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1、第八章：Relevancetheory有点小问题1)thespeechacttheory(言语行为理论)p186ItoriginatedwiththeBritishphilosopherJohnAustininthelate1950’s.Itisaphilosophicalexplanationofthenatureoflinguisticcommunication.Accordingtothistheory,weareperformingvariouskindsofactswhenwearespeaking.2)performat
2、ives(施为句)p186Austinclassifiessentencesintwocategories:PerformativesandConstatives.Performativesdonotdescribethings.Theycannotbesaidtobetrueorfalse.Utteringthemis,orisapartof,doinganaction.e.g.InamethisshipQueenElizabeth.Iapologize.3)constatives（叙事句）p187Constativesarede
3、scriptivestatements,capableofbeinganalyzedintermsoftruth-values,utteranceswhichroughlyservestostateafact,reportthatsomethingisthecase,ordescribewhatsomethingis.E.g.Ipoursomeliquidintothetube.(Thisisasentencesaidbyachemistryteacherinademonstrationofanexperiment.Itisades
4、criptionofwhatthespeakerisdoingatthetimeofspeaking.Thespeakercannotpouranyliquidintoatubebysimplyutteringtheseworlds.Hemustaccompanyhiswordswiththeactualpouring.Otherwiseonecanaccusehimofmakingafalsestatement.)1)locutionaryact（发话行为）p188utterancemeaning(themovementofmus
5、cles)Theactofproducingspeechsounds,wordsorsentences.(AccordingtoAustin,therearethreesensesinwhichsayingsomethingmaybeunderstoodasdoingsomething,oneofthemis)locutionaryact,whichistheactofproducingspeechsounds,wordsorsentencesortheactofsayingsomethinginthefullsenseof“say
6、”.2)illocutionaryact（行事行为）p189speaker’smeaning(intention)(theothersenseisillocutionaryactwhichmeans)theactofmakingknownthespeaker’spurposeortheintendedmeaning:askingoransweringaquestion,givingsomeinformationoranassuranceorawarning,pronouncingsentence,makingarequestoran
7、appointmentoracriticism,makingidentificationorgivingadescription,andmanyothers.3)perlocutionaryact（取效行为）p189contextualmeaning(results)(thethirdsenseis)perlocutionaryactwhichmeanstheconsequentialeffectofalocutionuponthehearer.Bysayingsomethingthespeakermaychangetheopini
8、onofthehearer,misleadinghim,surprisinghim,orinducinghimtodosomething(theactpreformedbyorasaresultofsaying,theeffectso
