语言学教程文件.doc

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1、语言学精品文档Exercise8I.Fillineachblankbelowwithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:•1.Pragmatics___isthestudyofhowspeakersofalanguageusesentencestoeffectsuccessfulcommunication.•2.Whatessentiallydistinguishessemantics____andpragmaticsiswhetherinthestudyofmeaningthecon

2、textofuseisconsidered.•3.Thenotionofcontext____isessentialtothepragmaticstudyoflanguage.•4.Ifwethinkofasentenceaswhatpeopleactuallyutterinthecourseofcommunication,itbecomesanutterance_____.5.Themeaningofasentenceisabstract,anddecontextualized.6.Constatives（表述句）wer

3、estatementsthateitherstateordescribe,andwerethusverifiable.7.Performatives（施为句）weresentencesthatdidnotstateafactordescribeastate,andwerenotverifiable.8.Alocutionary（发话的）actistheactofutteringwords,phrases,clauses.Itistheactofconveyingliteralmeaningbymeansofsyntax,l

4、exiconandphonology.9.Anillocutionary（行事的）actistheactofexpressingthespeaker’sintention;itistheactperformedinsayingsomething.•10.Acommissive____istocommitthespeakerhimselftosomefuturecourseofaction.•11.Anexpressive____istoexpressfeelingsorattitudetowardsanexistingst

5、ate.•12.TherearefourmaximsundertheCooperativePrinciple:themaximofquantity____,themaximofquality,themaximofrelationandthemaximofmanner.13.Inmakingconversation,thegeneralprinciplethatallparticipantsareexpectedtoobserveiscalledthe_CooperativePrincipleproposedbyGrice.

6、14.Whilethemeaningofasentenceisabstractanddecontextualized,thatofan_utteranceisconcreteandcontext-dependent.15.A__perlocutionary（取效的）actistheactperformedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething.16._Directives（指示句）areattemptsbythespeakertogetthehearertodosomething.17.Allth

7、eactsthatbelongtothesamecategorysharethesamepurposeorthesame__illocutionarypoint,buttheydifferintheirstrengthorforce.18.TheideaofPaulGriceisthatinmakingconversation,theparticipantsmustfirstofallbewillingto_cooperate;;otherwiseitwouldbeimpossibleforthemtogoonwithth

8、etalk.Thegeneralprincipleiscalledthe__CooperativePrinciple___.19.Themaximofrelationrequiresthatwhattheconversationparticipantssaymustbe__relevantIII.Cho