Chapter 2 Thinking Like An Economist微观经济学.ppt

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1、Chapter2ThinkingLikeAnEconomistWhatareeconomists’tworoles?Howdotheydiffer?Whataremodels?Howdoeconomistsusethem?WhataretheelementsoftheCircular-FlowDiagram?Whatconceptsdoesthediagramillustrate?HowistheProductionPossibilitiesFrontierrelatedtoopportunitycost?Whatothercon

2、ceptsdoesitillustrate?Whatisthedifferencebetweenmicroeconomicsandmacroeconomics?Betweenpositiveandnormative?2TheEconomistasScientistEconomistsplaytworoles:1.Scientists:trytoexplaintheworld2.Policyadvisors:trytoimproveitInthefirst,economistsemploythescientificmethod,the

3、dispassionatedevelopmentandtestingoftheoriesabouthowtheworldworks.T3HINKINGLIKEANECONOMISTAssumptions&ModelsAssumptionssimplifythecomplexworld,makeiteasiertounderstand.Example:Tostudyinternationaltrade,assumetwocountriesandtwogoods.Unrealistic,butsimpletolearnandgivesus

4、efulinsightsabouttherealworld.Model:ahighlysimplifiedrepresentationofamorecomplicatedreality.Economistsusemodelstostudyeconomicissues.T4HINKINGLIKEANECONOMISTSomeFamiliarModelsAroadmapT5HINKINGLIKEANECONOMISTIfyoutellsomeonewhereisthefirstbuildinginNingboUniversity,whati

5、stheeasiestway?SomeFamiliarModelsAmodelofhumananatomyfromhighschoolbiologyclassT7HINKINGLIKEANECONOMISTSomeFamiliarModelsAmodelirplaneT8HINKINGLIKEANECONOMISTSomeFamiliarModelsThemodelteethatDon’tforgetthedentist’sofficetofloss!T9HINKINGLIKEANECONOMISTOurFirstModel:TheCir

6、cular-FlowDiagramTheCircular-FlowDiagram:avisualmodeloftheeconomy,showshowdollarsflowthroughmarketsamonghouseholdsandfirms.Twotypesof“actors”:householdsfirmsTwomarkets:themarketforgoodsandservicesthemarketfor“factorsofproduction”T10HINKINGLIKEANECONOMISTFactorsofPr

7、oductionFactorsofproduction:theresourcestheeconomyusestoproducegoods&services,includinglaborlandcapital(buildings&machinesusedinproduction)T11HINKINGLIKEANECONOMISTFIGURE1:TheCircular-FlowDiagramHouseholds:§Ownthefactorsofproduction,sell/rentthemtofirmsforincome§Buyan

8、dconsumegoods&servicesFirmsHouseholdsFirms:§Buy/hirefactorsofproduction,usethemtoproducegoodsand