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1、42Soil–Foundation–StructureInteraction42.1Introduction42.2DescriptionofSFSIProblemsBridgeFoundationTypes•DefinitionofSFSIProblems•Demandvs.CapacityEvaluations42.3CurrentStateofthePracticeElastodynamicMethod•Empiricalp–yMethod42.4SeismicInputstoSFSISystemF
2、ree-FieldRock-OutcropMotionsatControlPointLocation•Free-FieldRock-OutcropMotionsatPierSupportLocations•Free-FieldSoilMotions42.5CharacterizationofSoil–FoundationSystemElastodynamicModel•Empiricalp–yModel•HybridModel42.6DemandAnalysisProceduresWen-ShouTse
3、ngEquationsofMotion•SolutionProceduresInternationalCivilEngineeringConsultants,Inc.42.7DemandAnalysisExamplesCaissonFoundation•Slender-PileGroupJosephPenzienFoundation•Large-DiameterShaftFoundationInternationalCivilEngineeringConsultants,Inc.42.8Capacity
4、Evaluations42.9ConcludingStatements42.1IntroductionPriortothe1971SanFernando,Californiaearthquake,nearlyalldamagestobridgesduringearthquakeswerecausedbygroundfailures,suchasliquefaction,differentialsettlement,slides,and/orspreading;littledamagewascausedb
5、yseismicallyinducedvibrations.Vibratoryresponseconsiderationshadbeenlimitedprimarilytowindexcitationsoflargebridges,thegreatimportanceofwhichwasmadeapparentbyfailureoftheTacomaNarrowssuspensionbridgeintheearly1940s,andtomovingloadsandimpactexcitationsofs
6、mallerbridges.Theimportanceofdesigningbridgestowithstandthevibratoryresponseproducedduringearthquakeswasrevealedbythe1971SanFernandoearthquakeduringwhichmanybridgestruc-turescollapsed.Similarbridgefailuresoccurredduringthe1989LomaPrietaand1994Northridge,
7、Californiaearthquakes,andthe1995Kobe,Japanearthquake.Asaresultoftheseexperiences,muchhasbeendonerecentlytoimproveprovisionsinseismicdesigncodes,advancemodelingandanalysis©2000byCRCPressLLCprocedures,anddevelopmoreeffectivedetaildesigns,allaimedatensuring
8、thatnewlydesignedandretrofittedbridgeswillperformsatisfactorilyduringfutureearthquakes.Unfortunately,manyoftheexistingolderbridgesintheUnitedStatesandothercountries,whicharelocatedinregionsofmoderatetohighseismicintensity,h
