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1、ChapterFour FromWordtoText1Syntaxisthestudyoftherulesgoverningthewaysdifferentconstituentsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,orthestudyoftheinterrelationshipsbetweenelementsinsentencestructures.句法学研究组词成句的规则，研究句子内部组成成分间的关系。2Syntacticrelationscanbeanalysedintot
2、hreekinds:relationsofpositionrelationsofsubstitutabilityrelationsofco-occurrenceSyntacticrelations（句法关系）31.1RelationsofPosition（位置关系）Forlanguagetofulfillitscommunicativefunction,itmusthaveawaytomarkthegrammaticalrolesofthevariousphrasesthatcanoccurinaclause.Theb
3、oykickedtheballNP1NP2SubjectObject4Positionalrelation,orWORDORDER,referstothesequentialarrangementofwordsinalanguage.Ifthewordsinasentencefailtooccurinafixedorderrequiredbytheconventionofalanguage,onetendstoproduceanutteranceeitherungrammaticalornonsensicalatall
4、.Forexample,5Theboykickedtheball*Boytheballkickedthe*TheballkickedtheboyTheteachersawthestudentsThestudentssawtheteacher6PositionalrelationsareamanifestationofoneaspectofSyntagmaticRelations（横组合关系）observedbyF.deSaussure.TheyarealsocalledHorizontalRelationsorsimp
5、lyChainRelations.7Wordorderisoneofthebasicwaystoclassifylanguagesintheworld:SVO,VSO,SOV,OVS,OSV,andVOS.EnglishbelongstoSVOtype,thoughthisdoesnotmeanthatSVOistheonlypossiblewordorder.81.2RelationofSubstitutability（替换关系）TheRelationofSubstitutabilityreferstoclasses
6、orsetsofwordssubstitutableforeachothergrammaticallyinsentenceswiththesamestructure.The ______smiles.manboygirl9Italsoreferstogroupsofmorethanonewordwhichmaybejointlysubstitutablegrammaticallyforasinglewordofaparticularset.strongmanThetallestboysmiles.prettygirly
7、esterday.Hewenttherelastweek.thedaybefore.10ThisisalsocalledAssociativeRelationsbySaussure,andParadigmaticRelations（纵聚合关系）byHjemslev（叶尔姆斯列夫）Tomakeitmoreunderstandable,theyarecalledVerticalRelationsorChoiceRelations.111.3RelationofCo-occurrence（同现关系/纵横关系）Itmeanst
8、hatwordsofdifferentsetsofclausesmaypermit,orrequire,theoccurrenceofawordofanothersetorclasstoformasentenceoraparticularpartofasentence.Forinstance,anominalphrasecanbe
