreterdiagnosticdiagnoseX-raymaintainupholdsustainaffirmaffirmativeassertenhanceenlargeelevateelevationmagnifyamplifycollaboratecooperatecooperativecyberneticfleewisdomwitwitty

46confessdenydenialamendjealous-jealousyenvygravetombfuneralmournwreathsolemnsoberreconcilecompromiseconcessionUnit30PostwarJapan①AimlessnesshashardlybeentypicalofthepostwarJapanwhoseproduclivilyandsocialharmonyareIheenvyofiheUnitedStalesandEurope.ButincreasinglytheJapaneseareseeingadeclineofthetraditionalworkvalues.Tenyearsagoyoungpeoplewerehardworkingandsawtheirjobsastheirprimaryreasonforbeing,butnowJapanhaslargelyfulfilleditseconomicneeds,andyoungpeopledon'tknowwheretheyshouldgonextThecomingofageofthepostwarbabyboomandanentryofwomenintothemale-dominatedjobmarkethavelimitedtheopportunitiesofteenagerswhoarealreadyquestioningtheheavypersonalsacrificesinvolvedinclimbingJapan'srigidsocialladdertogoodschoolsandjobs.Inarecentsurvey,itwasfoundthatonly24.5percentofJapanesestudentswerefullsatisfiedwithschoollife,comparedwith67.2percentofstudentsinUnitedStates.Inaddition,farmoreJapaneseworkersexpresseddissatisfactionwiththeirjobsthandidtheircounterpartsinthe10othercountriessurveyed.②Whileoftenpraisedbyforeignersforitsemphasisonthebasics,Japaneseeducationtendstostresstesttakingandmechanicallearningovercreativityandself-expression.kThosethingsthatdonotshowupinthetestscores-personality,ability,courageorhumanity-arecompletelyignored/saysToshikiKaifu,chairmanoftherulingLiberalDemocraticParty'seducationcommittee^Frustrationagainstthiskindofthingleadskidstodropoutandrunwild."LastyearJapanexperienced2,125incidentsofschoolviolence,including929assaultsonteachers.Amidtheoutcry,manyconservativeleadersareseekingareturntotheprewaremphasisonmoraleducation.LastyearMitsuoSetoyama,whowastheneducation,minister,raisedeyebrowswhenhearguethatliberalreformsintroducedbytheAmericanoccupationauthoritiesafterWorldWar11hadweakenedthe“Japanesemoralityofrespectforparents.”ButthatmayhavemoretodowithJapaneselifestyles.4kInJapan,“sayseducatorYokoMuro,③211neveraqueslionofwhetheryouenjoyyourjobandyourlife,bulonlyhowmuchyoucanendure”Witheconomicgrowthhascomecentralization;fully76percentofJapan119millioncitizensliveincitieswherecommunityandtheextendedfamilyhavebeenabandonedinfavorofisolated,two-generationhouseholds.UrbanJapanesehavelongenduredlengthycommutes(travelstoandfromwork)andcrowdedlivingconditions,butastheoldgroupandfamilyvaluesweaken,thediscomfortisbeginningtotell.Inthepastdecade,theJapanesedivorcerate,increasedbymorethan50percent,andsuicideshaveincreasedbynearlyone-quarter.

47生词与联想词typicaltraditionfulfillaccomplisheconomiceconomyeconomicaleconomicsteenagernaughtymischiefnativeboombangsacrificerigidstiffstemstubbornsurveycensusadditionadditionalcounterpartemphasisemphasizeemphasizemechanicalmechanicmechanicsmechanismhumanityignoredisregardoverlookliberalliberatelibertycommitteecommissiondemocraticdemocracyviolenceviolentconservativeendureenduranceabandondiscardurbancommutedivorce—engage---married・・・bride—bachelor---virgin--widow-nephew—niecesuicideUnit31ThereisIVToreWeCanDoAfterlastweek'sdeadlyshootings,PresidentClintonprovidedwrittenanswerstoquestionsfromNEWSWEEK'SDebraRosenberg.NEWSWEEK:Whynotregisterallguns?CLINTON:Wehavelicensesfordrivingandforhunting;Ithinkweshouldhavethemtooforbuyingnewhandguns.Undermyplan,newhandgunpurchaserswouldfirsthavetogetastate-issuedphotolicenseshowingthattheypassedtheBradybackgroundcheckandagun-safetytrainingrequirement.NEWSWEEK:IsthereanychanceCongresswillpassyourplanthisyear?CLINTON:It'salwaystoughtobreakthestrangleholdthegunlobbyhasontheleadersofthisCongress.Butwe'vetakenonthegunlobbybeforeandwon.TheBradyLawisagreatexample.NEWSWEEK:In1998youcelebratedthefactthatseveralmajorguncompaniesagreedtoshipgunswithsafetylocks.Butnowthisdoesn'tseemtobeenough.Whatdoyousaytothosewhoseeyoureffortsasthefirststeptowardanoutrightbanongunownership?CLINTON:Iapplaudtheresponsibleleadersinthegunindustrywhoagreedtoshipgunswithchildsafety

48locks,butthereisclearlymorewecando.Ifiredmyfirst22whenIwasjustaboy.Igrewupinastatewherehalfthepeoplehaveahuntingoffishinglicense.Thisisn'taboutinfringingontheabilityofhuntersandsportsmantogettheirfirearms.It'saboutsavinglives.Somesaythatnolawcouldhavekeptthishandgunoutofa6-year-old'shands.Wecanneverknowifanyoneproposalcouldhavepreventedthesetragedies.I'veproposed$10millionfundthedevelopmentandexpansionof“smartgunMtechnologythatcanlimitagun'susetotheproperadultowner.①I'veofferedlegislationtopunishadultswhorecklesslyletchildrenhaveaccesstodeadlyweapons.Adozenchildrenadayarekilledbygunfire.NEWSWEEK:WhatelsecanAmericansdotoendthesortofviolentepisodesthatwewitnessedlastweek?CLINTON:Lastweek'sdeadlyincidentsdifferedinmanyways,buttheysharedonekeyelement:gunsinthewronghands.SoCongresscandoitspartbysendingmecommonsenselegislationthatcanhelpkeepgunsawayfromcriminals,childrenandotherswhoshouldnothavethem.Themediaandentertainmentindustriescanhelpchangeaculturethattoooftenglorifiesviolence.②Andmostfundamentally,parentscantalktoiheirchildren,teachthemtoresolvetheirconflictspeacefully,raiseihemwiththerightvalues.Inspiteoflastweek'sawfulevents,Istillbelievewecanmakethisthesafestbigcountryintheworld.生词与联想词registerenrollrecruitlicensecertificatewarranthuntpreybackgroundrequirementcongressstatesmanpoliticianstrangleholdlobbyownershipapplaudapplauseclapflapslaptapinfingetragedytragicmiseryadultadolescentweaponepisodewitnesstestifytestimonyelementcomponentconstituentingredientcriminalcrimecommonsensecommonplace

49entertainamuseentertainmentglorifyglorygloriousfundamentalresolveawfulawfullyamusementrecreationUnit32Don'tTrytoCloneHumansWhenaScottishresearchteamstartledtheworldbyrevealing3monthsagothatithadclonedanadultsheep,PresidentClintonmovedswiftly.Declaringthathewasopposedtousingthisunusualanimalhusbandrytechniquetoclonehumans,heorderedthatfederalfundsnotbeusedforsuchanexperiment-althoughnoonehadproposedtodoso-andaskedanindependentpanelofexpertschairedbyPrincetonPresidentHaroldShapirotoreportbacktotheWhiteHousein90dayswithrecommendationsforanationalpolicyonhumancloning.①Thalgroup-theNationalBioethicsAdvisoryCommission(NBAC)-hasbeenwoikingfeverishlytopuPitswisdomonpaper、andatameetingon17May,membersagreedonanear-finaldraftoftheirrecommendations.NABCwillaskthatClinton's90-daybanonfederalfundsforhumancloningbeextendedindefinitely,andpossiblythatitbemadelaw.ButNBACmembersareplanningtowordtherecommendationnarrowlytoavoidnewrestrictionsonresearchthatinvolvesthecloningofhumanDNAorcells-routineinmolecularbiology.Thepanelhasnotyetreachedagreementonacrucialquestion,however,whethertorecommendlegislationthatwouldmakeitacrimeforprivatefundingtobeusedforhumancloning.Inadraftprefacetotherecommendations,discussedatthe17Maymeeting,Shapirosuggestedthatthepanelhadfoundabroadconsensusthatitwouldbe"morallyunacceptabletoattempttocreateahumanchildbyadultnuclearcloning.^^Shapiroexplainedduringthemeetingthatthemoraldoubtstemsmainlyfromfearsabouttherisktothehealthofthechild.Thepaneltheninformallyacceptedseveralgeneralconclusions,althoughsomedetailshavenotbeensettled.NBACplanstocallforacontinuedbanonfederalgovernmentfundingforanyattempttoclonebodycellnucleitocreateachild.Becausecurrentfederallawalreadyforbidstheuseoffederalfundstocreateembryos(theearlieststageofhumanoffspringbeforebirth)forresearchoftoknowinglyendangeranembryo'slife,NBACwillremainsilentonembryoresearch.NBACmembersalsoindicatedthattheywillappealtoprivatelyfundedresearchersandclinicsnottotrytoclonehumansbybodycellnucleartransfer.②BuitheyweredividedonwhetherlogofurtherbycallingforafederallawIhalwouldimposeacompletebanonhumancloning.Shapiroandmostmembersfavoredanappealforsuchlegislation,butinaphoneinterview,hesaidthisissuewasstill44upintheai『'生词与联想词cloneXeroxduplicatestartlescarerevealdisclose

50swifthastypromptvelocityopposeobjectionhusbandrypanelcommissioncommitteecouncildraftrestrictionrestrictroutinecustomarybiologybioethicscrucialrecommendcounselproposeproposalpropositionprefaceindexconsensusunanimousnuclearnucleusreactorstemconcludeconclusiondetailoffspringforefatherancestordescendantappealpetitionpleadimposeUnit33IsItSafetoBuyOnline?Isitsafetobuyonline?ThisisoneofthemostcommonquestionsIhearfromnewvisitorstotheWorldWideWed.Sure,therearealotoftemptinggoodsfbrsaleonline.Butelectroniccommerce(ecommoerce)issonewthatmostpeoplehaveyettotryit.AccordingtoForresterResearch,only10%ofusboughtonlinelastyear.Thatfirstonlinepurchasecanbeintimidating.Willmycreditcardbeprotectedfromhackers?Fortunately,onlineshoppingisactuallyverysafe.PasswordProtection:Ifyoushopusinganyup-to-dateInternetbrowserlikeMicrosoft'sInternetExplorerofAmericaOnline,yourcreditcardnumberiswellprotected.Eachshoppingsitewillaskyoutocreateauniqueusernameandpasswordtoidentifyyourself.①Usesomenumbersandpunctuationmakesinyourpasswordlofoilallemptsloguessyourpassword.EncryptionSecurity:Yourbrowserscramblesimportantdatabeforesendingit.This“encryption”issohardtocrackthatthegovernmentdoesn'tallowthestrongestencryptiontobesoldoverseas.Youcantellthatyourdatahasbeenprotected,becausethebrowserputsasmallimageofakeyorlockinthelowercorner.Itwillalsopopupareminderthatyouhavejustenteredasecureconnection.Whenyoufinallysendyourcreditcardnumberoutintocyberspace,onlythesitewhereyouareshoppinghasthekeytounscrambleit.GovernmentGuarantee:Evenifyourcreditcardnumberfallsintothewronghands,youarestillprotectedbytheFairCreditBillingAct.Yourcreditcardcompanycannotchargeyouanymorethan$50ofanillicitpurchasemadewithyourcard(aslongasyoureporttheincorrectbillingwithin60days).Youalsodon'thavetopaywhilethecreditcardcompanyinvestigates.Andnow,mostmajorcreditcardcompaniestellmetheyhavechangedtheirpoliciessoyoudon'thavetopaythat&50,evenifyoureport

51aboguschargemonthsoryearslater.Goahead.Giveitatry.Youmightjustlikeit.名人名言②Repentanceisgood,butinnocenceisbetter.Manylords,manylaws.③Beauty,unaccompaniedbyvirtue、isasaflowerwithoutperfume.Suspicionisthepoisonoffriendship.Booksaretheever-burninglampsofaccumulatedwisdom.I生词与联想词ItempttemptationrepelelectronicelectronelectronicselectricalelectricianelectrifypurchaseintimidateuniquesingularidentifyidentificationfoilfrustrateencryptionsecuritysecurescrambleoverseaabroadpopconnectioncoherentguaranteeensureassureassuranceillicitinvestigatebogusshamrepentrepentanceinnocentinnocencelordlandlordaccompanyvirtueperfumesuspicionsuspiciouspoisonpoisonouslamplanternbulbaccumulatestackheapwisdomUnit34TheProspectsforCancerTreatment①"Ihavegreatconfideiwethatbytheendofthedecadewe'llknowinvastdetailhowcan8rcellsariseJsaysmicrobiologistRobertWeinberg,andexpertoncancer."But,"hecautions,

52Withasmanyas120varietiesinexistence,discoveringhowcancerworksisnoteasy.Theresearchersmadegreatprogressintheearly1970s,Whentheydiscoveredthatoncogenes,whicharecancer-causinggenes,areinactiveinnormalcells.Anythingfromcosmicraystoradiationtodietmayactivateadormantoncogene,buthowremainsunknown.Ifseveraloncogenesaredrivenintoaction,thecell,unabletoturnthemoff,becomescancerous.Theexactmechanismsinvolvedarestillmysterious,butthelikelihoodthatmanycancersareinitiatedatthelevelofgenessuggeststhatwewillneverpreventallcancers."Changesareanormalpartoftheevolutionaryprocess/'saysoncologistWilliamHayward.Environmentalfactorscanneverbetotallyeliminated;asHaywardpointsout,“Wecan'tprepareamedicineagainstcosmicrays.”②Theprospectsforcure,thoughstilldistant,arebrighten“First,weneedtounderstandhowthenormalcellcontrolsitself.Second,wehavetodeterminewhethertherearealimitednumberofgenesincellswhicharealwaysresponsibleforatleastpartofthetrouble.Ifwecanunderstandhowcancerworks,wecancounteractitsaction.M名人名言LifeiscomparedtovoyageLookbeforeyouleap,forsnakeamongsweetflowerdocreepAgoodconscienceisasoftpillowTimeislikethewaterinsponge;ifyousqueeze,youcanalwaysgetsome.Distanceisnaughtwhileheartwithheartcanmeet.生词与联想词prospectdecadearisecautioncautiousinfectioninfectioussurvivalsurvivestatisticsstatisticaldiscouragefrustratepancreasexistenceoncogenecosmicradiateradiatorradioactiveradioactivitydormantlevelleverlikelihoodinitiateinitiativevoyagenavigationmarine—submarine■一harbor-一anchor-一sailor--seamansnakereptileleapcreepcrawlstumble--tumble—jog-stride—tramp—gallop-paceconscienceconscientiouspillowquiltspongesqueezecompresscompactpinch-・・・punch—wrenchnaughtparameter

53Unit35OlobalWarmingHitsOceansGlobalwarmingcoulddisrupttheabilityofalargeportionoftheworld'soceanstoabsorbcarbondioxidefromtheatmosphere,@settingoffaviciouscycleinwhichtheearthgetsevenhotter,researcherssaid.EvidencefromanewstudyindicatesthatsomeconditionsscientiststhinkwilloccurwithglobalwarmingmaypromotethegrowthofalgaeintheSouthernOceanthatdonotabsorbcarbondioxideaswellasothers.ThesewatersaroundAntarcticamakeup10percentoftheworld'soceansandplayasignificantroleinsoakingupcarbondioxide,agreenhousegasseenasoneofthemaincausesofglobalwarming.4tThecapacityfortheSouthernOceantotakeupcarbondioxidemightbereduced,"Dr.Arrigo,abiologistinMaryland,saidinatelephoneinterview.Sincecarbondioxidecontributestoglobalwarming,scientistsbelieveagrowingbuild-upofthegaswouldmaketheenvironmentalproblemincreasinglyworse.Plants“breath“carbondioxideandhelpcontrolthebalanceofthegasintheatmosphere.Abouthalftheplantsthatusethisgasareintheoceans.WritinginthejournalScience,theresearcherssaidincreasingstratificationoftheSouthernOcean,ordifferencesinwaterdensityatdifferentdepths,wasthechangecausingalgaetodominatetheenvironment.IfglobalwarningcontinueswithincreasedprecipitationintheSouthernOcean,therewillbemorestratificationandthatwillfavoralgae.②Knowinghowmuchatmosphericcarbondioxidetheoceansuseisimportanlforscientistwhentryingtopredictclimatechange."Weneedtounderstandthecapacityoftheworld'soceanstotakeupallthiscarbondioxide,"Dr.Arrigosaid.44Atsomepointtheoceanmightreachitslimitandshutoff.”名人名言Youcan'thaveagoodviewoftheplainsunlessyouclimbupahighmountain;youcan'tbecomeafighterunlessyouhavetemperedyourselfinstrugglesInordertotempercastironintosteel,youmustintensifyheatinthefurnaceBetterdiestandingthanlivekneeling③LivingwellisthebestrevengeNoamountofmeritisanypretextforenjoyingprivilegesofanykind.④Looknolloohigh,Icsisomelhingfallintoyoureye.生词与联想词

54disruptportionsectionslicesegment・・・chapter---paragraphabsorbabsorptionfascinatecarbondioxideatmosphereatmosphericvicioussavagewickedevilcyclepedalevideneeevidentproofindicateindicationindicativeimplyspecifyalgaemosssignificantsignificancesoakcapacitycapableenvironmentcircumstancesurroundingsurroundincreasinglystratificationdensitydensecondensecompressdominatedominantprecipitateprecipitationplainplateau--一meadow--一pasture--一lawn——volcano——ridge--peak--一slope■一swamptemperfurnaceforgeweldkneelrevengepretextprivilegelestUnit3<5NationalPartiesintheUnitedStatesNationalpartiesintheUnitedStateshavegenerallybeenweakinstructureandwaryofideology.ManywritershavesaidthatAmericanpartiesaretheleastcentralizedintheworld.However,theargumentthatpartiescanbepushedtoofar.Forexample,inthiscentury,atleasttheRepublicanshavebeenmorecommittedthantheDemocratstoamarket-orientedeconomy,whiletheDemocratshavebeenmorepreparedtousegovernmenttoaddresseconomicproblems.Withinbothpartiestherehasbeenwidevarianceonissues,butingeneraltheRepublicanshavebeenthemoreconservativeandtheDemocratsthemoreliberal.Bothparties,however,haveresistedreducingthesetendenciesintheirsocial,economic,andmoralbeliefsystemstoarigidideology.Andneither,untilrecently,vestedmuchauthorityinitsnationalpartystructure.CDAtstateandlocallevels,ontheotherhand,partyorganizationsoftenachievedimpressivelevelsofsolidarityandinternaldiscipline.BothDemocratsandRepublicansmaintainedpotentlocalpoliticalorganizationsinmanycitiesandstates.Whatevertheirmeritsordemerits,thetraditionalorganizationswentintosteepdeclineduringthe1950'sand1960's.Theoldorganizationslosttheabilitytomaintaininternaldiscipline.Theshareofvotersregardingthemselvesaspoliticalindependents,thatis,peoplenotaffiliatedwitheitherofthemajorparties,rose.Therewereseveralreasonsforthelossofeffectivenessofthemajorpartyorganizations.Developmentofawelfarestateadministeredbythefederalgovernmentestablishedsomeoftheservicesthathadformerlybeendispensedbytheorganizationsaspoliticalfavors.Asrecentimmigrantsbecame

55moreeducatedtheywerelessdependentonpartyworkers.Theinclusionofmorestateemployeesundercivilserviceprotectiondriedupsomeoftheoldwellsofpatronage.②Growingunionizationofpublicemployeesafter1960struckasevenmoreseriousblowalihepatronagesystem.Televisionbroughtcandidatesintovoters,livingrooms,therebyantiquatingsomeofthecommunicationandeducationfunctionsofpartyworkers.Mostofall,perhaps,theoldtribaldifferencesassociatedwiththepartiesbegantoseemirrelevanttomembersofgenerationsthatsoughtfreshidentities.名人名言Noonecandegradeusexceptourselves.B.T.WashingtonBusinessunderlieseverythinginournationallife,includingourspirituallife.Witnessthefactthatinthelord'sPrayerthefirstpetitionisfordailybread.NoonecanworshipGodonanemptystomach.生词与联想词nationalnationalitystructurewaryideologyrepublicancommitassignassignmentdemocratdemocracydemocraticorientorientaltendencytendrigidflexiblevestauthorityimpressiveimpressionimpresssolidaritysolidifypotentsteepabruptsheervoteelectaffiliateestablishestablishmentdispenseimmigrantmigrateemigratecivilcivilianpatronsponsorcandidateantiquatetriberacialassociateassociationdegradeupgradeunderlieunderlyingunderlineworshipUnit37VocabularyKvolution①"Intemet“hascreatedanewvocabularythathascometorepresenlahistoricaleraofchange.AskJohnMorse,publisherofMerriam-WebsterDictionaries,tonamethewordthatdefinesthecloseofthecenturyandhedoesn'thesitate:"Internet.”“Nootherwordhasbecomepartofpeople'slivessoquicklyorhashadsuchanimpact,Mhesays.②TheInternethassweptintoiheAmericanvocabularyandgivenbirthtosomanynewwordsandphrases—“netizenj“chatroom”and“homepage,“amongthem-thalilhascomelo

56representanerainsocialhistory,hesays.Andmoreremarkably,“Internet“hasmanagedtobecomethemostsignificantwordofthecenturyinlessthanadecade."Wefirststartedseeinganumberofcitationsin1994,andby1998itwasestablishedinthedictionary,“Morsesays,“Itwasjustastounding."Noothernewwordhasgainedsuchwidespreadacceptancesoquickly,hesays.Justacenturyago,anotherformofcommunicationsweptintothelanguage.Inthe1898editionofMerriam-Webster^CollegiateDictionary,thehotnewwordwas“telephone”."Itbroughtmassivesocialchangeandreshapedthewaypeopledidbusiness,justastheInternetisdoingtoday,“Morsesays.'Telephone“wasnoeasylinguisticacttofollow.Ithelpedbringintopopularusageawiderangeofnewwordsandphrases-busysignals,wrongnumbers,voicemail,cellphone.ItalsogavetheUnitedStatesitsstandardgreeting:Hello.‘That'showvocabularyevolves,vMorsesays.AllanMetcalf,aprofessoratMacMurrayCollegeinIllinois,helpsputtogetheralistofwordsoftheyearfortheAmericanDialectSociety.Hesaystheword“Internet''isastrongcandidatetodefinetheendofthecentury.AtMerriam,newwordsearnaplaceinthedictionarysimplybyrepeateduseinthepopularpress.Merriam'slexicographersspendalargepartoftheirdayreadingnewspapers,magazines,andnowInternetpublications.Eachnewword-alongwithacopyfromthepublicationshowinghowitwasused-goesintoanelectronicdatabase.名人名言Themillionaireclass,asmallbutgrowingoneintowhichanyofusmaybeflungtomorrowbytheaccidentsofcommerce,isperhapsthemostneglectedinthecommunity.AsfarasIknow,thisisthefirsttractthathaseverbeenwrittenformillionaires.BernardShaw生词与联想词representrepresentationrepresentativeeraepochancientimpactcollidecollisionremarkable---remark--notable----noteworthy-outstand--prominent---conspicuous---strikingcitationcitereciteexemplifyastoundacceptanceacceptableeditionediteditoreditorialmassiveimmenseenormouslinguisticsignalevolveevolutiondialectcandidatelexicographerpublicationflingcasttosstractleaflet--pamphletbrochure-handbook・・・manual---pad---handout---directory

57Unit38OnPatentsWhenaninventionismade,theinventorhasthreepossiblecoursesofactionopentohim:hecangivetheinventiontotheworldbypublishingit,keeptheideasecret,orpatentit.①Agrantedpatentistheresultofabargainstruckbetweenaninventorandthestate,bywhichtheinventorgetsalimitedperiodofmonopolyandpublishesfulldetailsofhisinventiontothepublicafterthatperiodterminates.Onlyinthemostexceptionalcircumstancesisthelifespanofapatentextendedtoalterthisnormalprocessofevents.ThelongestextensionevergrantedwastoGeorgesValensi.His1939patentforcolorTVreceivercircuitrywasextendeduntil1971becauseformostofthepatent'snormallifetherewasnocolorTVtoreceiveandthusnohopeofrewardfortheinvention.Becauseapatentremainspermanentlypublicafterithasterminated,theshelvesofthelibraryattachedtothepatentofficecontaindetailsofliterallymillionsofideasthatarefreeforanyonetousedand,ifolderthanhalfacentury,sometimesevenre-patent.Indeed,patentexpertsoftenadviseanyonewishingtoavoidthehighcostofconductingasearchthroughlivepatentsthattheonesurewayofavoidingviolationofanyotherinventor'srightistoplagiarizeadeadpatent.Likewise,becausepublicationofanideainanyotherformpermanentlyinvalidatesfurtherpatentsonthatidea,itistraditionallysafetotakeideasfromotherareasofprint.Muchmoderntechnologicaladvanceisbasedonthesepresumptionsoflegalsecurity.Anyonecloselyinvolvedinpatentsandinventionssoonlearnsthatmost"new"ideasare,infact,asoldasthehills.Itistheirreductiontocommercialpractice,eitherthroughnecessityordedication,orthroughtheavailabilityofnewtechnology,thatmakesnewsandmoney.@ThebasicpatentforIheiheoryofmagneticrecordingdatesbacklo1886.Manyoftheoriginalideasbehindtelevisionoriginatefromthelate19,handearly20lhcentury.EventheVolkswagenrearenginecarwasanticipatedbya1904patentforacartwiththehorseattherear.名人名言Thereisasacrcdnessintears.Theyarenotthemarkofweakness,butofpower.Theyspeakmoreeloquentlythan10,000tongues.Theyarethemessengersofoverwhelminggriefandunspeakablelove.③Greatnesshasitsbeauties,butonlyinretrospectandinimagination.Youthisnotlikeanewgarment,whichwecankeepfreshandfairwearingsparingly.Youth,whilewehaveit,wemustweardaily,anditwillwearfastaway.E.M.FosterI生词与联想词Ipatentgrantmonopolyterminatecease

58circumstanceafterextensionextendcircuitrewardattachaffiliateliterallyexpertavoidviolateplagiarizeinvalidvalidinvalidatepresumption・・・presumably—presume——assume—conceivededuceinvolvereductiondiminishdecreaselessendedicatetechnologytechniciantechniquemagneticmagnetmagnetismoriginaloriginoriginaterearanticipatesacredsolemneloquentfluentarticulatemessengerenvelopesealretrospectrecallrecollectgarment—robe—sleeve—wool・・・linen—velvet—leather—fur■—rag—glove—scarf・・・sock・・・stocking

59Unit39TheImpactofWTOonChina'sTelecommunicationsIfChina/WTObecomesareality?Obviously,theconsequenceswillbehugetheworld'scapitalflows,especiallyinthefieldsofbanking,insuranceandtelecommunication.Chinahas40millioncellphoneusersinapopulationof1.4billion,onlya3%marketpenetration.Itisbelievedthattelecomuse,land-basedandwirelesscombined,willgrow50%ofmoreduringthenextthreeyears.Whereisthecapitalgoingtocomefromtobuildupthephonesystems?ForeignershavebeenofficiallyprohibitedfromowningChinesetelecommunicationscompanies.ButthedealforChina'sadmissiontotheWTOcallsforarelaxationoftherules.Withinafewyearsforeignerscouldbuyupto49%ofChinesetelecomfirms;aftertwomoreyearsholdingscouldberaisedto50%.China'stwolegaltelecommunicationscarriersChinaTelecom,whichhasa90%marketshare,andChinaUnicom,whichholdslessthan10%—areexpectedtobenefitfromWTO.ForeignmakersoftelecomequipmentarealsoexpectedtoprosperfromWTO.Ericsson,Nokia,MotorolaandQualcommhavesignificantinvestmentsinChina.UnderWTOthesefirmswillhavemorefreedomtomanufacture,distributeandmarketwithinthecountry.Qualcommhasrecentlybecomeaseriouscontender.ThecompanyhaslicenseditsCDMA(codedivisionmultipleaccess)technologytoChinaUnicom.RightnowCDMAhasonlyatoeholdinAsia,butitcouldbecomethestandardthereifit'ssuccessfulinChina.名人名言©Bookspossessanessenceofimmortalily.Theyarebyfarmostlastingproductsofhumaneffort.Templesandstatuesdecay,butbookssurvive.Timeisofnoaccountwithgreatthoughts,whichareasfreshtodayaswhentheyfirstpassedthroughtheirauthor'smindsagesago.Whatwasthensaidandthoughstillspeakstousasvividlyaseverfromtheprintedpage.Theonlyeffectoftimehasbeentosiftoutthebadproducts;fornothinginliteraturecanlongsurvivebutwhatisreallygood.S.SmilesAnewsstoryisafragilething.Itislikeahot-airballoon.Itneedsaconstantadditiveofmorehotairintheformofnewrevelations,newactions,newsuspicions,Withoutthis,theaircools,thebigbadwrinkles,sign,settlestothegroundanddisappears.MacDonald生词与联想福insurancepenetrationprohibit—ban—insurepenetratestabprickstingrelaxrelaxationtensetensionlegalillegalcarrierporter

60benefitbeneficialadvantageprosperprosperityprosperousinvestinvestmentmanufacturedistributecontendcontestversuslicensecodemultiplemultiplydivisionminustoetoeholdpossesspossessionestatemortalimmortaltemplestatuemonumentmemorialmarblecarvedecaycollapsevividlivelysiftfilterballoonrevealrevelationUnit40HumorIfyouintendusinghumorinyourtalktomakepeoplesmile,youmustknowhowtoidentifysharedexperiencesandproblems.Yourhumormustberelevanttotheaudienceandshouldhelptoshowthemthatyouareoneofthemorthatyouunderstandtheirsituationandareinsympathywiththeirpointofview®Dependingonwhomyouareaddressing,theproblemswillbedifferent.Ifyouaretalkingtoagroupofmanagers,youmayrefertothedisorganizedmethodsoftheirsecretaries;alternativelyifyouareaddressingsecretaries,youmaywanttocommentontheirdisorganizedbosses.Hereisanexample,whichIheardatanurses'convention,ofastorywhichworkswellbecausetheaudienceallsharedthesameviewofdoctors.AmanarrivesinheavenandisbeingshownaroundbySt.Peter.Heseeswonderfulaccommodations,beautifulgardens,sunnyweather,andsoon.Everyoneisverypeaceful,politeandfriendlyuntil,waitinginalineforlunch,thenewarrivalissuddenlypushedasidebyamaninawhitecoat,whorushestotheheadoftheline,grabshisfoodandstompsovertoatablebyhimself."Whoisthat?”thenewarrivalaskedSt.Peter."Oh,that'sGod,“camethereply,*4butsometimeshethinkshe'sadoctor.^^Ifyouarepartofthegroupwhichyouareaddressing,②youwillbei〉apositiontoknowtheexperiencesandproblemswhicharecommontoallofyouandit'llbeappropriateforyoutomakeapassingremarkabouttheinediblecanteenfoodorthechairman'snotoriousbadtasteinties.Withotheraudiencesyoumustn'tattempttocutinwithhumorastheywillresentanoutsidermakingdisparagingremarksabouttheircanteenortheirchairman.③Youwillbeonsafergroundifyousticktoscapegoatslikethepostofficeorthetelephonesystem.Ifyoufeelawkwardbeinghumorous,youmustpracticesothatitbecomesmorenatural.Includeafewcasualandapparentlyoff-the-cuffremarkswhichyoucandeliverinarelaxedandunforcedmanner.Oftenit'sthedeliverywhichcausestheaudiencetosmile,sospeakslowlyandrememberthatraiseeyebrowor

61anunbelievinglookmayhelptoshowthatyouaremakingalight-heartedremark.Lookforthehumor.Itoftencomesfromtheunexpected.Atwistonafamiliarquote“Ifatfirstyoudon'tsucceed,giveup"oraplayonwordsoronasituation.Searchforexaggerationandunderstatement.Lookatyourtalkandpickoutaflewwordsorsentenceswhichyoucanturnaboutandinjectwithhumor*.情人名言IMoneyistheoilthatlubricatesthesocialmachineHewhoisthemostslowinmakingapromiseisthemostfaithfulintheperformanceofit.Astraightforwardmanhasalargenumberoffriends;astraightpieceoftimberhasavarietyofuses.生词与联想词intendhumorhumorousrelevantappropriateaudiencespectatormethodmeansschememodecommentcommendremarkviewviewpointoutlooksceneryspectacleaccommodateaccommodationlodgedormitorygrabsnatchgraspclutchgripclaspstompediblereciperoasttoastfryyeastsodanotoriousresentindignantindignationirritatescapegoateyebrowbrow——foreheadchin-jawbeardfrownshave・・・razor-shampootwistknotcoilwhirlquotecitereciteexaggeratelubricatefaithfulstraightforwardfrankbluntuprightzigzagtimberlumber-trunkcarpentersawax—bough-fellUnit41CholesterolandHeartDiseasesFathasbeenstapleofthehumandietsinceourremoteancestorsstartedeatingmeatmorethantwomillionyearsago.Inthe1960s,however,researchersbegantonoticethatpatientswhohadelevatedbloodlevelsofcholesterol-afattysubstancefoundinmeal,poultry,eggsanddairyproducts-alsotendedtosufferheartdisease.Cholesterolbyproductswouldformthick,toughdepositsontheinnerwallsofarteries,stiffeningthemandthenstarvingtheheartofbloodandcreatingchokepointswhereaclotcouldstoptheflowentirely.

62Atfirstblush,thesolutionseemedobvious:consumelow-cholesterolfood;switchfrombuttertovegetable-oil;eatfewereggs;eatlessmeat.Indeed,itwasthebestadviceatthetime,basedonthelimitedknowledgeavailable.Asscientistslearnedmoreabouthowthebodyworks,however,thatprescriptionprovetoosimplistic.Somepeople'scholesterollevelsstayedhigh,nomatterwhattheyate.Andalotofheart-diseasepatientshadnormalcholesterollevels.Onlyrecentlyhavereasonsemerged.Foronething,@howmuchcholesterolyoueatdoesn'tnecessarilydeterminehowmuchendsupinyourblood.Thebody,itturnsout,alsomanufacturesitsowncholesterol.Andsomepeople'sbodiesarejustlessefficientatvacuumingupexcesscholesterolthanothers,forreasonsthatarelargelygenetic.So,inthenextphaseofresearch,theobjectbecamekeepingcholesterollevelsinthebloodundercontrolandnotnecessarilykeepingthecholesteroloutofthediet.Buthowtodoit?Againthekeyseemedtobeeatinglessmeat,creamandbutter,butitwasbasednotsomuchoncholesterolasonsaturatefat.Reason:saturatedfatincreasesbloodcholesterol.Soeggs,highincholesterolbutnotinsaturatedfat,weretakenofftheforbiddenlist.Howaboutstayingawayfromfatentirely?Badidea.Thebodyneedsfats,inpartbecausevitaminslikeAandDmustdissolvedinfattoenterthebodyormoveaboutwithinthebody.Whataboutthesuper-low-fatdiets,advocatedbypeoplelikeDr.DeanOrnish,directorofthePreventiveMedicineResearchInstituteinCalifornia?Theyseemtoworkbutperhapsnotbecausetheyarelowfat;thekeymaybethetypesoffoods-beans,grains,vegetables,insteadofmeatsandcheeses.名人名言Itisthepeculiarityofknowledgethatthosewhoreallythirstforitalwaysgetit.②Thepoelisaheroicfigure,belongingloallages③Poetryisthesponlaneousoverflowofpowerfulfeelings.Nomaneveryetbecamebyimitation.Thebestwaytobecomeacquaintedwithasubjectistowriteabookaboutit.生词与联想词cholesterolstaplenutritionbakerydairyhammuttongreaseremoteancientsubstanceessencepoultryturkeydepositdepositionaccumulateartery-junctionstarvechokethroatclotclaymudblushflush

63consumeconsumptionswitchplugprescriptionemergeemergencysubmergeefficientefficiencyeffectivevacuumvacantblanksaturatedissolvevitaminadvocatedeangrainpeculiarpeculiarityheroicheroinespontaneousvoluntaryvolunteercompulsoryreluctantimitateimitationfabricateacquaintacquaintanceUnit42GMFood转基因食品AtalmosteverypubliclectureIgive,someoneasksmemyopinionongeneticmodification-whateverbethetopicofthelecture.Geneticmodification(GM)hasthepowertosavelivesthroughitsuseinmedicine,suchastheproductionofinsulinfordiabeticsorthetreatmentofgeneticdisorders.Thecurrentoutcrycomeswhenitisusedtoproducefood.Therearetwomainconcerns.Scientistscannowtakeageneforresistancetoaparticularherbicideandtransferittoacrop:whentheseplantsaresprayedwithweed-killer,theweedsaredestroyedwhilethecropisunharmed.Aprimeconcernistheharmfuleffectthiscouldhaveonthebiodiversityoffarmland,wheresomanygerms,insects,birdsandotheranimalsdependupon"weed"species.AnotherfearisthataliengenesfromaGMplantcouldescapeintoawildpopulationofarelatedspecies.Sinceplantsarefertilizedbypollenthatiscarriedthroughtheair,oftenforgreatdistances,thisisentirelypossible.Awildspeciesmodifiedinthiswaywithpesticideresistancecouldbecomea“super-weed,“whileaspeciesthatbecomesunnaturallyresistanttoanimalsthatfeedonitcoulddisruptthefoodchain.IwouldnothesitatetoeataGMvegetable-itismostunlikelythatthecurrentmodificationsareharmfultotheconsumer,despitewhatwereadinthepress.However,theintroductionofanimalgenesintofoodplantspresentsconsiderableethicaldifficultiestovegetariansandmembersofreligionsthatforbidtheeatingofcertainanimals.Thisisoneofthereasonspeoplearedemandingthatallgeneticallymodifiedfoodproductsbeclearlylabeled.Thepublichavearighttoknowwhattheyareeatingandrighttochoose.

64IbelievethatinmyownnationGMiswellregulated,butthiscannotbesaidforsomeothercountries.Oneoftheproblemsisthatatthemoment①thistechnologyiscommerciallymotivated.BecausethecompaniesdevelopingGMfoodwanttointroduce,asquicklyaspossibleinmyopinion,itisbeingrushedintowithoutadequateresearchesorprecautions.名人名言OnlytheUnitedNationsoffersaglobalforumwhereallMemberStates,largeandsmall,cantakepartinmakingdecisionsonworldaffairs.NocountrytakesprecedenceoveranotherintheU.N.Eachmember'srightsandobligationsarethesame.Allmustcontributetothepeacefulsettlementofinternationaldisputes,andmembershavepledgedtorefrainfromthethreatoruseforceagainstotherstates.②Itisformentochoosewhethertheywillgovernthemselvesorbegoverned.Oppressionmakesawisemanmad.Giveaslavearod,andhe'llbeathismaster.生词与联想词genegeneticmodificationmodifytopicthemetitleinsulindiabeticconcernconcerningresistanceresistresistantspraysprinklesplashfbambubbleweedherbherbicidegermbacteriummicrobeparasitediversiondiversifydiversityinsectspidermosquitobugpestcricketwormspeciesclassifyclassificationaliencompatiblefertilefertilizefertilizerpollendisruptinterruptvegetarian—vegetation■一cabbage—onion-一cucumber—melon—mushroom—turnip—grapepea-beansaladforbidlabelforumprecedeprecedingprecedencepledgeoathswearrefraingoverngovernoroppressoppressionslaveslaveryNegroslumrodreed

65Unit43AgricultureinAmericaThefarmisamajormarketplaceformillionsandmillionsoftonsofsyntheticfertilizersandpesticides,andforadvancedmachineryandthefuelrequiredtorunit.①Themodemsuperfarm,largeandhighlycapitali/cd.isresource-dependentcomparedwiththediversifiedsmallfarmsthatwereoncedominanl.Ondiversifiedfarms,majorenergyneedsmaybesuppliedbyresidenthumansandanimal.Particularlyrelevanttotoday'smainstreamagriculturearetheenergy-savingpracticesonlarge“organic"farms,whicharethoroughlymechanizedbutwhichminimizetheuseofpesticidesandsyntheticfertilizers.Bycomparison,mainstreamAmericanagriculturehasuntillatelybeencarelessinitsuseofenergy,water,andland.Whenfossilenergywascheap,applicationsoffertilizersandpesticidespaidlargedividends,sofarmerswereencouragedtousetheseproducts.Soonmostfarmersusedtoomuch

66fertilizerandpesticide.Farmersindryregionsenjoyedaneraofcheapwater,obtainedfrompubliclysubsidizedirrigationsystemsorfrompumpinggroundwaterusinginexpensiveenergy.ThesoiltoowasexpendableasdemandgrewforUSagriculturalproducts.Theperiodofextraordinaryprofligacyintheuseofsoil,waterandfossilfuelsmaywellbeatanend.Thenewstructureoflargefannsisquitsensitivetocostfactors.Theseadaptivefarms,whosedevelopmentwasassistedbypublictax,subsidyandresearchpolicies,haveaccesstocapital,technologies,andmanagementskills,enablingthemtoswitchrelativelyquicklytoresource-conservingpractices-forexample,tolow-tillagesystemthatrequireslessfuel,thatshepherdssoilmoisture,andthatmayreducesoilerosion.Itseemslikelythatfederalprogramsthathaveenlargedourfarms,therefore,havehadafurtherresultofcreatingthepotentialforamoreconservingagriculture.Withrespecttoenergyuse,forexample,energycostsperunitofoutputarelowerforlargefarms,mainlybecausethesefarmsquicklyeconomizedonenergyascostsrose.Inthefuture,accordingtooneauthoritativeassessment,^agriculturalproductionislikelytousecapitalandlandmoreintensivelybutenergy,fertilizerandlaborlessintensively.^^名人名言②Thedecisivechoiceisseldomihelatestchoiceintheseries.Aliarisnotbelievedwhenhespeaksthetruth.Athousandprobabilitiesdonotmakeonetruth.Mercytothecriminalmaybecrueltytothepeople.Moneyspentonthebrainisneverspentinvain生词与联想词syntheticsynthesissyndromefertilizerfertilepesticideadvancedsuperbmachineryresidentresidencerelevantthoroughutterminimizeminimummaximumcomparisoncomparablecomparativefossilapplicationapplyapplianceapplicabledividendregionobtainacquiresecuresubsidizesubsidy

67pumpirrigationextraordinaryexceptionalprofligacyassistassistanceshepherdmoisturemoisterosionpotentialoutputoutcomeoutletoutsetouteroutskirtsdecisiveliarprobabilitymercycrueltyruthlessvainvanitysnobbishUnit44Children'sSpeechAcquisition①Islanguage,likefood,abasichumanneedwithoutwhichachildatacriticalperiodoflifecanbestarvedanddamaged?JudgingfromthedrasticexperimentofFrederickIIinthethirteenthcentury,itmaybe.Hopingtodiscoverwhatlanguageachildwouldspeakifheheardnomothertongue,hetoldthenursestokeepsilent.Alltheinfantsdiedbeforethefirstyear.Butclearlytherewasmorethanlackoflanguagehere.Whatwasmissingwasgoodmothering.Withoutgoodmothering,inthefirstyearoflifeespecially,thecapacitytosurviveisseriouslyaffected.TodaynosuchseverelackexistsasthatorderedbyFrederick.Nevertheless,somechildrenarestillbackwardinspeaking.Mostoftenthereasonforthisisthatthemotherisinsensitivetothesignalsoftheinfant,whosesensitiveperiodsareneglected,theidealtimeforacquiringskillspassesandtheymightneverbelearnedsoeasilyagain.Expertssuggestthatspeechstagesarereachedinafixedsequenceandataconstantage,buttherearecaseswherespeechhasstatedlateinachildwhoeventuallyturnsouttobeofhighIQ.Attwelveweeksababysmilesandmakesvowel-likesounds;attwelvemonthshecanspeaksimplewordsandunderstandsimplecommand;ateighteenmonthshehasavocabularyofthreetofiftywords.Atthreeheknowsabout1,000wordswhichhecanputintosentences,andatfourhislanguagediffersfromthatofhisparentsinstyleratherthangrammar.Recentevidencesuggeststhataninfantisbomwiththecapacityspeak.Whatisspecialaboutman'sbrain,comparedwiththatofthemonkey,isthecomplexsystemwhichenablesachildtoconnectthesightandfeelof,say,atoy-bearwiththesoundpattern'toy-bear”.Andevenmoreincredibleistheyoungbrain'sabilitytopickoutanorderinlanguagefromthemixtureofsoundaroundhim,toanalyze,tocombineandrecombinethepartsofalanguageinnewways.②Buispeechhastobeinduced,andIhisdependsoninlcFactionbetweenihemolherandthechild,wherethemotherrecognizesthesignalsinthechild'sbabbling,graspingandsmiling,andrespondstothem.Sensitivitytothechild'snon-verbalsignalsisessentialtothegrowthanddevelopmentoflanguage.

68名人名言PeaceisthehighestaspirationoftheAmericanpeople.Wewillnegotiateforit,sacrificeforit;(3)wewillnotsurrenderforit-noworever.r.ReaganWerecallinspecialtimeswhenwehavestoodbriefly,butmagnificently,united.Butwecannotdwelluponrememberedglory.Thepowerfulmustnotpersecutetheweak,andhumandignitymustbeenhanced.j.Carter生词与联想词acquisitioncriticalcrucialacquisitioncriticalcrucialdrasticradical-extremeinfantadolescent-kidorphanlad——guy---maidkindergarten——nursery---cradlesurvivesurvivalseveresensitivesensiblesensationsensitivityneglectnegligiblesequencesuccessionvowelcommandvocabularystyleincrediblemixturecombinationcompoundblendcombineinduceinductioninteractbabblenegotiatesurrenderbetrayabandontraitortreasonmagnificentspectaculardwelldwellingpowerfulmightypersecutemaltreatdignitysolemnUnit45NoisePollutionIfyouliveinalargecity,youarequitefamiliarwithsomeoftheproblemsofnoise,butbecauseofsomeofitsharmfuleffects,youmaynotbeawareoftheextentofitsinfluenceonhumanbehavior.Althougheveryonemoreorlessknowswhatnoiseis,i.e,itissoundsthatonewouldrathernothear,itisperhapsbesttodefineitmorepreciselyforscientificpurposes.Onesuchdefinitionisthatnoiseissoundsthatareunrelatedtothetaskathand.Thusstimulithatatonetimemightbeconsideredrelevantwillatanothertimebeconsiderednoise,dependingonwhatoneisdoingatthemoment.Inrecentyearstherehasbeena

69greatdealofinterestintheeffectsofnoiseonhumanbehavior,andconceptssuchas“noisepollution^^havearisen,togetherwithmovementstoreducenoise.Exposuretoloudnoisescandefinitelyproduceapartialorcompletelossofhearing,dependingontheintensity,duration,andfrequencycompositionofthenoise.①Manyjobspresentnoisehazards,suchasworkinginfactoriesandaroundjetaircraft,drivingfarmtractor,andworking(orsitting)inmusichallswhererockbandsareplaying.Ingeneral,continuousexposuretosoundsofover80decibels(ameasureoftheloudnessofsound)canbeconsidereddangerous.Decibelvaluescorrespondtovarioussounds.Soundsaboveabout85decibelsmay,ifexposureisfbrasufficientperiodoftime,producesignificanthearingloss.Actuallosswilldependupontheparticularfrequenciestowhichoneisexposed,andwhetherthesoundiscontinuousorintermittent.Noisecanhaveunexpectedharmfuleffectsonperformanceofcertainkindsoftask,fbrinstance,ifoneisperformingawatch-keepingtaskthatrequiresvigilance,inwhichheisresponsiblefordetectingweaksignalsofsomekind(e.g.,watchingaradarscreenfbrtheappearanceofaircraft)②Communicatingwitholherpeopleisunfavorablyaffectedbynoise.Ifyouhaveriddenintherearofajettransport,youmayhavenoticedthatitwasdifficulttocarryonaconversationatfirst,andthat,eventually,youadjustedtheloudnessofyourspeechtocompensatefortheeffect.Theproblemisnoise.名人名言Asthecall,sotheecho.Themorelightatorchgives,theshorteritlasts.Thecamelgoingtoseekhornslosthisears.Lazinesstravelssoslowly,thatpovertysoonovertakeshim.Donotspeakofyourhappinesstoonelessfortunatethanyourself.生词与联想词pollutepollutioncontaminateharmharmfulawareinflueneeinfluentialextentpreciseprecisionaccurateconceptconceptionarisearouserouseexposureexposedurationdurablefrequencyfrequenthazardjetturbinetractortowtughauldecibelwattvoltamperecorrespondcorrespondence

70correspondentcorrespondingintermittentperformanceinstancevigilancedetectdetectivedetectorspyradaraircraftcraftfavorablefavoriteaffectaffectiontransportadjustaccustomaccustomedcompensatecompensationechofeedbacktorchhomclawpawtrumpetovertakefortunateUnit46ImplicationsofthePrivateCar①Whentheprivateautomobilebegantoarriveonthesceneearlyinthiscentury,mosturbanandruralareasenjoyedratheradequatepublictransitsystems.Infact,theelectrictram-hereinthiscountrycalledstreetcarortrolley—wasconqueringtheworld.Itwasclearlyatimetorecognizeandappreciateagoodthingwhenonesawit.Wecouldconsiderforeverastowhethertheauthoritiesstoppedtothinkhardenoughabouttheimplicationsoftheprivatecar,whichwasinitiallyintendedonlyforthedistinguished.Iftheyhad,theircorrectconclusioncouldhardlyhavebeenanythingelsebutsevereshrinkageifnotatotalprohibition.Nothingofthesortdidhappen,andthedisastrousconsequenceshavebeenwithuseversince-andtheyaregettingworseallthetime.Whilefeelingsorryforthisdevelopment,mostcommentatorstakeforgrantedthatitistoolatetoreversethiscourseofevent;thecostswouldbeprohibitive,toomanypeoplewouldresist,andwewouldbeleftwithapermanentfeelingofregretandshameforallthewastedresources,human,monetaryandnatural,ifweshouldhavetostartallover.Nevertheless,anoppositeviewpresentsitself.Thoughitwouldhavebeenvastlypreferableifgovernmentshadalwayspaidattentiontotheoldsaying'Toruleistoforesee,Mthetrendinthiscenturyhasbeen“Seeingisbelieving.^^Iftheprivatecarhadbeenstoppedsuddenly,peoplewouldhavecontinuedtothirstforit,refusingtobelievethattravelingbycarsimplycouldnotworkonanylargescale.Sothelesson,howevercostlyithasbeen,maybeseenashistoricallyunavoidableamongpeoplewhoarelessthanperfect.Havingcometothisconclusion,weoughttobeginimmediatelywithagradualwithdrawalofprivateautosinfavorofpublictransitvehicles.Oneparticularobstaclemustbeovercomeinthiseffort:thefalseideathatweneedmasstransitonlyduringrushhours,andthatcarsarenoprobleminthequietoftheday.Inmyopinion,masstransitshouldbebuiltupasrapidlyaspossibletobecomesoattractivethatmoreandmorepeoplewilldecideforreplacingtheircarswhenthetimeisup.For,ashasbeenstressedinmuchoftheliteratureonthesubject,today'spopulationhasnotreallychosenthem.Instead,forlackofanalternative,theautowasforcedonus.

71名人名言IItiswithwordsaswithsunbeams,themoretheyarecondensed,thedeepertheyburn.Aliar'spunishmentisnotintheleastthatheisnotbelieved,butthathecannotbelieveanyoneelse.②Speechissilver,silenceisgold.生词与联想词privateprivacyautomobileurban——municipalmayorsuburboutskirtsruralconquerovercomeappreciateinitialinitiateinitiativeintendshrinkdisastrousdisastercommentcommentatorreverseresistresistanceresistantneverthelessnonethelessnotwithstandinghithertopreferablepreferencevehicle--lorry-van--1ocomotive-carriage-coach■一ambulance--compartment-一tram-trolleyattractiveliteratureliteraryalternativealternatealteralterationcondensepunishpenaltyUnit47TheAralSea—SavingtheLastDrop拯救濒临干涸的咸海CanwhatremainsoftheAralSeabesaved?PeoplelivingaroundwhatwereonceitsnorthernshoresinKazakhstanthinktheycansalvagesomethingfromoneoftheworld'sbiggestenvironmentaldisasters.Theyhopetoseparatetheirpartoftheseafromtheresttopreventitfromdryingoutfurther.TheAralSeawasoncetheworld'sfourth-largestinlandsea.Butsincethe1960sithaslostthree-quartersofitsvolume.Townsthatwereonceportsarenowfarfromthewater.Asitshrinks,theseahasstartedtodivideintoasmallernorthernsectionandalargersouthernone.Thetrickleofwaterthatjoinsthetwocouldbegonecompletelywithinafewyears.ThecauseofthewaterlossgoesbacktothedaysoftheoldSovietUnionanditsdiversionofthemainriverwhichfeedtheAralSeainordertoirrigatevastareasforcottonproduction.Intheprocess,new

72desertshavebeencreated.Nowadaysthewindsblowsaltacrossanincreasinglybarrenlandscapeandthehealthofthelocalpeoplesuffers.①Tothenorth,hopesarepinnedtotheconstructionofa12km(7.4mile)dambetweenthetwosectionsofthesea.This,thelocalhope,willcausethewaterlevelinthenorthernparttorise,thusrestoringthefishingindustry.Twoyearsagotheregionalgovernmentteamedupwithlocalpeopletoraisemoneyanbuildthedamthemselves.But,lackinggoodconstructionmaterials,theyusedsand.Thedamdidnotlastlongandwassweptawaylastyearbyastorm.ZhaksibekKulekeev.Kazakhstan'seconomyminister,criticizesthelocalsforimprudentlypressingaheadwithaschemewithoutconductingstudiesorconsultingspecialists.Fewpeopleintheareahaveanyregrets.Manythinktheyprovedapointbecauseforashorttimethewaterlevelrosebyfourmeters.Fishwereintroducedintowhattheycalledthe“LittleAralSea“andthrived;somebirdswhichhadnotbeenseeninyearsstartedtoreturn,accordingtoKuanishkaliShapshanov,andofficialintheregionalcapitalKyzyl-Orda.TheWorldBankisshowingsomeinterestandiscurrentlydiscussinga$50mloantoKazakhstangovernmentfordevelopmentprojectsthatwouldincludeadam.Anagreementmightbesignedearlynextyearwithconstructiontakingtwoyea匚名人名言②Whatever(heirdifferencesandtheircondition,ihepeopleoftheworldwarnpeace.Soletgunsfallsilent.Letusagreetocease-fireandnegotiateapeace.Letusresolvethatthesecond25yearsoftheUnitedNationsshalloffertotheworldafullgenerationofpeace.R.Nixon生词与联想词remainsremainderrelicobsoletesalvagerescuevolumedimensionshrinkstretchtrickledripdiversiondiverseirrigatebarrendamreservoircriticizecriticismcriticprudentschemeplotconduct--一conductivity——conductor--conductor-behave-behaviorconsultconsultantthriveflourishIoansignsignatureanonymousnominalnicknamenegotiatediplomaticdelegationtreatyitemresolveresolution

73Unit48IntelligentGizmos智能化机械

74①Sincethedawnofhumaningenuity,peoplehavedevisedevermorecunningtoolstocopewithworkthatisdangerous,boring,burdensome,orjustplainnasiy.Thalcompulsionhasresultedinrobotics-thescienceofconferringvarioushumancapabilitiesonmachines.Andifscientistshaveyettocreatethemechanicalversionofsciencefiction,theyhavebeguntocomeclose.Asaresult,themodernworldisincreasinglypopulatedbyintelligentgizmoswhosepresencewebarelynoticebutwhoseuniversalexistencehasremovedmuchhumanlabor.Ourfactorieshumtotherhythmofrobotassemblyarms.Ourbankingisdoneatautomatedtellerterminalsthatthankuswithmechanicalpolitenessforthetransaction.Oursubwaytrainsarecontrolledbytirelessrobot-driver.Andthankstothecontinualminiaturizationofelectronicandmicromechanics,therearealreadyrobotsystemsthatcanperformsomekindsofbrainandbonesurgerywithsubmillimeteraccuracy-fargreaterprecisionthanhighlyskilledphysicianscanachievewiththeirhandsalone.Butisrobotsaretoreachthenextstageoflaborsavingutility,theywillhavetooperatewithlesshumansupervisionandbeabletomakeatleastafewdecisionsforthemselves-goalsthatposearealchallenge.tkWhileweknowhowtotellarobottohandleaspecificerror,MsaysDaveLavery,managerofaroboticsprogramatNASA,“wecan'tyetgivearobotenough'commonsense,toreliablyinteractwithadynamicword.”Indeedthequestfortrueartificialintelligencehasproducedverymixedresults.Despiteaspellofinitialoptimisminthe1960sand1970swhenitsappearedthattransistorcircuitsandmicroprocessorsmightbeabletocopytheactionofthehumanbrainbytheyear2010,researcherslatelyhavebeguntoextendthatforecastbydecadesifnotcenturies.Whattheyfound,inattemptingtomodelthought,isthatthehumanbrain'sroughlyonehundredbillionnervecellsaremuchmoretalented-andhumanperceptionfarmorecomplicated-thanpreviouslyimagined.Theyhavebuiltrobotsthatcanrecognizetheerrorofamachinepanelbyafractionofamillimeterinacontrolledfactoryenvironment.Butthehumanmindcanglimpsearapidlychangingsceneandimmediatelydisregardthe98percentthatisirrelevant,instantaneouslyfocusingonthemonkeyatthesideofawindingforestroadorthesinglesuspiciousfaceinabigcrowd.ThemostadvancedcomputersystemsonEarthcan'tapproachthatkindofability,andneuroscientistsstilldon'tknowquitehowwedoit.生词与联想词ingeniousingenuitydevise--一devicedesignformatcunningslyboreboringorenastysourrobotroboticsversionfictiongizmo

75barebarelybaldhumrhythmversetempotransactionsubwayminiatureminiaturizeminiaturizationaccuracyaccuratepreciseprecisionsupervisesupervisionhandleboltknobhingeshaftdynamicquestrequestoptimisticoptimismpessimisticpessimismtransistorcircuitcirculatecircularventilatecelltalentgiftgeniusperceiveperceptionfractionfrictionfragmentscrapUnit49LionsCiiveBirthtoTigersLionswillgivebirthtotigersinanexperimentthatcouldrevolutionizethepreservationofendangeredspecies.AteamofscientistswhohavesuccessfullyusedadomesticcatasasurrogatemotherforanAfricanwildcathavefrozen170tigerembryos,readyforimplantationinlionesseswithinthenexteightweeks.Theprojectisaimedatpreventingendangeredspeciesfromdisappearingbycreatingacrypto-zoowherefrozenembryosfromrareandevenextinctspeciescanbematchedtosuitablesurrogatesfromotherspecies.BetsyDresser,professorinendangeredspeciesattheUniversityofNewOrleans,wholedtheteamthatproducedtheworld'sfirsttest-tubegorillafiveyearsago,saidinter-speciestransferhasimportantimplicationsforthepreservationofthreatenedanimals.“Wehaveassembledalargegroupofyounglionesseswhoarereproductive!ysound.Wehavecolletedeggsfromtigersandproducedembryosandwearehormonallysynchronizingthelionstoreachthepointwherewecanmakethetransfer,probablyinabouttwomonths'time,“saidDresser.①Thekeytosuccessisensuringthatimplantationoccursaltherighthormonaltimeinihelionesses.Ultrasoundscansforthelionovariesareusedtodeterminetheprimetimeforthetransferofthetiger

76embryos.Embryoswillbeimplanteddirectlyintothelionuterusandthegestationperiodisexpectedtobeabout110days.Dresserdoesnotexpectanyproblemswithrejectionbecauseforeigntissueintheuterusdoesnotseemtotriggerandimmuneresponse.ThefirstembryoswillbeBengaltigers.SheandherteamdonotwanttousematerialfromrarertypessuchastheSiberiantigeruntiltheyhaveproofthatthetechniqueworks.Cross-speciesanimalwillstaywiththeirsurrogatemothersuntiltheyareweanedbuttheeventualgoalistoreleasetherareanimalsintothewild.'Thegeneralideaisverygood.②Itsoundsinterestingandiscertainlyworthpursuing.Anythingthathelpsustoconserveanimalsiswelcome/'saidDrAlanCooper,molecularevolutionistatOxfordUniversityandaspecialistinspeciesconservation.生词与联想词revolutionizerevolutionaryevolutionpreservepreservationreserveconserveendangerspecieshomogeneousdomestictameabroadsurrogateembryouterusovarygestationplantationimplantimplantationtransplantchardprojectprojectorengineeringdisappearcryptoextinctextinguishtubehosegorillathreatenthreatassemblereproducereproductivehormonehormonalsynchronizeultravioletvioletinfraredultrasoundtissuerejectrejectiontriggerpistolimmuneweaneventualeventuallyreleasedischargeimprisondetain

77Unit50Physician-assistedsuicide医助自杀TheSupremeCourt'sdecisionsonphysicianassistedsuicidecarryimportantimplicationsforhowmedicineseekstorelievedyingpatientofpainandsuffering.Althoughitruledthatthereisnoconstitutionalrighttophysician-assistedsuicide,theCourtineffectsupportedthemedicalprincipleof“doubleeffectJacenturies-oldmoralprincipleholdingthatanactionhavingtwoeffects-agoodonthatisintendedandaharmfulonthatisforeseen-ispermissibleiftheactorintendsonlythegoodeffect.Doctorshaveusedthatprincipleinrecentyearstojustifyusinghighdosesofmorphinetocontrolterminallyillpatients'pain,eventhoughincreasingdosageswilleventuallykillthepatient.NancyDubler,directorofMontefiorMedicalCenter,contendsthattheprinciplewillshielddoctorswho“untilnowhavevery,verystronglyinsistedthattheycouldnotgivepatientssufficientmediationtocontroltheirpainifthatmighthastendeath.^^GeorgeAnnas,chairofthehealthlawdepartmentatBostonUniversity,maintainsthat,aslongasadoctorprescribesadrugforalegitimatemedicalpurpose,thedoctorhasdonenothingillegalevenifthepatientusesthedrugtohastendeath."It'slikesurgery,^hesays."Wedon'tcallthosedeathshomicidesbecausethedoctorsdidn'tintendtokilltheirpatients,althoughtheyriskedtheirdeath.Ifyou'reaphysician,youcanriskyourpatient'ssuicideaslongasyoudon'lintendtheirsuicide.”Onanotherlevel.①manyinthemedicalcommunityacknowledgethattheassisted・suicidedebatehasbeenfueledinjiartbythedespairofpatientsforwhommodemmedicinehasprolongedihephysicalagonyofdying.JustthreeweeksbeforetheCourt'srulingonphysician-assistedsuicide,theNationalAcademyofScience(NAS)releasedtotwo-volumereport,ApproachingDeath:ImprovingCareattheEndofLife.Itidentifiestheundertreatmentofpainandtheaggressiveuseof^ineffectualandforcedmedicalproceduredthatmayprolongandevendishonortheperiodofdying“asthetwinproblemsofend-of-lifecare.②Theprofessionistakingstepstorequireyoungdoctorstotraininhospices,totestknowledgeofaggressivepainmanagementtherapies,todevelopaMedicarebillingcodeforhospital-basedcare,andtodevelopnewstandardsforassessingandtreatingpainattheendoflife.Annassayslawyerscanplayakeyroleininsistingthatthesewell-meaningmedicalinitiativestranslateintobettercare."Largenumbersofphysiciansseemunconcernedwiththepaintheirpatientsareneedlesslyandpredictablysuffering/*totheextentthatitconstitutes^systematicpatientabuse."Hesaysmedicallicensingboards“mustmakeitclear...thatpainfuldeathsarepresumptivelyonesthatareincompetentlymanagedandshouldresultinlicensesuspension/'

78生词与联想词supremeforemostutmostsuicidehomiciderelieverelief^alleviateconstitutionconstitutionalconstituteconstituentmorphinejustify-justiceshiedshelterrefugemediatemediationintermediatehastenhastehastyaccelerateaccelerationlegalillegallegitimateacknowledgerecognizerejectcontradictdespairprolongextendstretchagonytorturesorereleasedischargeimprisondetainvolumeapproachhospicetherapyhealremedycodelicensewarrantcertificateUnit51TheSecondIndustrialRevolutionAutomationreferstointroductionofelectroniccontrolandautomaticoperationofproductivemachinery.①Itreducesthehumanfactors,mentalandphysical,inproduction,andisdesignedtomakepossiblethemanufactureofmoregoodswithfewerworkers.ThedevelopmentofautomationinAmericanindustryhasbeencalled44theSecondIndustrialRevolution.Labor'sconcernoverautomationarisesfromuncertaintyaboutitseffectsonemployment,andfearsofmajorchangesinjobs.Inthemain,laborhastakentheviewthatresistancetotechnologicalchangeisfutile.Inthelongrun,theresultofautomationmaywellbeanincreaseinemployment,sinceitisexpectedthatvastindustrieswillgrowuparoundmanufacturing,maintaining,andrepairingautomationequipment.Unquestionably,however,therewillbemajorshiftsinjobswithinplants,anddisplacementoflaborfromoneindustrytoanother.Theinterestoflaborliesinbringingaboutthistransitionwithaminimumofinconvenienceanddistresstotheworkersinvolved.Also,unionspokesmenemphasizethatthebenefitoftheincreasedproductionandlowercostsmadepossiblebyautomationshouldbesharedbyworkersintheformofhigherwages,moreleisure,andimprovedlivingstandards.Toprotecttheinterestsoftheirmembersintheeraofautomation,unionhaveadoptedanumberofnewpolicies.Oneoftheseisthepromotionofsupplementaryunemploymentbenefitsplans.ItisemphasizedthatsincetheemployerinvolvedinaSUBplanhasadirectfinancialstakeinpreventingunemployment,hewillhaveastrongincentiveforplanningnewinstallationssoastocausetheleastpossibledisruptioninjobsandjobassignments.Someunionsareworkingfordismissalpayagreements,requiringthatpermanentlylaidoffworkersbepaidasumofmoneybasedonlengthofservice.Anotherapproachistheideaof^improvementfactor",whichcallsforwageincreasesbasedonincreasesinproductivity.Itisprobable,however,thatlaborwillrelymainlyonreductioninworkinghoursinordertogainafullshare

79inthefruitsofautomation.生词与联想词automationautomaticautoautomobilereferreferencedesigndevisedevicecertaintyascertainmajormajorityminorminorityresistanceresistresistanttechnologytechnologicaltechnicianfutilevainmaintainmaintenanceequipequipmenttackleinstal1installationquestionableunquestionabledoubtful——controversialdubious-・・・suspiciousdisplacedisplacementreplacereplacementtransitiondistressinvolvecomprisespokesmanunionwagesalaryearningsleisureeraepochpolicysupplementsupplementarycomplementstakebetgambleincentivedisruptinterruptdisturbdisturbanceintervalassignassignmentdismissdismissalUnit52Entropy嫡Disorderisthenaturalorderofthingsintheuniverse.Thereisevenaprecisemeasureoftheamountofdisorder,calledentropy.Unlikealmosteveryotherphysicalproperty(motion,gravity,energy),entropydoesnotworkbothways.Itcanonlyincrease.Onceit'screateditcanneverbedestroyed.Theroadtodisorderisaone-waystreet.Becauseofitsirreversibility,entropyhasbeencalledthearrowoftime.Weallunderstandthisinstinctively.Children'srooms,leftontheirown,tendtogetmessy,notneat.Woodrots,metalrusts,peoplewrinkleandflowerswither.Evenmountainsweardown;eventhenucleiofatomsdecay.Inthecityweseeentropyintherundownsubwaysandworn-outsidewalksandtom-downbuildings,intheincreasingdisorderofourlives.Entropyisnolaughingmatter,however,becausewitheveryincreaseinentropyenergyiswastedandopportunityislost.Waterflowingdownamountainsidecanbemadetodosomeusefulworkonitsway.Butonceallthewaterisatthesamelevelitcanworknomore.Thatisentropy.Ofcoursetheenergyisnotreallylost,butithasdefusedanddissipatedintoachaoticcaldronof

80randomnessthatcandousnopossiblegood.Entropyischaos.Itislossofpurpose.Peopleareoftenupsetbytheentropytheyseemtoseeinthehazardnessoftheirownlives.Theyfeelthattheyhavelosttheirsenseofdirection,thattheyarewastingyouthandopportunityateveryturn.Itiseasytoseeentropyinmarriages,whenthepartnersaretoopreoccupiedtopatchsmallthingsup,almostguaranteeingthattheywillfallapart.Thereismuchentropyinthestateofourcountry,intherelationshipsbetweennations-lostopportunitiestoshoptheavalancheofdisordersthatseemsreadytoswallowusall.Entropyisnotinevitableeverywhere,however.Crystalsandsnowflakesandgalaxiesareislandsofincrediblyorderedbeautyinthemidstofrandomevents.Ifitwasnotforexceptionstoentropy,theskywouldbeblackandwewouldbeabletoseewherethestarsspendtheirdays;itisonlybecauseairmoleculesintheatmosphereclusterinorderedgroupsthattheskyisblue.Themostprofoundexceptiontoentropyisthecreationoflife.Aseedsoaksupsomesoilandsomecarbonandsomesunshineandsomewaterandarrangesitintoarose.Aseedinthewombtakessomeoxygenandmilkandtransformsitintoababy.Theroadtodisorderisalldownhillbuttheroadtocreationtakeswork.Thoughcombatingentropyispossible,italsohasitsprice.That'swayitseemssohardtogetourselvestogether,soeasytoletourselvesfallapart.Worse,creatingorderinonecorneroftheuniversealwayscreatesmoredisordersomewhereelse.Wecreateorderedenergyfromoilandcoalatthepriceoftheentropyofsmog.Socialinstitutions-likeatomsandstars-decayifenergyisnotaddedtokeepthemordered.①Friendshipsandfamiliesandeconomiesallfallapartunlessweconstantlymakeanefforttokeepthemworkingandwell-oiled.Andfartoofewpeople,itseemstome,arewillingtocontributeconsistentlytothoseefforts.I生词与联想词Idisorder■一mess—messy—fuss—chaos-一chaotic—confuse■一confusion—turbulententropypropertyreverseirreversibility-・・・convertconversionconverselyarrowbowspearinstinctinstinctiveintuitionempiricalrotrottendecaywitherdecomposedeterioratedegeneraterustwrinklenucleusnuclearatomneutronionprotonparticle---moleculefusedefusemeltwelddissipatedispersecaldronrandomhaphazardupsetinvertoverthrowannoypartneroccupyoccupationpreoccupypatchsliceguaranteeavalancheswallowchewlickspitinevitablecrystaltransparentopaque

81galaxyorbitclusterwombtransformtransformerUnit53ReligionsintheWowldFromtheearliesttimes,menhaveheldreligiousbeliefs.Religionsarisefromtheideathatforcesmorepowerfulthanmancontrolhimandtheuniverse.Primitivemanworshippedobjects,suchasriversandmountains,orthesunormoon.Laterpeople,suchastheEgyptiansandtheGreeksandRomans,believedinanumberofgods.Sometimestheymademodels,orimages,oftheirgods,andsometimesworshippedtheimagesthemselves.ManyreligionstodayteachthatthereisonlyoneGod.JewsandChristianssharethisbelief.Thefollowersofmostofthemainreligionsalsobelieveinsomekindoflifeafterdeath.Inaddition,manyreligionstelltheirfollowershowtheyshouldbehaveonearth.ChristianityChristianityisthefaithofthosewhobelievethatJESUS,ayoungJewishteacher,wasinfacttheSonofGodsentonearthtoshowmenhowtolive.®ThousandsflockedtohearJesuspreach,bulthealsohadpowerfulenemies.HewasputtodeathinaboutA.D.30,butHisfollowers,saidthatHehadrisenagainandthatpeoplehadseenHim.SeveralwrotedownalltheyrememberedaboutJesus.ThesesacredwritingsarecalledtheBible.JesuswasalsocalledChrist.HisfollowerscametobecalledChristians.SoontheyspreadallovertheRomanEmpire.InA.D.380,EmperorConstantinemadeChristianitytheofficialreligion.BuddhistsSiddharthaGautama,founderofBuddhism,wasaHinduprince,bomabout550B.C.HeiscalledtheBuddha,or“theenlightenedone".②Hethoughtdeeplyaboutpainandthebes[waytoliveintheworld.HespentmostofhislifeteachingpeopletofollowthelawofKarma,whichmeantgivingupearthlydesirestoreachtheperfectpeaceofNirvana.InordertodothisamanmustfollowtheNobleEightfoldWay,whichlaysdownrulesforcorrectbehavior.Buddhistsbelievethatcreaturesarebornmanytimes.Theyalsoconsideritwrongtokill.Todayaboutone-fifthofthehumanracefollowBuddhism.MostBuddhistsliveinChina,Japan,andotherpartsofAsia.IslamIslammeans*tosubmit*.ItisthereligionoftheMoslemswholiveintheArabcountries,Pakistan,andotherpartsofAsia.TheyhaveoneGod,Allah,andtheirsacredbookistheKoran.LikeJewsandChristians,MoslemsbelieveintheOldTestamentprophets,orteachers,suchasMoses.TheysayalsothatJESUSwasagreatprophetbutnottheSonofGod.TheythinkthatthegreatestprophetofallwasMohammed,thefounderofIslam,anArabwhodiedinA.D.632.

82JudaismJudaismisthereligionoftheJew.JewishteachingisbasedonthebooksoftheOldTestament,andacollectionofwritingscalledtheTalmud.Jewsbelievethat,throughtheirteacherMoses,GodgavethemtheTenCommandments,andotherrulesforliving.LikeChristians,JewsbelieveinoneGod.StrictJewskeepSaturdayastheirSabbath,ordayofrest.Theymustnotmarrynon-Jews.Theymaynoteatpork.TodayJewishpeopleliveallovertheworld,aswellasinIsreal.生词与联想词religion——religious—belief---Hinduism——Buddhism――Buddhist•--Islam—MoslemCatholicprimitiveprimarysophisticatedadvancedworshipcathedralprayprayersacrificeimageprofilesymmetryportraitJewJewishChristianChristianity-Christmas--Thanksgiving——Easterflock--herdbunchtroopswarmbatchpreachadvocatepriestsaintsacredholyBibleempireemperor-crown---dragon-throne---prince・-princess・・・imperialism---kingdom---reign-dynastyroyalroyaltynoblefeudalenlightenilluminateereate-・—creatorereatureereativeinvent——inventionsubmitsurrenderyieldcommitprophetcollectioncollectivecommandsummoninstructUnit54TheGreatAmericanMillionaires①TheAmericanmillionaireisthepersonificalionof(heAmericanDream.Fewmillionairesstartedwithinheritedwealth.It'saninterestingphenomenon.Many,havingdevotedtheiryouthtomakingmoney,spenttheirlateryeargivingmoneyaway.HenryClayFrick(1849—1919),theironandsteelmagnate,wasahardmaster.Heexploitedimmigrantworkers.Hemadethemworkexcessivelylonghoursformuchtoolittlemoney.Buthegavethewonderfulcollectionofpictures,sculpturesandfurnituretotheCityofNewYork,alongwiththeelegantmansiononFifthAvenuewheretheyarehouse.Frick,sgreatfriendandcolleague,AndrewCarnegie(1835—1919),aScotbybirth,said,“Themanwhodiesrich,diesdisgraced."Withmoneybeearnedfromsteel,heboughtupsteamshiplines,railroads,coalmines,oilfields,andwasworth,whenheretired,400million.Buthefeltguiltyabouthiswealth,andattheageof65hebegantogiveitaway.Heismostfamousforthe3,000publiclibrarieshtfoundedinAmerica,BritainandotherEnglish-speakingcountries.Helefthiswifecomfortablyoff,butinsistedthatwithherdeathherpensionshoulddiewithher.Hedid

83notbelieveininheritedfortunes,perhapsbecauseofwhathewitnessedinthe“littlerichboy”colonyatNewport,RhodeIsland.HerethesonsanddaughtersofwealthyNewEnglandersbuiltthemselves“summerpalaces/'wheretheylivedinindescribableluxuryforonlysevenweeksoftheyear.However,thesonsofsomemillionaireswereasdedicatedtotheirworkastheirfathers.WilliamHenryVanderbiltinherited90millionfromhisfamousfather,CorneliusVanderbilt(1974—1877),whichheproceededtodoubleintenyears.J.P.Morgan(1837—1913),J.P.Getty(1892—1976)andHowardHughes(1905—1976)wereothersonsofAmericanmillionaireswhovastlyincreasedthewealththeyhadinherited.CormeiiusVanderbilt,whomadehisfortuneonsteamshipandrailroadlines,wasworth$100milliontowardstheendofhislife.Hefeltthetimehadcometogivemostofitaway.SoheendowedauniversityinNashville,Tennessee,whichwascalledafterhim-VanderbiltUniversity.TheRockefellerfamilywhomadetheirmoneythroughbankingandoil,donated530milliontomedicalresearchandeducation.Theyfoundedtwonationalparks,andinthe1930sand1940sbuiltthevastRockefellerCenterinthemiddleofManhattan,withitsmoviehouse(thebiggestintheworld),itsopenairskatingrink,anditsoutdoorcafe.ThefirstRockefeller(JohnD.1839-1937),whostartedlifeasaclerk,ledalifeofcompletesimplicity.MeyerandDanielGuggenheim,fatherandson,spannedthe19thcenturywiththeiractivities.Theymadeafortunefromcopper.ButthefamilyisbestknownforitsgifttoNewYorkCityofawonderfulcollectionofmodernartandamuseumtohouseitin.ManyfindithardtounderstandwhytheseAmericanmillionaireslaboredsohardtoacquirewealth,thengavesomuchofitaway.Theanswermaybeguiltorevenpride.②PerhapsitisonlythatmaierialismandgenerosityexistsidebysideinihecharaciertomanyAmericans.生词与联想词millionairemagnatepersonalitypersonificationinheritsuccessorinherentheritagewealthwealthyphenomenonexploitharnessimmigrantexcessiveexcesssurplussculpturestatuecarvefurnitureclosetcouchmansiondomeroof-lounge--porch—chamber—lobby-lavatorylaundry—basementcellarwarehousestaircaseavenuegracegracefuldisgraceelegantsteamersteamshipretireretreat

84guiltyguiltpensioncolonycolonistcolonialluxurygrandextravagantpovertydonateendowcontributetributecafecafeteriacanteeninnsnackbarsimplicitysimplifyspancopperbrassaluminumnickel-alloy――zinc---bronzeacquireacquisitionattainobtaingenerousgenerosityUnitSSSmallEnterprisesLarge,multinationalcorporationsmaybethecompanieswhoseupsanddownsseizeheadlines.ButtoafargreaterextentthanmostAmericansrealize,theeconomy'svitalitydependsonthefortunesoftinyshopsandrestaurants,neighborhoodservicesandfactories.Smallbusinesses,definedasthosewithfewerthan100workers,nowemploynearly60percentoftheworkforceandareexpectedtogeneratehalfonallnewjobsbetweennowandtheyear2000.Some1.2millionsmallfirmshaveopenedtheirdoorsoverthepastsixyearsofeconomicgrowth,and1999willseenanadditional200,000entrepreneursstrikingoffontheirown.①Toomanyofthesepioneer,however,willblazeaheadunprepared.Idealistwilloverestimatetheclamorfortheirproductsoffailtofactorinthecompetition.Nearlyeveryonewillunderestimate,oftenfatally,thecapitalthatsuccessrequires.Midcareerexecutive,forcedbyatakeoveroratakeoverorarestructuringtoquitthecorporationandfindanotherwaytosupportthemselves,maysavortheideaofbeingtheirownbossbutmayforgetthatentrepreneursmustalso,atleastforawhile,bebookkeeperandreceptionist,too.AccordingtoSmallBusinessAdministrationdata,24ofevery100businessesstartingouttodayarelikelytohavedisappearedintwoyears,and27morewillhaveshuttheirdoorsfouryearsformnow.By1995,morethan60ofthose100start-upswillhavefolded.Anewstudyof3,000smallbusinesses,sponsoredbyAmericanExpressandtheNationalFederationofIndependentBusiness,suggestsslightlybetterodds:Threeyearsafterstart-up,77percentofthecompaniessurveyedwerestillalive.Mostcreditedtheirsuccessinlargeparttohavingpickedabusinesstheyalreadywerecomfortablein.Eightypercenthadworkedwiththesameproductorserviceintheirlastjobs.②Thinkingthroughanenterprisebeforethelaunchisobviouslycritical.Butmanyentrepreneursforgetthatafirm'shealthinitsinfancymaybelittieindicationofhowwellitwillage.Youmusttenderlymonitoritspulse.Intheirzealtoexpand,small-businessownersoftenignoreearlywarningsignsofastagnantmarketorofdecayingprofitability.Theyhopefullypourmoreandmoremoneyintotheenterprise,preferringnottoacknowledgeerodingprofitmarginsthatmeanthemarketfortheiringeniousserviceorproducthasevaporated.Onlywhenthefinancialwellrunsdrydotheyseetheseriousnessoftheillness,andbythenthepatientisusuallytoofargonetosave.

85Frequentchecksofyourfirmvitalsignswillalsoguideyoutoasensiblerateofgrowth.Tosnatchopportunity,youmustspotthesignalsthatitistimetoconquernewmarkets,addproductsorperhapsfranchiseyourhotidea.生词与联想词corporationfirmheadline—heading-・・・title--column——preface-・・・bibliography-・・・contextvitalvitalityvitamingenerategeneralizegeneratoradditionadditionalblazeashidealidealistclamorfactorfatalfatemortaldeadlyexecutivequitsavorflavorsaucepepperstalereceptionreceptionistreceiptadministrationadministratedatumstatisticsstatisticalarithmeticlikelylikewisealikefoldunfoldsponsorfederalfederationcommonwealthoddsoddqueersurveylaunchtenderpulsestagnatestaticinertiaerosionerodecorrodemarginmarginalrimbrimevaporatevaporvapordistillationsnatchfranchiseUnit56DisputesonEuthanasia有关安乐死的争论Itwas3:45inthemorningwhenthevotewasfinallytaken.Aftersixmonthsofarguingandfinal16hoursofhotparliamentarydebates,Australia'sNorthernTerritorybecamethefirstlegalauthorityintheworldtoallowdoctorstotakethelivesofincurablyillpatientswhowishtodie.Themeasurepassedbytheconvincingvoteof15to10.AlmostimmediatelywordflashedontheInternetandwaspickedup,halfaworldaway,byJohnHofsess,executivedirectoroftheRighttoDieSocietyofCanada.Hesentitonviathegroup'sonlineservice,DeathNET.SaysHofsess:“Wepostedbulletinsalldaylong,becauseofcoursethisisn'tjustsomethingthathappenedinAustralia.It*sworldhistory.”①Thefullimportmaytakeawhiletosinkin.TheNTRightsoftheTerminallyIIIlawhasleftphysiciansandcitizensaliketryingtodealwithitsmoralandpracticalimplications.Somehavebreathedsignsofrelief,others,includingchurches,right-to-lifegroupsandtheAustraliaMedicalAssociation,bitterlyattackedthebillandthehasteofitspassage.Butthetideisunlikelytoturnback.InAustralia-whereanagingpopulation,lifeextendingtechnologyandchangingcommunityattitudeshaveallplayedtheirpart-otherstagesaregoingtoconsidermakingasimilarlawtodealwitheuthanasia.IntheUSandCanada,

86wheretherighttodiemovementisgatheringstrength,observersarewaitingforthedominoestostartfalling.UnderthenewNorthernTerritorylaw,anadultpatientcanrequestdeath-probablybyadeadlyinjectionorpill-toputanendtosuffering.Thepatientmustbediagnosedasterminallyillbytwodoctor.Aftera“coolingoff'periodofsevendays,thepatientcansignacertificateofrequest.After48hoursthewishfordeathbanbemet.ForLloydNickson,a54-year-oldDarwinresidentsufferingfromlungcancer,theNTRightsofTerminallyIIIlawmeanshecangetonwithlivingwithoutthehauntingfearofhissuffering:aterrifyingdeathfromhisbreathingcondition.'Trr

87otafraidofdyingfromaspiritualpointofview,butwhatIwasafraidofwashowI'dgo,becauseI'vewatchedpeopledieinthehospitalfightingforoxygenandgroaningattheirmasks,Mhesays.名人名言TheUnitedStates,whosepeoplearelinkedbylongtiesoffriendshipwiththegreatChinesepeoples,isconfidentthatwithreneweddedicationtotheprinciplesoftheCharterwecanmovetowardpeaceandjusticeintheworld.②Weshallnotceaseloworkherewilhallwhoshareihalhopeandwhowishtocooperateinitsrealization.GBush生词与联想词votevetocandidateparliamentcabinetcongresssenatesenatorregimeterritory--region——zone—frontier——border-boundary--domain——adjacent——adjoinauthorityauthorconvinceconvictionviabulletinnotifypracticalfeasiblesighmoangroantideeuthanasiaobserveobservationserverinspectinspectordominoinjectinjectionpilltabletcapsulediagnosecertificatecertifyverify-confirm-license--warrantresidentresidence---inhabitant--inhabit-household-dwell--dwelling-apartmenttenant----renthauntterrifyterrificterrorterroristscare——alarmpanicspiritualmaskcloakveildisguiselink-junctionjoint

88charterUnit57AddressbeforetheCongressFollowingtheMoonLandingDistinguishedLadiesandGentlemen:①ItiswilhagreatsenseofprideasanAmericanandwithhumilityasahumanbeingthatIsayloyoutodaywhatnomenhavebeenprivilegedlosaybefore:"Wewalkonthemoon."ButthefootprintsatTranquilityBasebelongtomorethanthecrewofApollo11.Theywereputtherebyhundredsofthousandsofpeopleacrossthiscountry,peopleinthegovernment,industryanduniversities,theteamsandcrewsthatprecededus,allwhostrivedthroughouttheyearswithMercury,GeminiandApollo.ThosefootprintsbelongtotheAmericanpeopleandyou,therepresentatives,whoacceptitandsupportit,therepresentative,whoacceptitandsupportit,theinevitablechallengeofthemoon.And,sincewecameinpeacefbrallmankindthosefootprintsbelongalsotoallpeopleoftheworld.Asthemoonshinesimpartiallyonallthoselookingupfromourspinningearthsodowehopethebenefitsofspaceexplorationwillbespreadequallywithaharmonizinginfluencetoallmankind.Scientificexplorationimpliesinvestigatingtheunknown.Theresultcanneverbewhollyanticipated.CharlesLindbergsaid,"'Scientificaccomplishmentisapath,notanend;apathleadingtoanddisappearinginmystery.”Ourstepsinspacehavebeenasymbolofthiscountry'swayoflifeasweopenourdoorsandwindowstotheworldtoviewoursuccessesandfailuresandaswesharewithallnationsourdiscovery.TheSaturn,Columbia,andEagleandtheExtravehicularMobilityUnithaveprovetoNeil,Mikeandmethatthisnationcanproduceequipmentofthehighestqualityanddependability.Thisshouldgiveallofushopeandinspirationtoovercomesomeofthemoredifficultproblemshereonearth.TheApollolessonisthatnationalgoalscanbemetwherethereisastrongenoughwilldoso.Thefirststeponthemoonwasasteptowardoursisterplanetsandultimatelytowardthestars.®“Asmallstepforaman,“wasastatementofafact,“agiantleapformankind,“isahopeforfuture.Thankyou.名人名言Thegapbetweenidealsandactualities,betweendreamsandachievement,thegapthatcanspurstrongmentoincreasedexertions,butcanbreakthespiritofothers-thisgapisthemostconspicuous,continuouslandmarkinAmericanhistory.ItisconspicuousandcontinuousnotbecauseAmericansachievelittle,butbecausetheydreamgrandly.ThegapisastandingreproachtoAmericans;butitmarksthemoffasaspecialandsingularlyadmirablecommunityamongtheworld'speoples.GGWill生词与联想词Idistinguishdifferentiatediscriminatehumblehumilitymodestmodesty

89beingexistencerealityrealisticcreatureprivilegeentitletranquilitycrewscrewprecedeprecedingpreviousforegoingstrivecontendendeavorinevitablechallengeimpartial--一partial--一bias--一objectiveprejudice--一neutralspinrotaterotaryreeldizzyexploreexplorationscoutinvestigateprobeinquire--inquiryaccomplishaccomplishmentfulfillexecutesymbolbadgebracketfailuremobilemobilitymobilizemobilizeeaglehawkowl----crane■—pigeon-dove-swan-crowlark---sparrowultimateeventuallystatementstatesmangiantgapconspicuousreproachcondemnUnitSSHollywoodLegend—MarilynIVIonroe好莱坞传奇玛莉莲.梦露①MarilynMonroe,Hollywoodlegend,famousevenamongthefamous,beganlifeasplainoinoi$oplainNormerJeanBaker.Alreadyatsixteen,Somethingofastunner,shewassoonspottedbyaphotographerwhogavehernametoamodelagency.NormerJeanwasinthefastlanetothecinema.Someactinglessons,afewsmallpartsinBmoviefilmsandwithinnotimeatall,MarilynMonroe,asshehadnowbeennamed,wasmixingitwithHollywoodgreats.HerfirsbigbreakcamealongsideJaneRussellinGentlemenPreferredBlondes.ItwasenoughofasuccessforhertojointhestarswhosehandprintsaresetinconcreteonSunsetBoulevard.In1954,attheageof27,Marilynmarriedanotherall-Americansuperstar,thebaseballplayer,JoeDemagio.Itseemedaperfectmatch.Hecamefromalargefamily.Hereitseemeditwasthesecurityshe'dlackedasachild,butitwasn'ttobe.Marilynwasnowattheheightofherfame.Shehadtraveledaroadfromalonelyobscureteenagertoaglamorous,self-assuredcelebrity,andallinthespaceoflessthantenyears.Butthepriceshe'dpaywasenormous.Shenowhadfriendsintheveryhighestplaces.Shewasflatteredbywriters,artists,playwrightsaswellastheworldofentertainment.Behindalltheadulationsthough,somethingagooddealmoresinisterwasdevelopinginherlife.ItwasthetimeoftheCubanMissileCrisis,thepoliticalatmospherewasalmostasintenseasthepublicpressureonthestars.TheFBIwereconvincedMarilynwasmixingwithknowncommunists.Theyopenedthefileonherasapossiblesubversive.Then,suddenlyinAugust1962shedied,apparentlyfromanoverdoseofbarbiturate.

90②Itwasironicthatforsomeonewholivedintheglareofpublicity,thedeathshouldhavetakenplaceinsuchshadowycircumstances.Wasitmurder,accidentorsuicide?Noonereallyknows.Butwhatevertheanswertothat,thereisnodoubtthatMarilynMonroewasaHollywoodgiantwhogavedelighttomillionsduringhershort,glamorouslife.名人名言Nowwemustcreatemoreopportunitiesforpeopletoserveallyearlongand,throughservice,toreachouttooneantheracrossthelinesthatdivideus.InhonorofthespiritofcitizenserviceembodiedinthelifeofMartinLutherKingJr.,theCongresshasdesignatedtheMartinLutherKingholidayasadayofnationalservice.DrKingoncesaidthat,“Everybodycanbegreatbecauseanybodycanserve-youonlyneedaheartfullofgraceandasoulgeneratedbylove.”B.Clinton生词与联想词legendromanceromanticfablestunstunneramazeastonishspotstaindotagencyagentdeputylaneblondeboulevardoverpassbaseballvolleyball——badminton--soccer--cricketracketbatgolfobscurevaguefaintdimglamourglamorouscharmcharmingenormousimmensegiant——tremendousgiganticflatteradulationcomplimentplaywrightentertainentertainmentamusementrecreationpastimesinistermissilecnsisfiledocumentsubversiverevoltbarbiturateglareflareflashflamepublicityembodymanifestdesignateUnit59ReflectionsonLife人生次忠Ihaveoftenthoughtitwouldbeablessingifeachhumanbeingwerestrickenblindanddeafforafewdaysatsometimeduringhisearlyadultlife.Q)Darknesswouldmakehimmoreappreciativeofsight;silencewouldteachhimthejoysofsound.

91SometimesIhavethoughtitwouldbeanexcellentruletoliveeachdayasifweshoulddietomorrow.Suchanattitudewouldemphasizesharplythevaluesoflife.Weshouldliveeachdaywithagentleness,avigor,andakeennessofappreciationwhichareoftenlostwhentimestretchesbeforeusintheconstantpanoramaofmoredaysandmonthsandyearstocome.Therearethose,ofcourse,whowouldadoptthemottoof"Eat,drink,andbemerry/,butmostpeoplewouldbepurifiedbythecertaintyofimpendingdeath.Ithasoftenbeennotedthatthosewholive,orhavelived,intheshadowofdeathbringamellowsweetnesstoeverythingtheydo.Mostofus,however,takelifeforgranted.Weknowthatonedaywemustdie,butusuallywepicturethatdayasfarinthefuture.Whenweareingoodhealth,deathisallbutunimaginable.Weseldomthinkofit.Thedaysstretchoutinanendlessvista.Sowegoaboutourpettytasks,hardlyawareofourlistlessattitudetowardlife.②Thesamelethargy、Iamafraid、characterizestheuseofallourfacuhicsandsensesOnlythedealappreciatehearing,onlytheblindrealizethemanifoldblessingsthatlieinsight.Particularlydoesthisobservationapplytothosewhohavelostsightandhearinginadultlife.Butthosewhoneversufferedimpainnentofsightorhearingseldommakethefullestuseoftheseblessedfaculties.Theireyesandearstakeinallsightandsoundshazily,withoutconcentration,andwithlittleappreciation.Itisthesameoldstoryofnotbeinggratefulforwhatwehaveuntilweloseit,ofnotbeingconsciousofhealthuntilweareill.IfIwerethepresidentofauniversityIshouldestablishacompulsorycoursein“HowtoUseYourEyes”.Theprofessorwouldtrytoshowhispupilshowtheycouldaddjoytotheirlivesbyreallyseeingwhatpassesunnoticedbeforethem.Hewouldtrytoawaketheirdormantandsluggishfaculties.名人名匍Supposeyousetyourmindtoworkontheproblemofhowyouwoulduseyourowneyesifyouhadthreemoredaystosee.Ifwiththeoncomingdarknessofthethirdnightyouknewthatthesunwouldneverriseforyouagain,howwouldyouspendthosethreepreciousinterveningdays?Whatwouldyoumostwanttoletyourgazerestupon?I,naturally,shouldwantmosttoseethethingswhichhavebecomedeartomethroughmyyearsofdarkness.You,too,wouldwanttoletyoureyesrestlongonthethingsthathavebecomedeartoyousothatyoucouldtakethememoryofthemwithyouintothenightthatloomedbeforeyou.生词与联想词reflectreflectionblessblessingdeafdeafendumb-一mute--一lamecripplelimpdisablevigorvigorousbriskkeenkeennessacuteearnestenthusiasticconstantpanoramavistaadoptadoptionmottomerrypurityimpendingmellowgrantlistlesslethargyfacultymanifold

92observeobservationinspectinspectorapplyapplicationapplicableappliancehammer---scissorsimpairimpairmenthazilyconcentrateconcentrationgratefulgratitudecompulsoryvoluntarysluggishinterveneinterfereinterferencegazeglimpsepeeploomUnit60ToWorkaholicsNotlongagoItoldmyfatherthatI'maworkaholic.Hestartledmebysaying,“Yes,dear,youare.”Itwasashocktothinkthatgettinghookedonwork-especiallyworkIlove-couldbeaproblem.Myaddictionwasexactingatollonmymarriageandpushingmytowardsburnout.Itwashardtoadmitthis,butonceIdid,IrealizedwhatIneededtodo:less.That'strueforallofus,becausewe'reallengagedintheworkoftheworld,givingincountlessways-aspartners,parents,children,friends,colleagues,gardeners,teachers,artistsandlisteners.Thisworkisendless.®Butweallneedtorechargeandrenewoutownreserve,andthere'snobettertimethanonlong,warmdayswhennaturebeckonsusoutside.Finally,Fmsurrendering.Fmtakingnature'scuestogetoutofmybrainandintomybody.②Tokeepitreal,I'vecompiledato-d。listtop0stonthewall.It'sradicallydifferentfromlastyear's,anditgoeslikethis:1.GetupanhourearlierI'vealreadystarteddoingthis.Istepoutside,smelltheair,listentothebirds,meditate,fixmyselfsomepancakes.Itrytoremembertogivethanksforwhat'sgoingrightinmylife.2.Stayoutofthesupermarket.Whenthegrowingseasonisunderway,Itrytoshopatlocalfarmers'markets.Ilovethecolors,texturesandsmellsofthefoodharvestedjusthoursbefore.Ialsoliketothankthefarmersforgrowingbeautifulfood.3.Eatoutside.Yes,morepicnics.Tobring:abigblanket,astrawhat,abasketoffreshbread,cheese,fruit,wine,afewfriends.4.Sayno.Idon'twanttomissasingleevent,turndownoneinvitation,ortellanyonetheycan'tcometovisit.ButI'mtryingtosayfirmtosavesometimeformyself:tololl,nap,daydream.5.Findahayfield.Afterthehayhasbeencut,drivebyatduskwiththewindowsrolleddown.Iliketostopthecarandjustsithere,breathinginthesweet,greenfragrance,watchingtheswallowsflyingincirclesoverthedarkeningfields.6.Gooutsideatnight.Walkingaroundafterdark,admiringtheMilkyWay,thestars,howthecloudslookinthemoonlight.Walkingoutdoorsatnightheightensthesenses.

931.Letgo.Atleastalittle.SometimesIfeelparalyzedbyallthesufferingintheworld,thepainoffamilyandfriends,andoutownstruggles.ButifIgivemyselfsomesanctuary,somebreathingroomeveryday,IfindIcanbetterfacethesethings.Whenwemakethetimetoreplenishourreserves,wefindnewenergytoreachoutinwayslargeandsmall,tochangetheworld,tochangeourselves.生词与联想词workaholicstartleamazehookcurvebentarchcurlloopaddictaddictiontoolengageengagementparticipateundertakeembarkpartnercolleaguecollaboratecollaboratorfellowshiprenewrenovateresume-・・・revive——refresh-・・・refreshment——regenerateregenerativebeckonsignalgesturecuecompileediteditioneditoreditorialradicalfundamentalextremedrasticexceedinglymeditatetexturetextilestrawstrawberryberryhaylollnapdustdawnfragrancefragrantodorscentheightenaugmentparalyzesanctuaryreplenishUnit61EveryPersonIsResponsibleforHis/HerActionsAwisemanoncesaidthattheonlythingnecessaryforthetriumphofevilisforgoodmentodonothing.Soasapoliceofficer,1havesomeurgentthingstosaytogoodpeople.DayafterdaymymenandIstruggletoholdbackatidalwaveofcrime.Somethinghasgoneterriblywrongwithouronce-proudAmericanwayoflife.Ithashappenedintheareaofvalues.Akeyingredientisdisappearing,andIthinkIknowwhatitis:accountability.Accountabilityisn'thardtodefine.Itmeansthateverypersonisresponsibleforhisorheractionsandliablefortheirconsequences.Ofthemanyvaluesthatholdcivilizationtogether-honesty,kindness,andsoon-accountabilitymaybethemostimportantofall.Withoutit,therecanbenorespect,notrust,nolaw-and,ultimately,nosociety.①Myjobasapoliceofficerisloimposeaccountabilityonpeoplewhorefiise,orhaveneverlearned,toimposeitonthemselves.Butaseverypolicemanknows,externalcontrolsonpeople'sbehaviorarefarlesseffectivethaninternalrestrainssuchasguilt,shameandembarrassment.Fortunatelytherearestillcommunities-smallertowns,usually-whereschoolsmaintaindisciplineand

94whereparentsholdupstandardsthatproclaim:"Inthisfamilycertainthingsarenottolerated—theysimplyarenotdone!”Yetmoreandmore,especiallyinourlargercitiesandsuburbs,theseinnerrestraintsareloosening.Yourtypicalrobberhasnone.Heconsidersyourpropertyhisproperty;hetakeswhathewants,includingyourlifeifyouenragehim.②Themaincauseofthisbreak-downisradicalshiftinattitudes.Thirtyyearsago,ifacrimewascommitted,societywasconsideredthevictim.Now,inashockingreversal,it'sthecriminalwhoisconsideredvictimized:byhisunderprivilegedupbringing,bytheschoolthatdidn'tteachhimtoread,bythechurchthatfailedtoreachhimwithmoralguidance,bytheparentswhodidn'tprovideastablemore.Idon'tbelieveit.Manyothersinequallydisadvantagedcircumstanceschoosenottoengageincriminalactivities.Ifwefreethecriminal,evenpartly,fromaccountability,webecomeasocietyofendlessexcuseswherenooneacceptsresponsibilityforanything.WeinAmericadesperatelyneedmorepeoplewhobelievethatthepersonwhocommitsacrimeistheoneresponsibleforit.生词与联想而accountaccountability・・・obligation—responsible—responsibility—liable—liabilitytriumphtriumphantsurpassexceedurgeurgentcompelspurobligeimpetusingredient-elementcomposecomponentcivilizationcivilizerespectrespectablerespectfulrespectiveultimateeventuallyimposeenforceexternalexteriorinternalinteriorrestraintrestrainsuppresswithholdguiltguiltysinsuspectembarrassembarrassmentawkwardrageenragefuriousvictimdesperatedespairUnit62ArcticOceanWillSoonBeanOpenSeaColonelBemtBalchen,polarexplorerandflier,iscirculatingapaperamongpolarspecialistsproposingthattheArcticpackiceisthinningandthattheoceanattheNorthPolemaybecomeanopenseawithinadecadeortwo.①1Hebaseshisthesisonpredictionsinrecentyearsbyseveralexpertsinpolarweatherandicebehavior.ThewarningsoundedbyColonelBalchenhasstirredupenoughexcitementin

95WashingtonfortheNavytoaskDr.NorbertUntersteineroftheUniversityofWashingtontoprepareanassessmentoftrendsinthepack.However,interviewswithanumberofotherspecialistshaveshownawidespreadbeliefthattheprogressiveshrinkageoverthelastcenturyhasreverseditself,atleasttemporarily.DisappearanceoftheArcticpackwouldenablethelargesttankerstoreachthenewlydiscoveredoilfieldsofnorthernAlaska.However,ofmajorconcernisthepossibilityofcatastrophicclimatechanges.Anumberofspecialistsbelievethatanice-freeArcticOceanwouldnotfreezeagain.Ifso,ithasbeenpredictedthatstormpathswouldchangeandfood-producingareasoftheCentralUnitedStatesandEurasiamightbecomedeserts.TheRussians,becauseoftheirdependenceonsearoutestoportsalongtheirlongArcticcoastline,keeptheclosestwatchofanyoneonweathertrendsandthedriftingpackiceoftheArcticOcean.AnumberofRussianandAmericanspecialistsagreewithColonelBalchenthattheicecoverofthatoceanis“vulnerable“Amoderateincreaseinsolarheatproductionorachangeintransparencyoftheatmospherecouldremovetheice.TheArcticpackisathincrustoficeoveradeepocean.Thus,itdiffersbasicallyfromtheAntarcticicesheet,whichrestsonloftycontinent.WhereasmeltingoftheAntarcticicewouldraisesealevelsthroughouttheworldbymanyfeet,themeltingoftheArcticwouldhavenosucheffect.Thisisbecausefloatingicedisplacesjustasmuchwaterasthewaterproducedwhentheicemelts.Whenicecubesinaglassmelt,forexample,thewaterleveldoesnotrise.Unlikeotheroceans,theArcticOceanisalmostlandlocked,butwarmGulfStreamwaterflowsintoitfromtheAtlanticandlesseramountofheatisalsocarriedinfromthePacificthroughtheBeringStrait.Somespecialistsbelievethattheoceanwouldnotfreezeagain,eveninthewinter,oceanthepackhaddisappeared.Iftheoceanwerefreeofice,stormpaths,itisthought,wouldmovefurthernorth,deprivingtheplainsofNorthAmericaandofcentralEurasiaofrainfall.WindsblowingofftheArcticOceanwouldbecomemoist,andsnowfallonmountainsinthepathofthosewindswouldbealmostcontinuous.ThiswouldstarttheformationoficesheetssuchasthosethatseveraltimeshaveflowedsouthacrossNorthAmericaandEurasia.生词与联想词arcticAntarctic——polar——longitudelatitude-equatortropictropicalcolonelveteranthesistheorytheoreticaltrendinclinetitleleanstoopinterviewstirshiver-trembleagitatenavynavalfleettemporary--momentary-―-simultaneous-•--instantaneouscontemporarysuccessivetankerlinerdeckcanoecargocatastrophewreckcrashdriftwandervulnerabletransparenttransparencysolarlunareclipsecalendar

96crustshellcubecubictriangletriangularanglegulfbaystraitpeninsularstreamstreamlinebrooktrenchdeprivederivemoistmoisturehumidhumidityUnit<53PostwarAmerica①Ahistoryoflongandeffortlesssuccesscanbeadreadfulhandicap,but,ifproperlyhandled,itmaybecomeadrivingforce.WhentheUnitedStatesenteredjustsuchaglowingperiodaftertheendoftheSecondWorldWar,ithadamarketeighttimeslargerthananycompetitor,givingitsindustriesunparalleledeconomiesofscale.Itsscientistsweretheworld'sbest,itsworkersthemostskilled.AmericaandAmericanswereprosperousbeyondthedreamsoftheEuropeansandAsianswhoseeconomiesthewarhaddestroyed.Itwasinevitablethatthisprimacyshouldhavenarrowedasothercountriesgrewricher.Justasinevitably,theretreatfrompredominanceprovedpainful.②Bythemid-1980sAmericanshadfoundthemselvesatalossovertheirJadingindustrialcompetitiveness.SomehugeAmericanindustries,suchasconsumerelectronics,hadshrunkorvanishedinthefaceofforeigncompetition.By1987therewasonlyoneAmericantelevisionmakerleft,Zenith.Foreign-madecarsandtextilesweresweepingintothedomesticmarket.America'smachine-toolindustrywasontheropes.Forawhileitlookedasthoughthemakingofsemiconductors,whichAmericahadinventedandwhichsatattheheartofthenewcomputerage,wasgoingtobethenextcasualty.Allofthiscausedacrisisofconfidence.Americansstoppedtakingprosperityfbrgranted.Theybegantobelievethattheirwayofdoingbusinesswasfailing,andthattheirincomeswouldthereforeshortlybegintofallaswell.Themid-1980sbroughtoninquiryafteranotherintothecausesofAmerica'sindustrialdecline.Theirsometimessensationalfindingswerefilledwithwarningsaboutthegrowingcompetitionfromoverseas.Howthingshavechanged!In1995theUnitedStatescanlookbackonfiveyearsofsolidgrowthwhileJapanhasbeenstruggling.FewAmericansattributethissolelytosuchobviouscausesasadevalueddollarortheturningofthebusinesscycle.Self-doubthasyieldedtoblindpride.“Americanindustryhaschangeditsstructure,hasgoneonadiet,haslearnttobemorequick-witted,MaccordingtoRichardCavanagh,executivedeanofHarvard'sKennedySchoolGovernment.44ItmakesmeproudtobeanAmericanjusttoseehowourbusinessesareimprovingtheirproductivity,saysStephenMooreoftheCatoInstitute,athink-tankinWashington,DC.AndWilliamSablmanoftheHarvardBusinessSchoolbelievesthatpeoplewilllookbackonthisperiodas“agoldenageofbusinessmanagementintheUnitedStatesM.名人名言TheBiblesaysthat4'theloveofmoneyistheroofofallevil”.Thatis,moneysoughtfbritsownsakeis

97thecauseofallsortsofevil-lying,stealing,cheating,robbery,andevenmurder.Thisisthebestreasonforavoidingthelovingofmoney.生词与联想词handicaphamperdrawbackbarrierhandlemanipulate----strokescalegagedialparallelequivalentresembleresemblancefadevanishinvisibleexpireperishtextilefabricsemiconductorsensorchipinsulatecrisisattributetraitsolesolelylacediet—buffetedible■—dine—appetite・・・bacon・・・sausage—porridge-・・・dessertdean--campus--freshman-sophomore-senior-junior-tutorgraduate--undergraduatebachelor—curriculum—scholar-scholarship—semester--seminar■一diplomatuitionBibleEvilviciouswickedsakeUnit64InauguralAddressesbyRillClinton克林瓯恰绽第t耳只海说Myfellowcitizens:Today,wecelebratethemysteryofAmericanrenewal.Thisceremonyisheldinthedepthofwinter.But,bythewordswespeakandthefacesweshowtheworld,weforcethespring.Onbehalfofournation,IsalutemypredecessorPresidentBushforhishalf-centuryofservicetoAmerica,©andIthankthemillionsofmenandwomenwhosesteadfastnessandsacrificetriumphedoverdepressionandfascism.Communicationsandcommerceareglobal;investmentismobile;technologyisalmostmagical;andambitionforabetterlifeisnowuniversal.WeearnourlivelihoodinAmericatodayinpeacefulcompetitionwithpeopleallacrosstheearth.ThisnewworldhasalreadyenrichedthelivesofmillionsofAmericanswhoareabletocompeteandwininit.Butwhenmostpeopleareworkingharderforless,whenotherscannotworkatall,whenthecostofhealthcaredevastatesfamiliesandthreatenstobankruptourenterprises,greatandsmall,whenfearofcrimerobslaw-abidingcitizensoftheirfreedomandwhenmillionsofpoorchildrencannotevenimaginetheliveswearecallingthemtolead-wehavenotmadechangeourfriend.②Ourdemocracymustbenotonlytheenvyofiheworldbuttheengineofourrenewal.ThereisnothingwrongwithAmericathatcannotbecuredbywhatisrightwithAmerica.

98TorenewAmerican,wemustbebold.Americansdeservebetter.Andinthiscitytoday,therearepeoplewhowanttodobetter.SoIsaytoallofyouhere,letusresolvetoreformourpolitics,sothatpowerandprivilegenolongershoutdownthevoiceofthepeople.LetusputasidepersonaladvantagesothatwecanfieelthepainandseethepromiseofAmerica.Whenourvitalinterestsarechallenged,orthewillandconscienceoftheinternationalcommunityisdefied,wewillact-withpeacefuldiplomacywheneverpossible,withforcewhennecessary.ThebraveAmericansservingournationtodayinthePersianGulf,inSomalia,andwhereverelsetheystandaretestamenttoourresolve.TothatworkInowturn,withalltheauthorityofmyoffice,IasktheCongresstojoinwithme.Butnopresident,noCongress,nogovernment,canundertakethismissionalone.MyfellowAmericans.You,too,mustplayyourpartinourrenewal.AndsomyfellowAmericans,aswestandattheedgeofthe21、'century,letusbeginwithenergyandhope,withfaithanddiscipline,andletusworkuntilourworkisdone.Biblesays,“Andletusnotbewearyinwelldoing,forindueseason,weshallreap,ifwefaintnot.”生词与联想词inauguralappointappointmentcelebratecommemorateceremonybehalfsalutehailpredecessorsteadysteadfastobstinatedeviatemagicalmagicmagicianmiracleuniverseuniversalenrichdevastatedesolatebleakspoilruinbankruptbankruptcyrobrobber-―-robbery-・・・theftpickpocket——kidnaphostagepirate—hijackabidedemocracydemocraticdictatorenvy-jealous-jealousydeservemeritresolveresolutionresolutereformdeformdeformationdefydespisedespitediplomacydiplomaticembassyambassadorintimatetestamentmissiondiscipline

99Unit65RulesforBehaviorinPublicPlacesLineup,andwaityourturn.Whentheyareinsituationswhereagroupofpeoplewantattentionorservicefromsomeone,Americanslineup(or"queue,“assomepeoplesay).Inthebank,atthetheaterboxoffice,orattheuniversityregistrar'scounter,thelatestpersontoarrivewillsteptotheendofthelineandpatiently(patientlyunlessitbecomesclearthattheservicethepeopleinthelinearegettingisslowerthanitoughttobe)waittheirturn.Thisbehaviorreflectstheirnotionthatallpeopleareequal,inthesensethatnoonehastheprivilegeofgoingdirectlytothefrontofaline.Italsoreflectstheiraversiontotouching,whichismuchlesslikelytohappeninalinethaninacrowdjostlingtogetservice.Peoplewhodonotgototheendofthelineandwaittheirtum,butwhoinsteadgototheheadofthelineandtrytopushtheirwayinfrontofothers,willusuallyevokeahostilereaction.First-come,first-served.Relatedtothe“lineup“ruleisthefirst-come,first-servedrule.Thegeneralnotionisthatthepersonwhoarrivesfirstgetsattentionfirst.Alternativenotions,suchasgivingprioritytoolderpeopleorricheronesormales,donotnormallyoccurtoequality-mindedAmericans.Don'tblockthetraffic.①Generally,Americansgiveprioritytopeoplewhoaremovingratherthantothosewhoarestationary.Apersonwhoisinamovingcrowdandwhowishestostoportogomoreslowlythanothersisexpectedtomovetothesideorotherwisegetoutofthewayofthosewhoarecontinuingtomove.Itisconsideredinconsideratetoobstructotherpeople'spaths.Don't'blocktheview.Itisalsodeemedinconsideratetoobstructanotherperson'sviewwhenthepersonistryingtowatchapublicevent,suchasaparade,athleticcontest,ortheaterperformance.ThisrulecanbeinterpretedasyetanothermanifestationofAmericans?assumptionsaboutequalityandindividualismAnti-smoking.Inrecentyearsandanti-smokingmovementhasmadeconsiderableheadwayintheUnitedStates.Somestatesandlocalitieshaveoutlawedsmokingincertainpublicplaces.Somerestaurants,likeairplanes,haveareasdesignatedforsmokersandfbrnon-smokers.Manyorganizationshaveformulatedrulesaboutsmoking,usuallyrulesthatspecifywherepeoplecanandcannotsmoke.Nonsmokerswhofeeldiscomfortinthepresenceofcigarettesmokeoftenasksmokerstoextinguishtheircigarettes.Vigorouscampaignsinthepublicschoolsareaimedatdiscouragingyoungpeoplefromtakingupthehabit.Foreignvisitorwhosmokewillwanttonotice,beforetheylightup,whetherothersinthegrouparesmokingand,iftheyare,whethertheyareconfiningthemselvestoaparticularpartoftheroomorbuilding.Askingthosearoundthem,“DoyoumindifIsmokeisagoodidea,andsoisaccedingtothewishesofthosewhosaytheymind.生词与联想而queueoughtaversionjostlebumpelbow

100evokeinducehostilehatredequalityequationstationarystationerydeemparadedemonstrationdemonstratesloganathletesportsmanstadiumgymnasiummanifestmanifestationdenoteformulateframeframeworkspecifyspecificationspecificspecimenextinguishquenchextinctignitevigorousenergeticsturdyfeeblecampaign■一militarywarfarebattery--combat■一rifle-bullet-capture-captiveconfineimprison-----jailarrestdetainaccedeconsentapprovecomplyrejectboycottprotestUnit66CouldEconomicDeclineReturn?Couldthebadolddaysofeconomicdeclinebeabouttoreturn?SineOPECagreedtosupply-cutsinMarch,thepriceofcrudeoilhasjumpedtoalmost$26abarrel,upfromlessthan$10lastDecember.Thisnear-triplingofoilpricescallsupscarymemoriesofthe1973oilshock,whenpricesquadrupled,and1979-80,whentheyalsoalmosttripled.Bothpreviousshocksresultedindoubledigitinflationandglobaleconomicdecline.Sowherearetheheadlineswarningofgloomanddoomthistime?TheoilpricewasgivenanotherpushupthisweekwhenIraqsuspendedoilexports.Strengtheningeconomicgrowth,atthesametimeaswintergripsthenorthernhemisphere,couldpushthepricehigherstillintheshortterm.Yettherearegoodreasonstoexpecttheeconomicconsequencesnowtobelessseverethaninthe1970s.Inmostcountriesthecostofcrudeoilnowaccountsforasmallershareofthepriceofpetrolthanitdidinthe1970s.InEurope,taxesaccountforuptofour-fifthsoftheretailprice,soevenquitebigchangesinthepriceofcrudehaveamoremutedeffectonpumppricesthaninthepast.Richeconomiesarealsolessdependentonoilthantheywere,andsolesssensitivetoswingsintheoilprice.Energyconservation,ashifttootherfuelsandadeclineintheimportanceofheavy,energy-intensiveindustrieshavereducedoilconsumption.Software,consultancyandmobiletelephonesusefarlessoilthansteelorcarproduction.ForeachdollarofGDP(inconstantprices)richeconomiesnowusenearly50%lessoilthanin1973.TheOECDestimatesinitslatestEconomicOutlookthat,ifoilpricesaveraged$22abarrelfbrafullyear,comparedwith$13in1998,thiswouldincreasetheoilimportbillinricheconomiesbyonly0.25—0.5%ofGDP.Thatislessthanone-quarteroftheincomelossin1974or1980.Ontheotherhand,oil-importingemergingeconomies-towhichheavyindustryhasshifted-havebecomemoreenergy-intensive,andsocouldbemoreseriouslysqueezed.

101Onemorereasonnottolosesleepovertheriseinoilpriceisthat,unliketherisein1970s,ithasnotoccurredagainstthebackgroundofgeneralcommodity-priceinflationandglobalexcessdemand.Asizableportionoftheworldisonlyjustemergingfromeconomicdecline.TheEconomist'scommoditypriceindexisbroadlyunchangingfromayearago.In1973commoditypricesjumpedby70%,andin1979byalmost30%.隹词与联想词Ideclinecruderoughcoarsegrossrefinerefinerypolishbarrel——container——pailtub――-jar---kettlevaselitergallonpint----quarttriplequadruplescarescaryscarpanicdigitdigital--arithmetic-geometry—billion-decimal-fraction—sequenceglobeglobalsphereaxishemispherecylindergloomygloomsorrowsorrowfulgrievedoomdestinytaxtariffretailgrocerygrocer——boothstallmerchandisemerchantsqueezecrushthrustwedgeindexappendixcatalogcategorytokenclueUnit67AmazingAspirin神奇的阿司匹林This“miracledrug"isevenbetterthanwethought.Aspirinmaybethemostfamiliardrugintheworld-butitspowertohealgoesfarbeyondtheusualachesandpains.①Excitingnewstudiessuggestihalaspirincanhelp行ghtawiderangeofseriousillnesses.Overthelastdecadetherehasbeenkeeninterestintheuseofaspirintopreventcancer.“Experimentshaveshownthataspirininhibitstumorsinawholearrayofcancers,includingcancersofcolonandstomach.MsaysDr.MichaelThun,vicepresidentforepidemiologyandsurveillanceresearchfortheAmericanCancerSociety.AtHarvardMedicalSchool,thelong-termNurses'HealthStudy(whichinvolvesnearly90,000femalenurses),hasreveleda30-percentreductionincolorectalcanceramongthosewomenwhousedaspirinregularlyfortento19yearsanda44-percentreductionafter20yearsofconsistentaspirinuse.MostofusknowthattheFoodandDrugAdministrationrecommendsaspirinasawayofpreventingheartattacksinthoseknowntohaveaheartcondition,butfewofusrealizeitcanhelpattheonsetofanattack.In1998theFDAadvisedthatindividualsexperiencingthesymptomsofaheartattackshouldimmediatelytakeaspirin.Aworldwidestudyof17,187patientsdirectedbyDr.Hennekenshasshownthatthereisa23-percentreductioninthedeathratewhenaspirinistakenwithin24hoursofexperiencingheart-attacksymptoms.

102DoctorDebraJudelsonhasseenitsbenefitsfirsthand.Onanairplaneflight,afellowpassengerturnedpale,begansufferingchestpainsandhadtroublebreathing.Shequicklygavethemantwoaspirin,andinafewmomentshispainabated,hislungsclearedandhiscolorreturned."Ifyouthinkyou'rehavingaheartattack,chewtwoaspirin,“advisesDr.Judelson."Chewingleadstomorerapidabsorptionthanswallowingwhole.Withaheartattack,minutesmeanmuscle.Thelongeryouwait,themoremuscleisdamaged.^^Beforebeginningdailyaspirinuse,checkwithyourphysician.Despitetheirenthusiasmfbraspirin,doctorsremindustherecanbesignificantriskforsomepeopleintakingthedrug.Bythinningtheblood,aspirincanretardclottingandcauseexcessivebleeding.Soregularaspirinusemaynotbeappropriateforpeoplewithdigestivedisordersorbleedingproblems.Thoseplanningtoundergoevenminorsurgeryshouldtelltheirdoctorsifthey5reonaspirintherapy.Also,aspirinisn'trecommendedforchildrenandteensbecauseofitsassociationwithReye'ssyndrome,ararebutdangerouschildhooddisease.Formany,however,aspirinmaybejustthetherapytohelppreventsomeofourmostdreadedillnesses.4

103andorganizing.IntheAmericans?view,alltheseactivitiesaregenerallyfunandrelaxing,orareworththediscomforttheymaycausebecausetheycontributetohealthandphysicalfitness.MuchAmericanrecreationishighlyorganized.Thereareclasses,clubs,leagues,exhibitions,andconventionscenteredonhundredsofdifferentrecreationalactivities.Peopleinterestedinastronomy,birdwatching,cooking,dancing,ecology,fencing,gardening,hiking-andon-canfindagroupoflike-mindedpeoplewithwhomtomeet,learn,andpracticeorperform.InAmericarecreationisbigbusiness.Manycommonrecreationalactivitiesrequiresuppliesandequipmentthatcanbequitecostly.Recreationalequipmentusedfortravelingandusuallyincludingprovisionsforsleeping,cooking,andbathingcancostasmuchas$35,000.In1984Americansownedapproximately3,982,000recreationalvehicles,valuedatabout$7,733million.Joggingshoes,hikingboots,fishingandcampingsupplies,cameras,telescopes,andbowlingballsarenotlow-costitems.Beyondequipment,thereisclothing.ThefashionindustryhassuccessfullypersuadedmanyAmericansthattheymustbeproperlydressedforjogging,playingtennis,skiing,swimming,andsoon.Fashionableoutfitsfortheseandotherrecreationalactivitiescanbesurprisinglyexpensive.Afinalpointthatforeignobserversnoticeistherelationshipbetweensocialclassandcertainrecreationalactivities.Ingeneral,golfandyachtingareassociatedwithwealthierpeople,tenniswithbetter-educatedpeople,outdoorsports(camping,fishing,hunting,boating)withmiddle-classpeople.Thosewhobowlorsquaredanceregularlyarelikelytorepresentthelower-middleclass.ForeignobserverswillbeabletofindotherexamplesoftheserelationshipsinwhateverpartoftheUnitedStatestheycometoknow.生词与联想词spontaneousspontaneityvoluntaryvolunteercompulsoryapproachdepartdepartureorganizationorganorganicorganismexclaim-一exclamation-一shriek-一scream―-yell-一roar-bark-一utter-一murmur■一mutter-一complaincomplaintwhistlesirenchessexhibitdisplayastronomyastronaut--universe--galaxy-Marsplanet-一satellite--spacecraft■一craftspaceshiprocketecologyequip-一install■一installation-一outfit-apparatus-一facility—accessory-一fitting-implementinstrumentfixturegearpistonvehicleprovisionfurnishapproximatelytelescope-microscope--microscopic--macroscopic■一microphone---microcomputermicroprocessormicrowavehuntprey

104Unit69Americans:aDefinition我说美国人①Americansseemtoliveandbreatheandfunctionbyparadox：butinnotingarewesoparadoxicalasinourpassionatebeliefinourownmyths.Americansarerestless,adissatisfied,asearchingpeople.Wearealert,curiousandhopeful.Webelieveimplicitlythatwearetheheirsofthepioneers;thatwehaveinheritedself-sufficiencyandtheabilitytotakecareofourselves,particularlyinrelationtonature.Butthereisn'tamanamongusintenthousandwhoknowshowtobutcheracoworapigandcutitupforeating,letaloneawildanimal.TheParadoxesareeverywhere.Weareabletobelievethatourgovernmentisweak,stupid,arbitrary,dishonest,andinefficient,andatthesametimewearedeeplyconvincedthatitisthebestgovernmentintheworld,andwewouldliketoimposeituponeveryoneelse.WespeakoftheAmericanWayofLifeasthoughitinvolvedthegroundrulesforthegovernanceofparadise.Weshoutthatweareanationoflaws,notmen-andthenproceedtobreakeverylawwecanifwecangetawaywithit.Weproudlyinsistthatwebaseourpoliticalpositionsontheissues-andwewillvoteagainstamanbecauseofhisreligion,hisname,ortheshapeofhisnose.Wefancyourselvesashard-headedrealists,butwewillbuyanythingweseeadvertised,particularlyontelevision;andwebuyitnotwithreferencetothequalityorthevalueoftheproduct,butdirectlyasaresultofthenumberoftimeswehavehearditmentioned.Themostarrantnonsenseaboutaproductisneverquestioned.Weareafraidtobeawake,afraidtobealone,afraidtobeamomentwithoutthenoiseandconfusionwecallentertainment.Weboastofourdislikeofhighbrowartandmusic,andwehavemoreandbetter-attendedsymphonies,artgalleries,andtheatersthananycountryintheworld.Wedetestabstractartandproducemoreofitthanalltherestoftheworldputtogether.②Theresultisthatweseemtobeinastateoftu门noilallthetime,bothphysicallyandmentally.Weworktoohard,andmanydieunderthestrain;andthentomakeupfbrthatweplaywithaviolenceassuicidal.Weareself-reliantandatthesametimecompletelydependent.Weareaggressive,anddefenseless.Wearecomplacentinourpossessions,inourhouse,inoureducation;butitishardtofindamanorwomanwhodoesnotwantsomethingbetterforthenextgeneration.Americansareremarkablykindandhospitableandopenwithbothguestsandstrangers;andyettheywillmakeawidecirclearoundthemandyingonthepavement.Fortunesarespentgettingcatsoutoftreesanddogsoutofsewerpipes;butagirlscreamingfbrhelpinthestreetdrawsonlybangeddoors,closedwindows,andsilence.生词与联想词paradoxparadoxicalalertattentiveimplicitexplicitinheritabilitygeniusgiftarbitrarydictatedictatorpuppetimpose

105paradiseangel——hell-・・・devilghostmonstermonstrousfancyfantasticadvertisearrantnonsensegossip——rumorridiculous----absurd——garbageconfuseconfusionmesschaosturmoilturbulentsymphony—orchestra-・・・chorustunetonestereo・・・-jazz——cassette・・・discgallerycorridor——canvasstudiodetestdisgustcherishabstractsubtractdistractextractcomplacentpossesspossessionestateremarkableremarknoteworthyoutstandingpavepavementpitchpebblesewerdrainditchUnit70Hydrogen:CarFueloftheFutureCouldthesimplestelementbethecarfuelofthefuture?Withenergyandpollutionconcernworldwide,GermanautogiantBMWisexperimentingwithhydrogenasanalternativepowersourceforitsvehicles.Thecompany'smainobstaclesaretheircurrentcarslimiteddrivingrangeandalackofservicestationstostockuponhydrogen.Althoughitisunclearwhenhydrogenfuelcouldbecomewidelyused,companyandenvironmentalofficialsareexcitedaboutitsuseasaclean,sensiblepowersource.Nomoresmellyfumesatthegasstation.NomorepollutingCO2emissions.Farlessdependenceonunevensuppliesoffossilfuels.Anendtofluctuatinggasprices,largelycontrolledbyOPEC,thatcausedanuproarinEuropeandelsewhereintheworldlastfall.Thecompanydemonstrateditshydrogen-poweredvehiclesduringaglobalroadshow,'TheCleanEnergyWorldTour2001,**thatkickedoffinDubaiinFebruary.Bymid-yearBMWwillalsohavegivenlikedemonstrationsinBrussels,Belgium;Milan,Italy;Tokyo,Japan;andLosAngeles,California.①Yearsofpromotingmasstransit,airpollutionandfluctuatinggaspriceshavenotendedloveaffairswiththecarinanyindustrializedcountry.Sothemindsetnowinsometransportationcirclesandsmoggycitygovernmentsistoatleastgetdriversintolow-ornon-pollutingvehicles.Officialshopepublicbuseswillsoonrunonhydrogen.Whilehydrogenisthelightestknownelement,ithassometrickycharacteristics.Itonlybecomesliquidatdramaticallylowtemperatures-423degreesFahrenheit(-253degreescentigrade).Tokeepthefuelthatcold,furltanksintheBMWcarsaremadeof70layersoffiberglassandaluminum.

106Hydrogenfuelisnowcreatedthroughanelectrolysisprocess,inwhichelectrodes(stimulatedbylight)splitwatermoleculesintohydrogenandoxygen.Thehydrogenisthenseparatedandkeptcool-andliquid-beforeitisplacedinfueltanks.“WehaveproblemswithourCO2emissionsconcerningtheclimate,“saysBMW'sPehr.^Especiallywithbigcities.LookatMexicoCity(Mexico),Athens(Greece),orLosAngeles(California).Wecansolvetheseproblemsjustbyanewenergycarrierinthefuture.MAfewpilotprojectsusinghydrogenfuelexistintheUnitedStates.SeveralareinCalifornia,whereresidentsaremoreintunewithenergyalternativessuchassolarandwindpowertogenerateelectricity-nottomentionthestate'songoingenergyshortage.生词与联想词concernconcerningsourceoriginoriginatefumeperfumeemitemissionejectfossiluproardisturbanceconfusionrebelrebelliondemonstratedemonstrationsmogmistfogdewfrosttrick-deceive-deceit・・・trapmisleadcheat——sinceresincerityliquidliquorfluiddramadramaticdramaticallyrehearsalperformanceclimax-highlightFahrenheitcentigradethermometer1hermalTankelectron-electronic-electronics-一electrical■一electrician---electrify--electrolysis-electrodeionisotopeclimatecarrierporterportable完，谢谢大家支持。drewxun