09诺奖埃莉诺奥斯特罗姆经典论文

《09诺奖埃莉诺奥斯特罗姆经典论文》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在学术论文-天天文库。

1、GoverningthecommonsinthenewmillenniumIntroductionTheimpactofhumansonglobalenvironmentalchangeisbecomingincreasinglyapparent,withconsequencesrangingfromimpactsonclimatechangetodeclinesinbiodiversity,soildegradationandforestdegradation.Governingnaturalresourcessustaina

2、blythusrepresentsamajorchallengeforthefuture.Givenincreasesinpopulationandinlevelsofhumanconsumption,howdowedevelopadiverseandrobustsetofinstitutionsforthesustainableuseofnaturalresources?TheDebateInitiatedbyGarrettHardinInhisinfluentialarticleinScienceon“TheTragedyo

3、ftheCommons,”GarrettHardinpresentedalogicthathepresumedwasgeneralandreferredtoallcommon-poolnaturalresourcesthatwerenoteithergovernmentownedorprivatelyowned.Heenvisionedapastureopentoall,inwhicheachherderreceivedanimmediateindividualbenefitfromaddinganimalstograzeont

4、hepastureandsufferedonlydelayedcosts(withhisfellowherders)fromovergrazing.Hardinconcluded:“Thereinisthetragedy.Eachmanislockedintoasystemthatcompelshimtoincreasehisherdwithoutlimit—inaworldthatislimited.Ruinisthedestinationtowardwhichallmenrush,eachpursuinghisownbest

5、interestinasocietythatbelievesinthefreedomofthecommons”(Hardin,1968:1244).Hardin’sconclusionwasimmediatelyacceptedbymanyscholars.Hisarticleisstillrequiredreadinginmostenvironmentalscienceprogramsandfrequentlyassignedmultipletimesduringanundergraduateprogram.Intheearl

6、ydaysofthescholarlydiscussion,scholarstendedtodeveloptheoreticalpapersthatpositednarrowlyrationalresourceusersthatdidnottakealong-termviewoftheproblemstheyfaced.Somehow,governmentofficials,ontheotherhand,werepositedasbeingabletotakethepublicinterestintoaccountanddeve

7、loppoliciesthatwouldavertthetragedyofthecommons.PolicymakerstendedtoacceptHardin’sresultsandthoughttheconclusionsmadeitobligatoryforthemtotakepositiveactionstoimposepoliciesontheusersofpastures,forests,fisheries,watersystemsandothercommon-poolresourcesintheirdomain.G

8、overnmentofficialsdidnotexaminewhethertheusersoftheseresourceshaddevelopedrulesoftheirownovertime,becauseitwassimplyassumedthatreso