药学英语-生物化学Biochemistry.docx

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1、BiochemistryBiochemistryistheapplicationofchemistrytothestudyofbiologicalprocessesatthecellularandmolecularlevel.Itemergedasadistinctdisciplinearoundthebeginningofthe20thcenturywhenscientistscombinedchemistry,physiologyandbiologytoinvestigatethechemistryoflivingsystemsGe

2、nerallyspeakingitisconcernedwiththechemistryofthosecompositions(suchasprotein,fat,saccharideandnucleicacid)foundinlivingorganismsandtheirmetabolicprocess.lPrinciplesofBiochemistryCells(basicstructuralunitsoflivingorganisms)arehighlyorganizedandconstantsourceofenergyisreq

3、uiredtomaintaintheorderedstate.lLivingprocessescontainthousandsofchemicalpathways.PreciseregulationandintegrationofthesepathwaysarerequiredtomaintainlifelCertainimportantpathwayse.g.Glycolysisisfoundinalmostallorganisms.lAllorganismsusethesametypeofmolecules:carbohydrate

4、s,proteins,lipids&nucleicacids.lInstructionsforgrowth,reproductionanddevelopmentsforeachorganismisencodedintheirDNA1.Saccharide(carbohydrate)Saccharideisageneralsynonymforsugars.Itisapolyhydroxyaldehydeorpolyhydroxyketone,orasubstancethatgivesthesecompoundsonhydrolysis.I

5、tcanbeclassifiedasmonosaccharide,oligosaccharideandpolysaccharide.FunctionslStoreenergyintheformofstarch(photosynthesisinplants)orglycogen(inanimalsandhumans).lProvideenergythroughmetabolismpathwaysandcycles.lSupplycarbonforsynthesisofothercompounds.lFormstructuralcompon

6、entsincellsandtissues.lIntercellularcommunicationsl1.1Monosaccharidesarethesimplestcarbohydrates.Theycannotbehydrolyzedintosimplersugars.Examplesareribose,glucose,fructoseandgalactose.Monosaccharidesareclassifiedbythenumberofcarbonatomstheycontain:1.1Monosaccharidesareth

7、esimplestcarbohydrates.Theycannotbehydrolyzedintosimplersugars.Examplesareribose,glucose,fructoseandgalactose.Monosaccharidesareclassifiedbythenumberofcarbonatomstheycontain:1.3.1ClassificationofpolysaccharidesHomopolysaccharide（同聚多糖）:polysaccharideformedfromonlyonekindo

8、fmonosaccharide.Heteropolysaccharide（杂聚多糖）:polysaccharideformedfromdifferentkindsofmonosaccharideMucopo