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1、RenaissanceThewordRenaissancemeans“rebirth”.TheideaofrebirthoriginatedinthebeliefthatEuropeanshadrediscoveredthesuperiorityofGreekandRomancultureaftermanycenturiesofwhattheyconsideredintellectualandculturaldecline.TheRenaissancewasaculturalmovementthatspannedthe
2、periodroughlyfromthe14thtothe17thcentury,beginninginItalyintheLateMiddleAgesandlaterspreadingtotherestofEurope.HistoriansoftenarguethisintellectualtransformationwasabridgebetweentheMiddleAgesandtheModernera.Asaculturalmovement,itencompassedinnovativefloweringofL
3、atinandvernacularliteratures,beginningwiththe14th-centuryresurgenceoflearningbasedonclassicalsources.Humanistsubjectsconsistedofthemainbodyofeducation,thepraiseofhuman,humannature,andhumanlifeturnedintothekeynoteofliterature.Inpolitics,feudalismisreplacedbycentr
4、alizedpower,nationsofmodernconceptwasformed.Ineconomicfield,thisperiodwitnessedthegradualestablishmentofcapitalism,andthefastdevelopmentofbusinessandindustry.Inreligiousarea,theunificationoftheCatholicchurchwasbroken:theabsolutepowerofreligionnolongerexists;prie
5、stslostcontroloverpeople’smind;andevenincountriesofCatholicismbelievers,secularpoweroverweighedthechurch.Inthedomainofideology,theologygavewaytoscience,scholasticismwaschallengedbyhumanism.Insocialsphere,thenewly-emergingtownspeopleandbourgeoisbecamerisingclass,
6、whichledtoelevationofpeople’ssocialstatusthroughindividualstruggleandsuccess.Itisperhapsbestknownforitsartisticdevelopments.Thoughavailabilityofpaperandtheinventionofmetalmovabletypespedthedisseminationofideasfromthelater15thcentury,thechangesoftheRenaissancewer
7、enotuniformlyexperiencedacrossEurope.ContentsRenaissanceIdeasBirthPlaceHumanistsandArtistsinItalianRenaissanceRenaissanceinOtherEuropeanCountriesGeographicDiscoveryRenaissanceIdeasHumanismIndividualismSecularismHumanismHumanismisagroupofrationalthoughtswhichfocu
8、sesonhumanandhumannature,includingthevalue,dignityandtalentsofhumanbeings,individuallyandcollectively,andgenerallyprefersindividualthoughtandevidence(rationalism,empi