语言学教程复习资料-胡壮麟.doc

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1、第一章1.Whatislanguage?Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication2.Designfeaturesoflanguage①Arbitrariness(任意性)referstotheformsof linguisticsigns bearnonaturalrelationshiptotheir meaning.(soundsandmeanings)②Duality（二层性）:Thepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,suchth

2、atunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.③Productivity/creativity(创造性）:Languageisproductiveinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.④Displacement(移位性):HumanLanguagesenableth

3、eiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresent(intimeandspace)atmomentofcommunication.(p7)3.Functionsoflanguage① Informative(信息功能):togiveinformationaboutfacts.(ideational)② Interpersonal(人际功能):toestablishandmaintainsocialstatusinasociety.(age,sex,language,background,acc

4、ent,status)③ Performative(施为功能):languageisusedtodothings,toperformcertainactions.(name,promise,apologize,sorry,declare)④.Emotive/Expressive (情感功能):toexpressfeelingsandattitudesofthespeaker.⑤Phaticcommunion(寒暄交流):tousesmallandmeaninglessexpressionstoestablishacomfortablerelationshiporma

5、intainsocialcontactbetweenpeoplewithoutanyfactualcontent.(Health,weather)⑥ Recreationalfunction(娱乐):theuseoflanguageforsheerjoy.(lyrics,poetry)⑦Metalingualfunction(元语言功能):totalkaboutlanguageitself.4.Whatislinguistics?Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedas thescientificstudyoflanguage.5.Import

6、antdistinctionsinlinguisticsDescriptive&prescriptiveSynchronic&diachronicLangue&paroleCompetence&performance6.Descriptive(描写/述性)—describeandanalyzelinguisticfactsorthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse(modernlinguistic)Prescriptive(规定性)—laydownrulesfor “correctandstandard” linguisticbehaviorinu

7、singlanguage(traditionalgrammar: “neveruseadoublenegative”)7.Synchronicstudy (共时)—descriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftime(modernlinguistics)Diachronicstudy(历时)— descriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtime(historicaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime)第四章1．WhatisSyntax （句法）?Syntax