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时间:2020-03-15
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1、Unit1invitationstolinguistics1.Designfeaturesoflanguage:Thedesignfeatures:thedistinctivefeaturesofhumanlanguagethatessentiallymakehumanlanguagedistinguishablefromlanguagesofanimalslArbitrarinessØTheabsenceofanyphysicalcorrespondencebetweenlinguisticsignalsandtheentitiesto
2、whichtheyrefer./Theformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.üArbitrarinessrelationshipbetweenthesoundofamorphemeanditsmeaning.(e.g.murmurous/murderous)üArbitrarinessatthesyntacticlevelFunctionalistsholdthatthemoststrictlyarbitraryleveloflanguageexiste
3、dinthedistinctiveunitsofsoundsbywhichwedistinguishpairsofwordslikepinandbin,orfishanddish.(e.g.Asthenightfell,thewindrose.)üArbitrarinessandconventionConvention:itisanidiom------itisaconventiontosaythingslikethisway.(WheninRome,doasromansdo.)lDuality:ØThestructuralorganiz
4、ationoflanguageintotwoabstractlevels:meaningfulunits(wordsandphrase)andmeaninglesssegments(soundandletters)ØThesecondaryunitsaremeaninglessandtheprimaryunitsaremeaningful.üTrafficlightsystemdoesnothaveduality:itcannotbedividedintomeaninglessunits,soitonlyhasprimarylevelli
5、keanimals.ØAlargenumberofmeaningfulunitscanbeformedoutofasmallnumberofelements----productivepower.lCreativityØThespeakerisabletocombinethebasiclinguisticunitstoformaninfinitesetofsentences,mostofwhichareneverbeforeproducedorheard.ØIt’spotentialtocreateendlesssentences.(re
6、cursiveness)lDisplacementTheabilityoflanguageenabletheiruserssymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresent(intimeandspace)atthemomentofcommunication.2.OriginoflanguagelThe“bow-bow”theory:imitatingofanimalcallsinwildenvironmentlThe“pooh-pooh”theory:theyutterinstinct
7、ivesoundsofpain,angerandjoy.lThe“yo-he-yo”theory:asprimitivepeopleworkedtogether,theyproducedsomerhythmicgruntswhichgraduallydevelopedintochantsandthenintolanguage.1.Functionsoflanguage:lInformativefunction:totellandtogivesomethingoutlInterpersonalfunction:(人际功能)bywhichpe
8、opleestablishandmaintaintheirstatusinasociety.ØForexample,thewayinwhichpeopleaddressothersandref
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