经济学原理课件(英文).ppt

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1、TheMarketForcesofSupplyanddemandAcompetitivemarketisamarketinwhichtherearemanybuyersandsellerssothateachhasanegligibleimpactonthemarketprice.WhatIsCompetition?Competition:PerfectandOtherwisePerfectCompetitionProductsarethesameNumerousbuyersandsellerssothateachhasnoinfluenceoverpriceBu

2、yersandSellersarepricetakersMonopolyOneseller,andsellercontrolspriceWhatIsCompetition?Competition:PerfectandOtherwiseOligopolyFewsellersNotalwaysaggressivecompetitionMonopolisticCompetitionManysellersSlightlydifferentiatedproductsEachsellermaysetpriceforitsownproductDEMANDQuantitydema

3、ndedistheamountofagoodthatbuyersarewillingandabletopurchase.LawofDemandThelawofdemandstatesthat,otherthingsequal,thequantitydemandedofagoodfallswhenthepriceofthegoodrises.TheDemandCurve:TheRelationshipbetweenPriceandQuantityDemandedDemandScheduleThedemandscheduleisatablethatshowsthere

4、lationshipbetweenthepriceofthegoodandthequantitydemanded.Catherine’sDemandScheduleTheDemandCurve:TheRelationshipbetweenPriceandQuantityDemandedDemandCurveThedemandcurveisagraphoftherelationshipbetweenthepriceofagoodandthequantitydemanded.Figure1Catherine’sDemandScheduleandDemandCurveP

5、riceofIce-CreamCone02.502.001.501.000.501234567891011QuantityofIce-CreamCones$3.00121.Adecreaseinprice...2....increasesquantityofconesdemanded.MarketDemandversusIndividualDemandMarketdemandreferstothesumofallindividualdemandsforaparticulargoodorservice.Graphically,individualdemandcurv

6、esaresummedhorizontallytoobtainthemarketdemandcurve.TheMarketDemandCurvePriceofIce-CreamConePriceofIce-CreamConePriceofIce-CreamCone2.002.002.004371.001.001.008513QuantityofIce-CreamConesQuantityofIce-CreamConesQuantityofIce-CreamConesCatherine’sDemandNicholas’sDemandMarketDemand+=The

7、marketdemandcurveisthehorizontalsumoftheindividualdemandcurves!0DPriceofIce-CreamConesQuantityofIce-CreamConesAB81.00$2.004ChangesinQuantityDemandedShiftsintheDemandCurveConsumerincomePricesofrelatedgoodsTastesExpectationsNumberofbuyersFigure3ShiftsintheDemandCurvePriceofIce-CreamCon

8、eQuan