资源描述：
《the assault on social policy welfare》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在工程资料-天天文库。
1、chapter 4Welfarearemarkablechangeindiscoursehasoccurred:thereplacementoftheword“poverty”bytheword“welfare”todenoteanAmericanmalady.Ironicallywelfareisnot,oratleastwasnot,theproblem.Rather,itwasanattemptedsolutiontotheproblemofpoverty.Ofcourse,fromtimetotime,solutionstoproblemsbecomeproblemsth
2、emselves.Indeed,acon-sistentconservativeargumentsofindsanattemptedsolutiontopoverty:welfare.Butsomethingdifferentisatstakehere.Innewspeak,welfarehasdisplacedpovertyineverydayrhetoric,thewaronpovertyhasbecomeawaragainsthave-nots,andwelfarereformmeanswelfarerepeal.1Tounderstandwelfareandhowweha
3、vecometoregardittoday,onemustfirstchallengethecategoriesofpeopleidentifiedasinneedofitandworthyofit.Buildingonourcommentaryfromthepreviouschapters,inacapitalistmarketeconomy,incomederivesfromcapitalassetsandtheircon-trol,fromthesaleofone’slabor,asaproductofpublicorprivatelargess,orasaproducto
4、fcrime,ofbreakingorriggingtherules.Incomeinexchangeforlaboristhemostcommonofthese:“Asyesow,soshallyereap.”Incomebybreakingtherulesismoreproblematic,dependingonwhatrulesarebro-kenandbywhom.Thatwilldeterminewhethertheproblemisansweredbythecriminaljusticesystem,institutionalization,orbanishment—
5、orsome-timesitapparentlyneedsnosolution,beingthoughtofas“justhowthingsare.”Incomederivedfromthecontrolofcapitalisdifferent.Attheoutset,certaincategoriesofpeopleareunabletowork:inoldEnglishlaw,itwasthelame,thehalt,andtheinfirm(asdistinguishedfromthevagabond,thebeggar,andthecriminal).Incontempo
6、raryAmericawe68Welfaredonotexpectchildren,theaged,anddisabledpeopletoworkfortheirbread.Allareconsideredworthyofourassistance.However,thesecatego-riesarenotfirm.Whetheroneisconsideredachildisafunctionofbothageandwhethertheindividualisinschool.Forexample,parentsmayclaimchildrenasdependentsuptot
7、heageoftwenty-fiveiftheyarefull-timestudents;however,thesechildren,atageeighteen,arelegallypermittedtovoteandthusbecomecivicadults.Eighteenisalsotheageatwhichtheyqualifyasadultswithrespecttocertaincontractualobligations.Beingold,ofcourse,isaf
