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1、2THEORYOFURBANPLANNING2.1WhatisaCity?Mostofourhousingandcityplanninghasbeenhandicappedbecausethosewhohaveundertakentheworkhavehadnoclearnotionofthesocialfunctionsofthecity.Theysoughttoderivethesefunctionsfromacursorysurveyoftheactivitiesandinterestsofthecontemporaryurbanscene.Andtheyd
2、idnot,apparently,suspectthattheremightbegrossdeficiencies,misdirectedefforts,mistakenexpendituresherethatwouldnotbesetstraightbymerelybuildingsanitarytenementsorstraighteningoutandwideningirregularstreet..大多数住房和城市规划的不完满是因为我们已经开展的工作没有清楚的城市功能社会化的概念。他们试图从当代都市景象的活动与利益中的一个粗略的调查来获得这些功能。显然他们
3、没有怀疑这可能有严重的不足，误导努力的方向，在这错误的支出，将不会仅仅直接采用建设卫生的住宅或者整顿和拓宽不规则的道路。Thecityasapurelyphysicalfacthasbeensubjecttonumerousinvestigations.Butwhatisthecityasasocialinstitution?Iwouldlikesumupthesociologicalconceptofthecityinthefollowingterms:城市作为一个纯粹的物理事实一直受到众多调查。但是，城市作为一种社会制度是什么？我想在以下方面总结城市的社会学概
4、念：Thecityisarelatedcollectionofprimarygroupsandpurposiveassociations:thefirst,likefamilyandneighborhood,arecommontoallcommunities,whilethesecondareespeciallycharacteristicofcitylife.Thesevariedgroupssupportthemselvesthrougheconomicorganizationsthatarelikewiseofamoreorlesscorporate,ora
5、tleastpubliclyregulated;andtheyareallhousedinpermanentstructures,withinarelativelylimitedarea.Theessentialphysicalmeansofacity’sexistencearethefixedsite,thedurableshelter,thepermanentfacilitiesforassembly,interchange,andstorage;theessentialsocialmeansarethesocialdivisionoflabor,whichs
6、ervesnotmerelytheeconomiclifebuttheculturalprocesses.Thecityinitscompletesense,then,isageographicplexus,aneconomicorganization,aninstitutionalprocess,atheaterofsocialaction,andanaestheticsymbolofcollectiveunity.Thecityfostersartandisart;thecitycreatesthetheater,thatman’smorepurposivea
7、ctivitiesarefocused,andworkout,throughconflictingandcooperatingpersonalities,events,groups,intomoresignificantculminations.城市是主要群体和立意团体的相关集合：第一，像家人和邻里一样适用于所有社区，而第二，尤其是城市生活的特点。这些不同的团体通过差不多同样的企业或者至少是公开监管的经济组织来支撑他们自己，并且他们都坐落于一个相对有限区域内的永久性建筑物中。固定的场地是一个城市存在必不可少的物理手段，经久耐用的收容所，永久设施的组装，交换和存储，
8、社会的基本
