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ID:39783839
大小:71.50 KB
页数:6页
时间:2019-07-11
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1、第一章1.Whatislanguage?Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication2.Designfeaturesoflanguage①Arbitrariness(任意性)referstotheformsof linguisticsigns bearnonaturalrelationshiptotheir meaning.(soundsandmeanings)②Duality(二层性):Thepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstr
2、uctures,suchthatunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.③Productivity/creativity(创造性):Languageisproductiveinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.④Displacement
3、(移位性):HumanLanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresent(intimeandspace)atmomentofcommunication.(p7)3.Functionsoflanguage① Informative(信息功能):togiveinformationaboutfacts.(ideational)② Interpersonal(人际功能):toestablishandmaintainsocialstatusi
4、nasociety.(age,sex,language,background,accent,status)③ Performative(施为功能):languageisusedtodothings,toperformcertainactions.(name,promise,apologize,sorry,declare)④.Emotive/Expressive (情感功能):toexpressfeelingsandattitudesofthespeaker.⑤Phaticcommunion(寒暄交流):tousesmallandmeani
5、nglessexpressionstoestablishacomfortablerelationshipormaintainsocialcontactbetweenpeoplewithoutanyfactualcontent.(Health,weather)⑥ Recreationalfunction(娱乐):theuseoflanguageforsheerjoy.(lyrics,poetry)⑦Metalingualfunction(元语言功能):totalkaboutlanguageitself.4.Whatislinguistics
6、?Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedas thescientificstudyoflanguage.5.ImportantdistinctionsinlinguisticsDescriptive&prescriptiveSynchronic&diachronicLangue&paroleCompetence&performance6.Descriptive(描写/述性)—describeandanalyzelinguisticfactsorthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse(modernlin
7、guistic)Prescriptive(规定性)—laydownrulesfor “correctandstandard” linguisticbehaviorinusinglanguage(traditionalgrammar: “neveruseadoublenegative”)7.Synchronicstudy (共时)—descriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftime(modernlinguistics)Diachronicstudy(历时)— descriptionofalanguageasitc
8、hangesthroughtime(historicaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime)第四章1.WhatisSyntax (句法)?Syntax
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