语言学教程英汉对照.doc

语言学教程英汉对照.doc

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1、LinguisticsChapter1InvitationstoLinguistics1.WhatislanguageLanguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.A.LanguageisasystemAbasicobservationisthateachlanguagecontainstwosystems,asystemofsoundandasystemofmeaning.B.LanguageisarbitraryTherelationbetweenex

2、pressionandcontentisnotnaturalbutconventional.Andthisconventionalrelationvariesfromlanguagetolanguage.e.g.Itiscalleda“老鼠”inChinese,whilea“rat”or“mouse”inEnglishC.LanguageisvocalTheprimarymediumoflanguageissoundratherthanword.writtenformscamemuchlaterthanthespokenforms;wesp

3、eakmoreeveryday;welearntospeakfirst.D.Languageissymbolic象征性的Languageissymbolicinthesensethatallthesoundspeopleproduceandtheideas,concepts,objects,etc.thatthesesoundscanrefertoareboundedupbyconvention.惯例Linguisticunitsareconventionalsigns.E.Languageishuman-specificLanguagei

4、spossessedonlybyhumanbeings,othercommunicationsystemsaspossessedbyanimalsormanyotherlifeformsarenotlanguages,i.e.theydonotmanifestsuchfeaturesastheso-calleddesignfeaturesaspossessedbyhumanlanguage.F.LanguageisforcommunicationThemainandprimaryfunctionoflanguageistocommunica

5、te.Peoplesaythingstoeachothertoexpresstheircommunicationalneeds,andlanguagefunctionstocommunicategeneralattitudestowardlifeandothers.2.Designfeaturesoflanguage(1)Arbitrariness:任意性thereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningandsound.(2)Duality:双重性languageisasystem,whichconsists

6、oftwolevelsofstructures,atthelowerlevelthereisthestructureofsounds;atthehigherlevelthereisthestructureofwords.(3)Creativity:创造性Languageiscreativeinthesensethatuserscanunderstandandcreatesentencestheyhaveneverheardbefore.(4)Displacement:移位性languagecanbeusedtocommunicateabou

7、tthingsthatarenotpresentinourimmediatecommunicationalcontext.(5)Culturaltransmission:文化传播thedetailsofthelinguisticsystemmustbelearnedanewbyeachspeaker.Languageisnottransmittedbiologicallyfromgenerationtogeneration.(6)Interchangeability交换性anyhumanbeingcanbebothaproduceranda

8、receiverofmessages.3.Functionsoflanguage(1)Informative信息功能Theuseoflanguagetorecordfacts,t

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