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《mo tzu s doctrines of universal love heaven and social welfare》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在工程资料-天天文库。
1、•••9•••MOTZU'SDOCTRINESOFUNIVERSALLOVE,HEAVEN,ANDSOCIALWELFARESTUDENTSOFCHINESEthoughtarelikelytothinkthatConfucianismandTaoismhavebeenthetwooutstandingindigenousphilosophicalsystemsinChina.Thisistruesofarasthelasttwothousandyearsareconcerned.InancientChina,uptothebeg
2、inningoftheHandynasty(206B.C.-A.D.220),thegreatestschoolswereConfucianismandMo-ism.1TheydominatedtheintellectualscenefromthefifthtoatleastthethirdcenturyB.C.Andtheyvigorouslyattackedeachother.Thetwowerebitterenemiesbecauseintheirdoctrinestheywerediametricallyopposed.W
3、hileConfuciustooktheWesternChou(1111-770B.C.)ashismodel,MoTzulookedtotheHsia(2183-1752B.C?)instead.ThewholeConfucianethicalsystemisbasedontheconceptofhumanity(jen),whereasMoTzu(fl.479-438B.C.)2basedhisontheconceptofrighteousness(i).Bothareofcoursehumanvalues.ButwhileC
4、onfucianistskepthumanityessentiallyahumanvalue,MoTzutracedrighteousnesstothewillofHeaven.TotheConfucianists,Heavendoesnotdirectlyexertitswillbutleavesthemorallawtooperatebyitself.ToMoTzu,however,thewillofHeavendeterminesall.MoTzustronglycondemnsceremonies,music,elabor
5、atefunerals,andthebeliefinfate(ming,destiny),allofwhichwerepromotedbyConfuciusandhisfollowers.ForConfucius,morallifeisdesirableforitsownsake,whereasforMoTzuitisdesirablebecauseofthebenefitsitbrings.EvenhisconceptofthewillofHeaveniscoloredbythisutilitarianapproach.Theg
6、reatestdivergencebetweenConfucianismandMoism,however,isontheissueofhumanrelations.WhatdistinguishestheMoistmove-mentisitsdoctrineofuniversallove:otherpeople'sparents,families,andcountriesaretobetreatedlikeone'sown.ThisisofcourseabsolutelyincompatiblewiththebasicConfuc
7、iandoctrineoflovewithdistinctions:whileloveshouldembraceall,itmuststartwithloveforone'sparents;therefore,onehasaspecialobligationoffilialpietytoparents.Thusthereisagradationordegreeinhumanrelations.IftheMoistdoctrinewereadopted,thewholeConfuciansystemwouldbedestroyedf
8、romitsveryfoundation.ThiswasthereasonwhyMenciusattackedMoismmercilessly.3TheMoistschallengedtheConfucianistsnotonlyintheory,
