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1、Chapter41.Languageandthebrain1)Broca’sarea,whichisusuallyassociatedwiththeproductionoflanguage,orlanguageoutputs.2)Wernicke'sarea,whichisassociatedwiththeprocessingofwordsthatwehearbeingspoken,orlanguageinputs3)Lateralization:languageactivityisnotlocalized,butcorelinguisticpr
2、ocessesaretypicallyhousedinthelefthemisphereandispresenttosomeextentevenininfancy4)CriticalPeriodHypothesis:childrenhadonlyalimitednumberofyearsduringwhichtheycouldacquiretheirL1flawlessly;brainplasticityinchildhoodwouldallowotherareasofthebraintotakeoverthelanguagefunctionso
3、fthedamagedareas,butbeyondacertainage,normallanguagewouldnotbepossible.5)①Howindependentarethelanguagesofmultilingualspeakers?therearethreepossibilityforhowlanguagerelateinanindividual’smind◆Coordinatebilingualism:referstoparallellinguisticsystems,independentofoneanother◆Comp
4、oundbilingualism:referstoafusedandunifiedsystem◆Subordinatebilingualism:referstoonelinguisticsystemaccessedthroughanother②Howaremultiplelanguagestructuresorganizedinrelationtooneanotherinthebrain?Arebothlanguagesstoredinthesameareas?◆thereisconsiderablevariationamongspeakers.
5、Foratleastsomemultilinguals,itappearsthatL1andL2arestoredinsomewhatdifferentareasofthebrain,butbotharepredominantlyin(probablyoverlapping)areasofthelefthemisphere.However,therighthemispheremightbemoreinvolvedinL2thaninL1.③DoestheorganizationofthebrainforL2inrelationtoL1differ
6、withageofacquisition,howitislearned,orlevelofproficiency?◆Theanswerisprobably“yes”toallthree,withthestrongestbodyofevidenceshowingthatageofacquisitioninfluencesbrainorganizationformanysecondlanguagelearners④Dotwoormorelanguagesshowthesamesortoflossordisruptionafterbraindamage
7、?Whenthereisdifferentialimpairmentorrecover,whichlanguagerecoversfirst?◆Braindamageresultsinthesameorverysimilarpatternsoflossorrecoveryforboth/allofmostmultilingualpersons’languages,butmanyexceptionshavebeenreported.◆thelastlearnedlanguagewouldbethefirstlost,thenext-to-the-l
8、astlearnedthesecondtobelost,andsoforth,withL1thelasttoremain;recover
