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ID:11237796
大小:55.50 KB
页数:5页
时间:2018-07-10
《09诺奖埃莉诺奥斯特罗姆经典论文》由会员上传分享,免费在线阅读,更多相关内容在学术论文-天天文库。
1、GoverningthecommonsinthenewmillenniumIntroductionTheimpactofhumansonglobalenvironmentalchangeisbecomingincreasinglyapparent,withconsequencesrangingfromimpactsonclimatechangetodeclinesinbiodiversity,soildegradationandforestdegradation.Governingnaturalresources
2、sustainablythusrepresentsamajorchallengeforthefuture.Givenincreasesinpopulationandinlevelsofhumanconsumption,howdowedevelopadiverseandrobustsetofinstitutionsforthesustainableuseofnaturalresources?TheDebateInitiatedbyGarrettHardinInhisinfluentialarticleinScien
3、ceon“TheTragedyoftheCommons,”GarrettHardinpresentedalogicthathepresumedwasgeneralandreferredtoallcommon-poolnaturalresourcesthatwerenoteithergovernmentownedorprivatelyowned.Heenvisionedapastureopentoall,inwhicheachherderreceivedanimmediateindividualbenefitfro
4、maddinganimalstograzeonthepastureandsufferedonlydelayedcosts(withhisfellowherders)fromovergrazing.Hardinconcluded:“Thereinisthetragedy.Eachmanislockedintoasystemthatcompelshimtoincreasehisherdwithoutlimit—inaworldthatislimited.Ruinisthedestinationtowardwhicha
5、llmenrush,eachpursuinghisownbestinterestinasocietythatbelievesinthefreedomofthecommons”(Hardin,1968:1244).Hardin’sconclusionwasimmediatelyacceptedbymanyscholars.Hisarticleisstillrequiredreadinginmostenvironmentalscienceprogramsandfrequentlyassignedmultipletim
6、esduringanundergraduateprogram.Intheearlydaysofthescholarlydiscussion,scholarstendedtodeveloptheoreticalpapersthatpositednarrowlyrationalresourceusersthatdidnottakealong-termviewoftheproblemstheyfaced.Somehow,governmentofficials,ontheotherhand,werepositedasbe
7、ingabletotakethepublicinterestintoaccountanddeveloppoliciesthatwouldavertthetragedyofthecommons.PolicymakerstendedtoacceptHardin’sresultsandthoughttheconclusionsmadeitobligatoryforthemtotakepositiveactionstoimposepoliciesontheusersofpastures,forests,fisheries
8、,watersystemsandothercommon-poolresourcesintheirdomain.Governmentofficialsdidnotexaminewhethertheusersoftheseresourceshaddevelopedrulesoftheirownovertime,becauseitwassimplyassumedthatreso
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