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1、Chapter41.Languageandthebrain1)Broca’sarea,whichisusuallyassociatedwiththeproductionoflanguage,orlanguageoutputs.2)Wernicke'sarea,whichisassociatedwiththeprocessingofwordsthatwehearbeingspoken,orlanguageinputs3)Lateralization:languageactivityisnotlocalized,butcorelinguisti
2、cprocessesaretypicallyhousedinthelefthemisphereandispresenttosomeextentevenininfancy4)CriticalPeriodHypothesis:childrenhadonlyalimitednumberofyearsduringwhichtheycouldacquiretheirL1flawlessly;brainplasticityinchildhoodwouldallowotherareasofthebraintotakeoverthelanguagefunc
3、tionsofthedamagedareas,butbeyondacertainage,normallanguagewouldnotbepossible.5)①Howindependentarethelanguagesofmultilingualspeakers?therearethreepossibilityforhowlanguagerelateinanindividual’smind◆Coordinatebilingualism:referstoparallellinguisticsystems,independentofoneano
4、ther◆Compoundbilingualism:referstoafusedandunifiedsystem◆Subordinatebilingualism:referstoonelinguisticsystemaccessedthroughanother②Howaremultiplelanguagestructuresorganizedinrelationtooneanotherinthebrain?Arebothlanguagesstoredinthesameareas?◆thereisconsiderablevariationam
5、ongspeakers.Foratleastsomemultilinguals,itappearsthatL1andL2arestoredinsomewhatdifferentareasofthebrain,butbotharepredominantlyin(probablyoverlapping)areasofthelefthemisphere.However,therighthemispheremightbemoreinvolvedinL2thaninL1.③DoestheorganizationofthebrainforL2inrel
6、ationtoL1differwithageofacquisition,howitislearned,orlevelofproficiency?◆Theanswerisprobably“yes”toallthree,withthestrongestbodyofevidenceshowingthatageofacquisitioninfluencesbrainorganizationformanysecondlanguagelearners④Dotwoormorelanguagesshowthesamesortoflossordisrupti
7、onafterbraindamage?Whenthereisdifferentialimpairmentorrecover,whichlanguagerecoversfirst?◆Braindamageresultsinthesameorverysimilarpatternsoflossorrecoveryforboth/allofmostmultilingualpersons’languages,butmanyexceptionshavebeenreported.◆thelastlearnedlanguagewouldbethefirst
8、lost,thenext-to-the-lastlearnedthesecondtobelost,andsoforth,withL1thelasttoremain;recover
