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1、TheEighteenthCenturyHistoricalBackgroundAftertheGloriousRevolution,thepowerpassedfromthekinggraduallytotheparliamentandcabinetministers.BritishMonarchsinthe18thcenturyStuartDynastyMaryIIandWilliamIII(1688-1694,-1702)Anne(1702-1714)HanoverianDynastyGeorgeI(1714-1727)Georg
2、eII(1727-1760)GeorgeIII(1760-1820)HistoricalBackgroundPartypoliticsPartypoliticsbecamemoresignificantthroughoutthecentury,withWhigs(whosupportedlimitedmonarchy,andwhosesupporttendedtocomefromreligiousdissenters)andTories(whofavoredstrongmonarchyandthereligiousstatusquoem
3、bodiedintheChurchofEngland)competingforpower.HistoricalBackgroundTheEnclosure-ActsofEnclosurewereputtingmorelandsintothehandsoffewerprivilegedlandownersandforcingthousandsofsmallfarmersandtenantsofftheirlandtobecomewageearnersindustrialtowns.TheIndustrialRevolutionItwasa
4、gradualprocessofchangefrom”cottageindustries”tofactorymanufacturingOverseasexpansion-BritainoccupiedavastexpansionofcoloniesinAsia,AfricaandNorthAmerica..CulturalBackground1.EnlightenMovement--Aprogressiveintellectualmovement--EnlightenmentthinkerssuchasVoltaire,Montesqu
5、ieu,Locke,Hobbes,andRousseaubelievedthatworldwasanobjectofstudyandthatpeoplecouldunderstandandcontroltheworldbymeansofreasonandempiricalresearch.CulturalBackground--Thecelebrationofreason,thepowerbywhichmanunderstandstheuniverseandimproveshisowncondition--Theyclaimedthat
6、theindividualwasthebasicunitofsocialanalysis,andthatthesocietyshouldemergeanddevelopastheresultofasocialcontractamongtheindividuals.--Inreligion,itwasagainstsuperstition,intolerance,anddogmatism;inpolitics,itwasagainsttyranny;andinsociety,itwasagainstprejudice,ignorance,
7、inequality,andanyobstaclestotherealizationofanindividual’sfullintellectualandphysicalwell-being.Atthesametime,theyadvocateduniversaleducation.Intheiropinion,humanbeingswerelimited,dualistic,imperfect,andyetcapableofrationalityandperfectionthrougheducation.Ideaofcontract-
8、-Rejectionof“divinepower”ofkings--Thegovernmentisofthepeople,bythepeople,forthepeople.Puritanvaluesofth