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1、nSeptember2015,RussialaunchedaseriesofairstrikesinSyria,intheMiddleEastbeyondSyria,todefinethenatureofRussianmarkingthebeginningofasignificantandsustainedmilitaryengagementintheregion,andtodescribethecontoursofaRussianIintervention.ManyintheWesternpolicycommunityweresur-strategyintheMiddleEast.pri
2、sedbyRussia’sactions.Arguably,iftheanalyticalcommunityThereisgoodreasontobroadenourunderstandingofRussianhadmoreeffectivelyunderstoodRussia’sinterests,objectives,andstrategyintheMiddleEast.AnalyzingRussianstrategycanhelpapproach,Moscow’smilitaryinterventioninSyriawouldnothavepreventunwelcomesurpri
3、ses.KnowingwhereandwhenRussiaisbeenasurprise.ThenatureandscaleofRussia’sactionspromptedlikelytocommiteconomic,military,ordiplomaticresourcescantheauthorsofthisPerspectivetoask:Whatelsemightbemiss-allowtimeandspaceforpreemptiveormitigatingactions.TomanyinginthecollectiveunderstandingofRussia’swider
4、interestsandWesternobservers,Russia’sregionalengagementandapproachmayactionsintheMiddleEast?1notlooklikeastrategy:Itfocusesontheshortterm,andmanyofWhiletheliteratureonRussiaintheMiddleEastisextensive,itsactionsappearruthlesslyopportunistic.However,wearguethatrecentanalysishasunderstandablyfocusedo
5、nSyria,givinglessaformofstrategycanbediscerned.attentiontoMoscow’srelationswithothercountriesintheregion.TheanalysispresentedherewasdevelopedthroughtwoAsoflate2016,thislackoffocusonRussianactivityinthebroadersubject-matterexpertworkshopsandastructuredliteraturereviewMiddleEasthadlefttheimportantqu
6、estionofMoscow’sregionalofRussianrelationsintheMiddleEast.Thetwoworkshopswerestrategyandlonger-termintentallbutunaddressed.ThisPerspec-convenedinLondonandWashington,D.C.,in2016.WeengagedtiveseekstoidentifytheimportantelementsofRussianinterestsparticipantsfromRussia,theMiddleEast,Europe,andtheUnite
7、deconomic,military,andpoliticaladvantageswhilereducingtheRussia’sregionalengagementandapproachshort-termadvantagesofprospectiveadversaries.Thisisaresource-maynotlooklikeastrategy:Itfocusesontheandopportunity-depe
