语言学教程英汉对照.doc

《语言学教程英汉对照.doc》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在教育资源-天天文库。

1、LinguisticsChapter1InvitationstoLinguistics1.WhatislanguageLanguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.A.LanguageisasystemAbasicobservationisthateachlanguagecontainstwosystems,asystemofsoundandasystemofmeaning.B.LanguageisarbitraryTherelationbetweenex

2、pressionandcontentisnotnaturalbutconventional.Andthisconventionalrelationvariesfromlanguagetolanguage.e.g.Itiscalleda“老鼠”inChinese,whilea“rat”or“mouse”inEnglishC.LanguageisvocalTheprimarymediumoflanguageissoundratherthanword.writtenformscamemuchlaterthanthespokenforms;wesp

3、eakmoreeveryday;welearntospeakfirst.D.Languageissymbolic象征性的Languageissymbolicinthesensethatallthesoundspeopleproduceandtheideas,concepts,objects,etc.thatthesesoundscanrefertoareboundedupbyconvention.惯例Linguisticunitsareconventionalsigns.E.Languageishuman-specificLanguagei

4、spossessedonlybyhumanbeings,othercommunicationsystemsaspossessedbyanimalsormanyotherlifeformsarenotlanguages,i.e.theydonotmanifestsuchfeaturesastheso-calleddesignfeaturesaspossessedbyhumanlanguage.F.LanguageisforcommunicationThemainandprimaryfunctionoflanguageistocommunica

5、te.Peoplesaythingstoeachothertoexpresstheircommunicationalneeds,andlanguagefunctionstocommunicategeneralattitudestowardlifeandothers.2.Designfeaturesoflanguage(1)Arbitrariness:任意性thereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningandsound.(2)Duality：双重性languageisasystem,whichconsists

6、oftwolevelsofstructures,atthelowerlevelthereisthestructureofsounds;atthehigherlevelthereisthestructureofwords.(3)Creativity：创造性Languageiscreativeinthesensethatuserscanunderstandandcreatesentencestheyhaveneverheardbefore.(4)Displacement：移位性languagecanbeusedtocommunicateabou

7、tthingsthatarenotpresentinourimmediatecommunicationalcontext.（5）Culturaltransmission:文化传播thedetailsofthelinguisticsystemmustbelearnedanewbyeachspeaker.Languageisnottransmittedbiologicallyfromgenerationtogeneration.（6）Interchangeability交换性anyhumanbeingcanbebothaproduceranda

8、receiverofmessages.3.Functionsoflanguage（1）Informative信息功能Theuseoflanguagetorecordfacts,t