chapter 1- thinking differently

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1、28Chapter1:ThinkingDifferently“Theworldwehavemadeasaresultofthelevelofthinkingwehavedonethusfarcreatesproblemsthatwecannotsolveatthesamelevel…”—AlbertEinsteinQuotedinDesMacHale,Wisdom(London,2002).Referredtoas“Einstein’sDictum”inNaturalCapitalism(1999).IfEinstein’sdictumistrue,thatproblemsc

2、annotbesolvedbythemindsetthatcreatedthem,thenhowcanteachersgetstudentstothinkinnovativelyaboutproblemsthathavebeencreatedbypastandcurrentmindsets?Ifteachersarenotthemselvestaughtdifferentwaysofthinkingandteaching,thenhowcantheybeexpectedtofosterthinkingdifferentlyamongtheirstudents?Thequest

3、ionthereforebecomes,howcanteacher-educatorsfostergenerativenewwaysofthinking”andteachingamongstudentstudentsthattransfertotheirK-12practice?GiventheneedtoteachforefficiencyInstudiesrelatedtolearningskillsanddevelopingexpertise,efficiencyisassociatedwithtechnicalskillsandtheabilitytoperforma

4、taskefficiently;incontrast,“adaptiveexpertise”isassociatedwithanopennesstoimprovementandtheintentionaluseofmetacognitiveskillstocreativelylookforwaystodosomethingbetterandtoadaptcurrentskillstonewsituations(Bransford,Brown,&Cocking,1999;Hatano&Inagaki,1986).becauseoftheNoChildLeftBehindActa

5、nditshigh-stakesassessment,("NoChildLeftBehindActof2001,"2002).isitevenpossibletoteachforefficiencyandinnovation(Bransfordetal.,1999)?Ibelievetheanswerisyes,andarguethatsystemsthinkingsupportedbycomputer-baseddynamicmodelingandsimulationprovidesanewmindsetinthespiritofEinstein’sDictum,andat

6、imelyinnovationforteachingtraditionaldisciplinarycontent.Whencontemporarycontroversiesandinterdisciplinarytopicsareanalyzedfromasystemsperspective,thestageissetforbothefficientandinnovativecollaborative,problem-basedlearningandteaching.Withrespecttosystems,theclaimissupportedbyoveradecadeof

7、teacher-drivenclassroompracticeofsystemsthinkingandmodeling(Scheetz&Benson,1994;Zaraza,1995),andtheurgentneedforcomputer-assisted,systemsunderstandingtograspthecounterintuitiveandinterrelateddynamicsofsocial,economicandenvironmentalproblems(Banathy,1996;