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1、...10...DEBATESONMETAPHYSICALCONCEPTS:THELOGICIANSPRACTICALLYallmajorancientChinesephilosophicalschoolsweregreatlyconcernedwiththerelationshipbetweennamesandactuality,whetherforitssocialandmoralsignificance(asinConfucianism),foritsmetaphysicalimport(asinTaoism),orforpoliticalcontrol(asinL
2、egalism).Noneofthemwasinterestedinthelogicalaspectoftheproblem.HsünTzu's(fl.298-238B.C.)rectificationofnamescomesclosetoit,buthisobjectivewasstillmoralandsocial.TheonlyschoolthatwasprimarilydevotedtologicalconsiderationswastheLogicians,whoconstitutedoneofthesmallestschoolsandexercisednoin
3、fluencewhatsoeveraftertheirowntime.Thename"Logicians"isusedonlytoemphasizetheirintellectualcharacter.Actually,theyneitherevolvedanysyllogismnordiscoveredanylawofthought.Theyexpressedthemselvesindialogues,aphorisms,andparadoxesinsteadofsystematicandcogentargumentation.Never-theless,theywer
4、etheonlygroupdevotedtosuchproblemsasexistence,relativity,space,time,quality,actuality,andcauses.AlthoughtheChi-nesenameforthemisMing-chia(SchoolofNames),orMing-pien(ScholarsofNamesandDebaters),theywerenotconfinedtothecor-respondenceofnamesandactuality.Theirmetaphysicalandepiste-mologicalc
5、onceptsareprimitive,buttheyrepresenttheonlytendencyinancientChinatowardintellectualismforitsownsake.TheysubscribedtotheMoistdoctrineofuniversallove,andthereforemaybeconsideredtohavegoneintoadiscussionofconceptsinordertosupportthisdoc-trine.Butifso,theymusthavedetouredalongwaytodoso.Therei
6、severyindicationthattheirpurelyintellectualinterestwasgenuineandprimary.InthistheyweresingularinChinesehistory.ThegroupisnotsoeasilyidentifiedasotherschoolssuchastheCon-fucianistsortheMoists.Itconsistedofanumberofminorthinkers.AmongthemHuiShih(380-305B.C.?)andKung-sunLung(b.380B.C.?)weret
7、hemostprominent.Theywerenotunanimousintheiropinions.HuiShihandhisfriendChuangTzubothbelievedthatallthingsformedonebodyandthattherewasthegreatunitorgreatOne.ButChuangTzusoughttoknowthesethroughmysticalexperience,whereasHuiShihattemptedtodosothroughrationalknowledge.H
