曼昆《经济学原理》(宏观经济学分册)英文原版PPT课件 23.ppt

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1、©2007ThomsonSouth-WesternMeasuringaNation’sIncomeMicroeconomicsisthestudyofhowindividualhouseholdsandfirmsmakedecisionsandhowtheyinteractwithoneanotherinmarkets.Macroeconomicsisthestudyoftheeconomyasawhole.Itsgoalistoexplaintheeconomicchangesthataffectmanyhouseholds,firms,an

2、dmarketsatonce.MeasuringaNation’sIncomeMacroeconomicsanswersquestionslikethefollowing:Whyisaverageincomehighinsomecountriesandlowinothers?Whydopricesriserapidlyinsometimeperiodswhiletheyaremorestableinothers?Whydoproductionandemploymentexpandinsomeyearsandcontractinothers?TH

3、EECONOMY’SINCOMEANDEXPENDITUREWhenjudgingwhethertheeconomyisdoingwellorpoorly,itisnaturaltolookatthetotalincomethateveryoneintheeconomyisearning.THEECONOMY’SINCOMEANDEXPENDITUREForaneconomyasawhole,incomemustequalexpenditurebecause:Everytransactionhasabuyerandaseller.Everydo

4、llarofspendingbysomebuyerisadollarofincomeforsomeseller.Figure1TheCircular-FlowDiagramSpendingGoodsandservicesboughtRevenueGoodsandservicessoldLabor,land,andcapitalIncome=Flowofinputsandoutputs=FlowofdollarsFactorsofproductionWages,rent,andprofitFIRMSProduceandsellgoodsandse

5、rvicesHireandusefactorsofproductionBuyandconsumegoodsandservicesOwnandsellfactorsofproductionHOUSEHOLDSHouseholdssellFirmsbuyMARKETSFORFACTORSOFPRODUCTIONFirmssellHouseholdsbuyMARKETSFORGOODSANDSERVICESTHEMEASUREMENTOFGROSSDOMESTICPRODUCTGrossdomesticproduct(GDP)isameasureof

6、theincomeandexpendituresofaneconomy.GDPisthetotalmarketvalueofallfinalgoodsandservicesproducedwithinacountryinagivenperiodoftime.THEMEASUREMENTOFGROSSDOMESTICPRODUCTTheequalityofincomeandexpenditurecanbeillustratedwiththecircular-flowdiagram.THEMEASUREMENTOFGROSSDOMESTICPROD

7、UCT“GDPistheMarketValue...”Outputisvaluedatmarketprices.“...OfAll...”Includesallitemsproducedintheeconomyandlegallysoldinmarkets“...Final...”Itrecordsonlythevalueoffinalgoods,notintermediategoods(thevalueiscountedonlyonce).“...GoodsandServices...”Itincludesbothtangiblegoods(

8、food,clothing,cars)andintangibleservices(haircuts,housecleaning,doctorvisit