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1、语言教学流派简述Theaimsoflanguagelearninghavechangedovertime.Whereasinthepast,learningalanguagewasseenasanintellectualchallenge(Latin,thetraditionalGrammarTranslationApproach),inthepresentclimate,thereisagreateremphasisonlearninglanguageasapracticalskilland/
2、orasatoolforotherpurposes(businessforinstance).Atthebeginningofthetwentiethcentury,asstructuralismwasbecomingdefined,thefirstmachinedesignedtoteachlanguagewasinvented.AroundthetimeClaudeShannon(1937)wasformulatinghisInformationTheorywhichwastohavesom
3、einfluenceonstructurallinguistics,theterm"AppliedLinguistics"wasusedforthefirsttime,intheUSA.Skinner'sbook"TheScienceofLearningandtheArtofTeaching"waspublishedin1954,3yearsbeforeLado'sinfluentialbook"AppliedLinguisticsforLanguageTeachers"(1957).Contr
4、arytowhatisgenerallyknown,thefounderofBehaviorismwasnotSkinnerbutJohnB.Watsonin1925.Itis,however,Skinner'sapplicationofbehaviorismtolearningwhichwastohavealastinginfluenceontheuseofmachinesineducationandthevogueforAudioLanguageLaboratories.1957wasals
5、otheyearofthepublicationof"SyntacticStructures"byNoamChomsky.Audiolingualismpeakedinthe1960s.In1961,thefirstlanguagelaboratorywasestablishedinaneducationalinstitutionintheUK.TheAudiolingualApproachbasedonbehaviorismandstructuralismemphasizedthespoken
6、ratherthanthewrittenformandpresentedthelearnerwithacarefullygradedseriesof"conditioningandhabit-formingmodesoflearning".In1963,C.Gastagnopublished"Thesilentway".In1966,theTESOLassociationwasformed.In1968,Riverspublished"Teachingforeignlanguageskills"
7、.Thebookblendedprevalentaudiolingualtheorywithanew"cognitive"approachwhichwasbeginningtoassertitself.Itwasatthebeginningofthe70sthatthe"communicativeapproachwasborn".ThisisgenerallyattributedtoHymes(1972)whodefined"communicativecompetence"asopposedto
8、Chomskyan"linguisticcompetence",althoughWilkinsin1971alsoproposedafunctionalandcommunicativeapproachtolanguagelearning.Wilkinswasalsoresponsiblefor"NotionalSyllabuses"somefiveyearslater(1976).Ayearlater,Asher'sTotalPhysicalResponseapproachwasborn(197
