曼昆《经济学原理》(宏观经济学分册)英文原版PPT课件——25production_growth.ppt

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1、9THEREALECONOMYINTHELONGRUN25ProductionandGrowthProductionandGrowthAcountry’sstandardoflivingdependsonitsabilitytoproducegoodsandservices.ProductionandGrowthWithinacountrytherearelargechangesinthestandardoflivingovertime.ProductionandGrowthIntheUnitedStatesoverthepastcentury,averageincomeas

2、measuredbyrealGDPperpersonhasgrownbyabout2percentperyear.ProductionandGrowthProductivityreferstotheamountofgoodsandservicesproducedforeachhourofaworker’stime.Anation’sstandardoflivingisdeterminedbytheproductivityofitsworkers.Table1TheVarietyofGrowthExperiencesCopyright©2004South-WesternECON

3、OMICGROWTHAROUNDTHEWORLDLivingstandards,asmeasuredbyrealGDPperperson,varysignificantlyamongnations.ECONOMICGROWTHAROUNDTHEWORLDThepoorestcountrieshaveaveragelevelsofincomethathavenotbeenseenintheUnitedStatesformanydecades.ECONOMICGROWTHAROUNDTHEWORLDAnnualgrowthratesthatseemsmallbecomelarge

4、whencompoundedformanyyears.Compoundingreferstotheaccumulationofagrowthrateoveraperiodoftime.PRODUCTIVITY:ITSROLEANDDETERMINANTSProductivityplaysakeyroleindetermininglivingstandardsforallnationsintheworld.WhyProductivityIsSoImportantProductivityreferstotheamountofgoodsandservicesthataworkerc

5、anproducefromeachhourofwork.WhyProductivityIsSoImportantTounderstandthelargedifferencesinlivingstandardsacrosscountries,wemustfocusontheproductionofgoodsandservices.HowProductivityIsDeterminedTheinputsusedtoproducegoodsandservicesarecalledthefactorsofproduction.Thefactorsofproductiondirectl

6、ydetermineproductivity.HowProductivityIsDeterminedTheFactorsofProductionPhysicalcapitalHumancapitalNaturalresourcesTechnologicalknowledgeHowProductivityIsDeterminedPhysicalCapitalisaproducedfactorofproduction.Itisaninputintotheproductionprocessthatinthepastwasanoutputfromtheproductionproces

7、s.isthestockofequipmentandstructuresthatareusedtoproducegoodsandservices.Toolsusedtobuildorrepairautomobiles.Toolsusedtobuildfurniture.Officebuildings,schools,etc.HowProductivityIsDeterminedHumanCapitaltheeconomist’stermfortheknowledgeandskillsthatworker