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1、chapter 9Educationchapter2describedthewidespreadandburgeoningtakeoverofpublicservicesbyprivatecorporations.Nowherehasthistrendbeenmoreevidentthaninthetakeoverofpublicschoolsbyinfluential,well-endowedprivatefoundationsandconglomeratecorporateinterestgroups
2、.Thesameforcesthatdrivebusinessinvestmentsaresaidtobegoodforschools.Choice,competition,deregulation,andtop-downcontrolshavebecomethemantraofcorpocraticschoolreformers.Followingthecorporatemodel,account-abilityhasbecomethebuzzwordandpanaceaforschoolimprove
3、mentandthemeasureofsuccess.Likebusinesses,accountabilityismeasuredbystandardsandsetbyexternaltop-downcontrol;inthecaseofschools,bygovernmentalandcorporateagenciesrelyingonstandardizedtestscoresasthepenultimatemeasureofsuccess.Theeffectsofpoverty,class,rac
4、e,andunequaldistributionofresourcesonstudents’andteachers’abilitytomeetthesestandardsarevirtuallyignoredandviewedasnoexcuseforschoolfailure.Educationistreatedasablackbox,isolatedfromsocietalinfluencesoftheenvironment,levelofincome,availabilityofcommunitys
5、ervice,andaccesstohealthcare.Studentsspendonlysixtoeighthoursaday,fivedaysaweek,ninemonthsayearinschool,yetschoolsandteachersareexpectedtobeaccountableforinputsandoutcomesoverwhichtheyhaveverylittlecontrol.Lostintheshadowofaward-winningoutcomesarethecompl
6、exprocessandtheexpertiseinvolvedinteachingandlearning,curriculumandinstruction.Thequalityoftheeducationprovidedbyprofessionalteachersandthestudentsmotivatedbytheirinstructiontobecomeactivecitizensinademocraticsocietyaresacrificedonthealtaroftestscores.160
7、educationFederallegislationhasfueledthecorporatemodelwiththeinsistenceonwinnersandlosers,penaltiesandtakeoversforschoolsthatfailtomeasureupontheaccountabilityfocusofstandardizedtestscores.Thelatestgov-ernmentalintrusion,createdbytheObamaadministration’sin
8、itiativeRacetotheTop(RTTT),hasperpetuatedthismindsetthatbeganwiththeGeorgeW.Bushadministration’s2001amendmentstotheElementaryandSecondaryEducationAct(ESEA).Thisactwasfirstpassedin1965aspartoftheWaronPovertyandwasena
