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1、主动语态(Activevoice)和被动语态(Passivevoice)I.概念:主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者;被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。II.构成:助动词be+及物动词的过去分词(be+done)III.主动语态改为被动语态的步骤1)宾语-----------主语2)谓语动词(vt)----------“be+过去分词”3)主语---------by+(宾格)有时可以省略ManypeoplespeakEnglish.(主动语态)------Englishisspokenbymanypeople.(被动语态)注意:及物动词(vt.)才有被动语态,不及物动词(vi.)没有被动
2、语态,因为它不带宾语。如:breakout、takeplace、happen,occurIV.使用被动语态的场合1.动作的执行者不言自明Weareencouragedtostudyhard.2.没必要说出动作的执行者Athirdringwillbebuiltaroundthiscity.3.不知道谁是动作的执行者Thehousehasbeenbrokeninto.4.有些措词故意避免用主语,或用“有人”、“大家”之类,经常用it作形式主语构成被动语态结构。如:Itishopedthat…希望……Itissupposedthat…据推测……Itissaidthat…据说…Itiswe
3、llknownthat…众所周知……Itisbelievedthat…人们相信……Itisthoughtthat…人们认为……V.以see为例,比较主动语和态被动语态的结构形式时态主动语态被动语态(be+过去分词)一般现在时see/seesam(is,are)+seen一般过去时sawwas(were)+seen一般将来时will(shall)+seewill(shall)+be+seen现在进行时am(is,are)+seeingam(is,are)+being+seen过去进行时was(were)+seeingwas(were)+being+seen现在完成时have(has)
4、+seenhave(has)+been+seen过去完成时had+seenhad+been+seen含情态动词情态动词+see情态动词+be+seenVI.被动语态的注意事项1.“be+过去分词”并非都是被动语态,系动词be,feel,seem,look等词后面的过去分词已转化为形容词,作表语用,表示某种状态。例如1)I’minterestedinmathematics.2).Heseemsunsatisfiedwithhiswork.3).Tomwassurprisedatthenews.2.某些动词用主动语态来表示被动含义A.表示感官的动词:look,smell,taste,f
5、eel,wear,sound,etc.Eg.Thewaterfeelscool.B.read,sell,wash,write,open,cut,shut,keep,+adv,,用来说明主语的性质特征而不强调被执行者的动作时常与not,hardly,well,easily,badly,nicely等副词连用。如:1).Thepenwritessmoothly.2).Thatbooksellswell.3).Thiskindofshirtwasheseasily.4)Thedoordoesn’topeneasily.C.表示sth需要被做beworthdoing某事值得做need/wa
6、nt/requiredoing某事需要被做1)Thisdictionaryiswellworthbuying.2)Thebikeneeds/wants/requiresrepairing.D.被动形式表示主动意义的情况:belost迷路bedrunk喝醉bedressed穿着Beseated,please.请坐Sheisdressedinaredskirt.她穿着红色的衬衫Hewaslostinthethickforest.在茂密的森林他迷路了Wearepreparedtoaccepthisinvitation.我们准备接受他的邀请E.短语动词的被动语态:1).Theyoftenl
7、aughedattheoldman.——Thatoldmanwasoftenlaughedat.2).Tomhassentforthedoctor.------Thedoctorhasbeensentfor.结论:短语动词一个不可分割的词组,在被动结构中不可去掉后面的介词或副词。类似的短语.makegooduseof充分利用lookafter照顾takegoodcareof照顾、照看lookdownupon瞧不起carryout实施,贯彻,执行makefunof取笑F