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1、VOL.69,No.5SEPTEMBER1962PSYCHOLOGICALREVIEWCOGNITIVE,SOCIAL,ANDPHYSIOLOGICALDETERMINANTSOFEMOTIONALSTATE1STANLEYSCHACHTERAFDJEROMEE.SINGERColumbiaUniversityPennsylvaniaStateUniversityTheproblemofwhichcues,internalmentallymanipulatedwerecharacter-orexternal,permitapersontolabelizedbyageneralpa
2、tternofexcitationandidentifyhisownemotionalstateofthesympatheticnervoussystembuthasbeenwithussincethedaysthatthereappearedtobenoclear-cutphysi-James(1890)firsttenderedhisdoc-ologicaldiscriminatorsofthevarioustrinethat"thebodilychangesfollowemotions.Thispatternofresultswasdirectlytheperception
3、oftheexcitingsoconsistentfromexperimenttoex-fact,andthatourfeelingofthesameperimentthatCannon(1929)offered,changesastheyoccuristheemotion"asoneofthecrucialcriticismsofthe(p.449).SinceweareawareofaJames-Langetheory,thefactthat"thevarietyoffeelingandemotionstates,itsamevisceralchangesoccurinver
4、ydif-shouldfollowfromJames'propositionferentemotionalstatesandinnon-emo-thatthevariousemotionswillbeac-tionalstates"(p.351).companiedbyavarietyofdifferentiableMorerecentwork,however,hasbodilystates.FollowingJames'pro-givensomeindicationthattheremaynouncement,aformidablenumberofbedifferentiato
5、rs.Ax(1953)andstudieswereundertakeninsearchofSchachter(1957)studiedfearandthephysiologicaldifferentiatorsoftheanger.Onalargenumberofindicesemotions.Theresults,intheseearlybothofthesestateswerecharacterizeddays,werealmostuniformlynegative.byasimilarlyhighlevelofautonomicAlloftheemotionalstates
6、experi-activationbutonseveralindicestheydiddifferinthedegreeofactivation.1ThisexperimentispartofaprogramofWolfandWolff(1947)studiedasub-researchoncognitiveandphysiologicalde-jectwithagastricfistulaandwereableterminantsofemotionalstatewhichisbeingconductedattheDepartmentofSocialPsy-todistingui
7、shtwopatternsinthephys-chologyatColumbiaUniversityunderPHSiologicalresponsesofthestomachwall.ResearchGrantM-2S84fromtheNationalItshouldbenoted,though,thatforInstituteofMentalHealth,UnitedStatesmanymonthstheystudiedtheirsubjectPublicHealthServ
