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1、chapter 10OutsidersalexanderhamiltonwasbornandorphanedintheCaribbean,cametoalandhewouldhaveapartinfashioningastheUnitedStates,servedonGeorgeWashington’sstaffduringtheRevolutionaryWar,marriedintoafamilyofextremewealth,impressedWashingtonsufficientlytobenominatedassecretaryofthetrea
2、sury,andwaskilledinaduelbyAaronBurr.Thestoryisfamiliartous,notonlywithregardtoHamil-tonbutastheAmericanDream(minus,ofcourse,theearlydeath).Yetthenumberofhavesatthebirthofthenation,evenwithslaves,wastoosmallforthefuture.Notasfamiliar,butsignificant,istheinfluxofimmigrantsthathavefu
3、eledAmericaninnovationandentrepreneurshipandencouragedtheAmericanDream.Arguably,Englishimmigrantsarrivedintheseventeenthcenturyseekingfreedomfromreligiouspersecution.TheeighteenthandnineteenthcenturiessawlargeinfluxesofEuropeans.Anestimated10millionemigrantsfromtheEuropeancontinen
4、tenteredtheUnitedStatesbetween1905and1914alone.1NowthepredominantethnicgroupscomefromAsiaandLatinAmerica.Thecensusdatafrom2010placethenumberofforeign-bornpeo-pleintheUnitedStatesat40million,anincreaseof9millionfromthe2000census.Ofthispopulation,11.7millionwereborninMexico.Asian-bo
5、rnimmigrantsin2010constitutedthesecondhighestnumber,with2.2million.Yetonly54percentoftheserecentimmigrantsarenaturalizedcitizens,withLatinAmericansatthelowestrateat32percent.2ThetelecommunicationsindustriesintheUnitedStatesthathaveledtheworldininnovationshavebeencomposedofforeign-
6、bornscientists172outsidersandengineerswhodevelopednearlyhalfofSiliconValleyhigh-techstartups.3Yet,manyimmigrantswhocometotheUnitedStateslookingfortheAmericanDreamhavetoooftenbeenmetwithresistanceanddiscrimination.Theseimmigrantshavetakenlow-payingjobsthatfillagapinthelabormarket,b
7、uttheyareseenbymanyasaninvasionandburdenontheeconomy’shealthservicesandeducationsystems.Failingtoobtaincitizenship,dueinlargeparttoourantiquatedimmigrationlaws,theirstatusasoutsidershaschallengedtheHoratioAlgermythofanAmericanlandoffreedomandopportunity.Intheinnercity,kidsweartheN
8、ikeshoesthatMichaelJordanpromoted
