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1、RenaissanceThewordRenaissancemeans“rebirth”.TheideaofrebirthoriginatedinthebeliefthatEuropeanshadrediscoveredthesuperiorityofGreekandRomancultureaftermanycenturiesofwhattheyconsideredintellectualandculturaldecline.TheRenaissancewasaculturalmovementthatspannedtheper
2、iodroughlyfromthe14thtothe17thcentury,beginninginItalyintheLateMiddleAgesandlaterspreadingtotherestofEurope.HistoriansoftenarguethisintellectualtransformationwasabridgebetweentheMiddleAgesandtheModernera.Asaculturalmovement,itencompassedinnovativefloweringofLatinan
3、dvernacularliteratures,beginningwiththe14th-centuryresurgenceoflearningbasedonclassicalsources.Humanistsubjectsconsistedofthemainbodyofeducation,thepraiseofhuman,humannature,andhumanlifeturnedintothekeynoteofliterature.Inpolitics,feudalismisreplacedbycentralizedpow
4、er,nationsofmodernconceptwasformed.Ineconomicfield,thisperiodwitnessedthegradualestablishmentofcapitalism,andthefastdevelopmentofbusinessandindustry.Inreligiousarea,theunificationoftheCatholicchurchwasbroken:theabsolutepowerofreligionnolongerexists;priestslostcontr
5、oloverpeople’smind;andevenincountriesofCatholicismbelievers,secularpoweroverweighedthechurch.Inthedomainofideology,theologygavewaytoscience,scholasticismwaschallengedbyhumanism.Insocialsphere,thenewly-emergingtownspeopleandbourgeoisbecamerisingclass,whichledtoeleva
6、tionofpeople’ssocialstatusthroughindividualstruggleandsuccess.Itisperhapsbestknownforitsartisticdevelopments.Thoughavailabilityofpaperandtheinventionofmetalmovabletypespedthedisseminationofideasfromthelater15thcentury,thechangesoftheRenaissancewerenotuniformlyexper
7、iencedacrossEurope.ContentsRenaissanceIdeasBirthPlaceHumanistsandArtistsinItalianRenaissanceRenaissanceinOtherEuropeanCountriesGeographicDiscoveryRenaissanceIdeasHumanismIndividualismSecularismHumanismHumanismisagroupofrationalthoughtswhichfocusesonhumanandhumannat
8、ure,includingthevalue,dignityandtalentsofhumanbeings,individuallyandcollectively,andgenerallyprefersindividualthoughtandevidence(rationalism,empi
