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ID:6722389
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页数:5页
时间:2018-01-23
《09诺奖埃莉诺奥斯特罗姆经典论文》由会员上传分享,免费在线阅读,更多相关内容在学术论文-天天文库。
1、GoverningthecommonsinthenewmillenniumIntroductionTheimpactofhumansonglobalenvironmentalchangeisbecomingincreasinglyapparent,withconsequencesrangingfromimpactsonclimatechangetodeclinesinbiodiversity,soildegradationandforestdegradation.Governingnaturalresourcessustainablythusrepresentsamajo
2、rchallengeforthefuture.Givenincreasesinpopulationandinlevelsofhumanconsumption,howdowedevelopadiverseandrobustsetofinstitutionsforthesustainableuseofnaturalresources?TheDebateInitiatedbyGarrettHardinInhisinfluentialarticleinScienceon“TheTragedyoftheCommons,”GarrettHardinpresentedalogictha
3、thepresumedwasgeneralandreferredtoallcommon-poolnaturalresourcesthatwerenoteithergovernmentownedorprivatelyowned.Heenvisionedapastureopentoall,inwhicheachherderreceivedanimmediateindividualbenefitfromaddinganimalstograzeonthepastureandsufferedonlydelayedcosts(withhisfellowherders)fromover
4、grazing.Hardinconcluded:“Thereinisthetragedy.Eachmanislockedintoasystemthatcompelshimtoincreasehisherdwithoutlimit—inaworldthatislimited.Ruinisthedestinationtowardwhichallmenrush,eachpursuinghisownbestinterestinasocietythatbelievesinthefreedomofthecommons”(Hardin,1968:1244).Hardin’sconclu
5、sionwasimmediatelyacceptedbymanyscholars.Hisarticleisstillrequiredreadinginmostenvironmentalscienceprogramsandfrequentlyassignedmultipletimesduringanundergraduateprogram.Intheearlydaysofthescholarlydiscussion,scholarstendedtodeveloptheoreticalpapersthatpositednarrowlyrationalresourceusers
6、thatdidnottakealong-termviewoftheproblemstheyfaced.Somehow,governmentofficials,ontheotherhand,werepositedasbeingabletotakethepublicinterestintoaccountanddeveloppoliciesthatwouldavertthetragedyofthecommons.PolicymakerstendedtoacceptHardin’sresultsandthoughttheconclusionsmadeitobligatoryfor
7、themtotakepositiveactionstoimposepoliciesontheusersofpastures,forests,fisheries,watersystemsandothercommon-poolresourcesintheirdomain.Governmentofficialsdidnotexaminewhethertheusersoftheseresourceshaddevelopedrulesoftheirownovertime,becauseitwassimplyassumedthatreso
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