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1、Blackhumor(黑色幽默)Blackhumorisalsoknownasblackcomedy.Itisakindofwritingthatplacesgrotesqueelementssidebysidewithhumorousonesinanattempttoshockthereader,forcinghimorhertolaughatthehorrifyingrealityofadisorderedworld.Irony(反讽)The use of words to convey a meaning that is the opposite of its
2、literal meaningMetaphor(暗喻)A metaphor isa figureofspeech thatdescribesasubjectbyassertingthatitis,onsomepointofcomparison,thesameasanotherotherwiseunrelatedobject.Renaissance(文艺复兴)TheRenaissancewasaculturalmovementthatprofoundlyaffectedEuropeanintellectuallifeintheearlymodernperiod.Begi
3、nninginItaly,andspreadingtotherestofEuropebythe16thcentury,itsinfluencewasfeltinliterature,philosophy,art,music,politics,science,religion,andotheraspectsofintellectualinquiry.Renaissancescholarsemployedthe humanist methodinstudy,andsearchedforrealismandhumanemotioninart.EnlightenmentMov
4、ement(启蒙运动)EnlightenmentmovementwasaprogressivephilosophicalandartisticmovementwhichflourishedinFranceandsweptthroughWesternEuropeinthe18thcentury. Itspurposewastoreformsocietyusingreason,challengeideasgroundedintraditionandfaith,andadvanceknowledgethroughthescientificmethod.Itcelebrate
5、dreasonorrationality,equalityandscience.Itadvocateduniversaleducation.Romanticism(浪漫主义)Inthemid-18thcentury,anewliterarymovementcalledromanticismcametoEuropeandthentoEngland.Itwascharacterizedbyastrongprotestagainstthebondage(奴役)ofneoclassicism,whichemphasizedreason,orderandelegantwit.I
6、nstead,romanticismgaveprimaryconcerntopassion,emotion,andnaturalbeauty.TheEnglishromanticperiodisanageofpoetry,whichprevailedinEnglandfrom1798to1837.CriticalRealism(批判现实主义)CriticalRealismisatermappliedtotherealisticfictioninthelate19thandearly20thcenturies.Itmeansthetendencyofwritersand
7、intellectualsintheperiodbetween1875and1920toapplythemethodsofrealisticfictiontothecriticismofsocietyandtheexaminationofsocialissues.Realistwriterswereallconcernedaboutthefateofthecommonpeopleanddescribedwhatwasfaithfultoreality.CharlesDickensisthemostimportantcriticalrealist.Na
