free riding and punishment and welfare and culture

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1、Freeridingandpunishment(andwelfareandculture)ERNSTFEHRANDSIMONGACHTER"CooperationandPunishmentinPublicGoodsExperiments",AmericanEconomicReview90(4),September2000,980-994•“Amainpurposeofthispaperistoshowexperimentallythatthereisindeedawidespreadwillingnessoftheco

2、operatorstopunishthefree-riders.Ourresultsindicatethatthisholdstrueevenifpunishmentiscostlyanddoesnotprovideanymaterialbenefitsforthepunisher.Inaddition,weprovideevidencethatfree-ridersarepunishedthemoreheavilythemoretheydeviatefromthecooperationlevelsofthecoope

3、rators.Potentialfree-riders,therefore,canavoidoratleastreducepunishmentbyincreasingtheircooperationlevels.This,inturn,suggeststhatinthepresenceofpunishmentopportunitiestherewillbelessfreeriding.Testingthisconjectureistheothermajoraimofourpaper.”Voluntarycontribu

4、tiongame(withn=4)•Basic(andfirststage)game(withoutpunishments):Π1=y–g+aΣgiiij•FinalpayoffofgameswithpunishmentsΠ=Π1[1–(1/10)Pi]–Σ(c(pj))iijiwherepjarepunishmentpointsassignedbyIitoj,andPi=min(Σpj,10).jiTreatments•Betweensubjects:–Strangers(randomgroupeachperiod)

5、–Partners(fixedgroupfor10periods)•Withinsubjects–Withoutpunishment–Withpunishment(counterbalanced)Reportedresults•RESULT1:TheexistenceofpunishmentopportunitiescausesalargeriseintheaveragecontributionlevelintheStranger-treatment.Onaverage,contributionratesamountt

6、o58percentoftheendowment.•RESULT2:Intheno-punishmentconditionoftheStranger-treatmentaveragecontributionsconvergeclosetofullfree-ridingovertime.Incontrast,inthepunishmentconditionaveragecontributionsdonotdecreaseorevenincreaseovertime.Reportedresults•RESULT4:Thee

7、xistenceofpunishmentopportunitiesalsocausesalargeriseintheaveragecontributionlevelinthePartner-treatment.•RESULT5:Intheno-punishmentconditionofthePartner-treatmentaveragecontributionsconvergetowardfullfree-riding,whereasinthepunishmentconditiontheyincreaseandcon

8、vergetowardfullcooperation.Reportedresults•RESULT8:InboththeStranger-andthePartner-treatmentthepunishmentopportunityinitiallycausesarelativepayoffloss.Yet,towardtheen