曼昆经济学原理英文课件2.ppt

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1、ThinkingLikeanEconomistChapter2Copyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.Allrightsreserved.  Requestsforpermissiontomakecopiesofanypartoftheworkshouldbemailedto:PermissionsDepartment,HarcourtCollegePublishers,6277SeaHarborDrive,Orlando,Florida32887-6777.EveryfieldofstudyhasitsownterminologyMathematics

2、axiomsintegralsvectorspacesPsychologyegoidcognitivedissonanceLawtortsvenuesPromissoryestoppelEveryfieldofstudyhasitsownterminologyEconomicsSupplyDemandElasticityConsumerSurplusComparativeadvantageOpportunitycostDeadweightlossEconomicstrainsyouto....Thinkintermsofalternatives.Evaluatethecostof

3、individualandsocialchoices.Examineandunderstandhowcertaineventsandissuesarerelated.TheEconomistasaScientistTheeconomicwayofthinking...Involvesthinkinganalyticallyandobjectively.Makesuseofthescientificmethod.TheScientificMethodUsesabstractmodelstohelpexplainhowacomplex,realworldoperates.Develo

4、pstheories,collects,andanalyzesdatatoprovethetheories.Observation,TheoryandMoreObservation!TheRoleofAssumptionsEconomistsmakeassumptionsinordertomaketheworldeasiertounderstand.Theartinscientificthinkingisdecidingwhichassumptionstomake.Economistsusedifferentassumptionstoanswerdifferentquestion

5、s.TheEconomicWayofThinkingIncludesdevelopingabstractmodelsfromtheoriesandtheanalysisofthemodels.Usestwoapproaches:Descriptive(reportingfacts,etc.)Analytical(abstractreasoning)EconomicModelsEconomistsusemodelstosimplifyrealityinordertoimproveourunderstandingoftheworldTwoofthemostbasiceconomicm

6、odelsinclude:TheCircularFlowModelTheProductionPossibilitiesFrontierTheCircular-FlowModelThecircular-flowmodelisasimplewaytovisuallyshowtheeconomictransactionsthatoccurbetweenhouseholdsandfirmsintheeconomy.TheCircular-FlowDiagramFirmsHouseholdsMarketforFactorsofProductionMarketforGoodsandServi

7、cesSpendingRevenueWages,rent,andprofitIncomeGoods&ServicessoldGoods&ServicesboughtLabor,land,andcapitalInputsforproductionTheCircular-FlowDiagramHouseholdsBuyandconsumegoodsandservicesOwnandsellfactorsofproductionFirmsProduceandsellgoodsandse