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1、学院建筑学院班级城市规划2011-1姓名学号课程名称专业外语2学期2013-2014第二学期成绩ReadingMaterialAReducetheNeedtoTravelthroughPlanningTravelistraditionallyviewedasaderiveddemand,withtheco.stsoftravelbeingoutweighedbythebenefitsderivingfromtheactivityundertakenatthedestination(forexample,shoppingorwork).Thisw
2、ouldsuggestthattraveld.istancesshouldbeasshortaspossible,butthishasnotbeenthecaseandtraveldistanceshavebeenincreasing.Reducingtheneedtotravelisimportantforeconomicreasonsastravelisnotaproductiveactivity,butacostdirectlyincurredbythetravellerorindirectlyincurredbytheconsumert
3、hroughhighprices.Astransportisamajoruserofenergyandproducerofpollution,therearestrongenvironmentalreasonstoreducetheamountoftravel,particularlybymotorisedformsoftransport.Noteveryonehasequalaccesstothecarandsotherearesocialreasonswhytriplengthsshouldbekeptshort,asthismakesit
4、easierforthemajoritywithouttheirowncartogettothewidestpossiblerangeofopportunities.Inaddition,transportproducesarangeofnegativeexternalities(includingaccidents,landconsumption,noise,visualintrusionandcommunitvseverance)whichwouldallbereducediftherewaslesstravel.Forallofthese
5、reasons,itdoesseemessentialthattheneedfortravelshouldbereduced.Thereisnowageneralrealizationbymostcommentators,butperhapsnotyetbythegeneralpublic,thatitisnolongerpossibleordesirabletomeetexpectedlevelsofroadtrafficdemandbyfurtherroadconstruction.Thereiscurrentlyahealthydebat
6、ewithinthetransportIiteratureaboutlookingatwaystoreducetheneedtotravel.Twobasicargumentsfoimthefocusofattention.Ontheonehand,therearetheeconomistswhosaythatthepriceoftravelistoolowandthemeanstoreducetheamountoftravelistoincreasethatprice.Thealternativestrategiestoroadpricing
7、wouldincluderaisingthepriceoffuelandparkingcharges.Themainalternativetotheuseofthepricingmechanismisthroughgreateruseoftheplanningsystem.Obviously,anystrategywhichislikelytohaveasignificantimpactwilluseacombinationofapproachesinvolvingbothpricingandPlanninglevers.Theimportan
8、ceofthenewPlanningPolicyGuidance13-Transportcannotbeurtderestimatedasitisth
