曼昆《经济学原理》11 public_goods--(汉魅HanMei—经.ppt

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1、11PublicGoodsandCommonResource“Thebestthingsinlifearefree...”Freegoodsprovideaspecialchallengeforeconomicanalysis.Mostgoodsinoureconomyareallocatedinmarkets…“Thebestthingsinlifearefree...”Whengoodsareavailablefreeofcharge,themarketforcesthatnormallyallocateresourcesinourec

2、onomyareabsent.“Thebestthingsinlifearefree...”Whenagooddoesnothaveapriceattachedtoit,privatemarketscannotensurethatthegoodisproducedandconsumedintheproperamounts.“Thebestthingsinlifearefree...”Insuchcases,governmentpolicycanpotentiallyremedythemarketfailurethatresults,andr

3、aiseeconomicwell-being.THEDIFFERENTKINDSOFGOODSWhenthinkingaboutthevariousgoodsintheeconomy,itisusefultogroupthemaccordingtotwocharacteristics:Isthegoodexcludable?Isthegoodrival?THEDIFFERENTKINDSOFGOODSExcludabilityExcludabilityreferstothepropertyofagoodwherebyapersoncan

4、bepreventedfromusingit.RivalryRivalryreferstothepropertyofagoodwherebyoneperson’susediminishesotherpeople’suse.THEDIFFERENTKINDSOFGOODSFourTypesofGoodsPrivateGoodsPublicGoodsCommonResourcesNaturalMonopoliesTHEDIFFERENTKINDSOFGOODSPrivateGoodsArebothexcludableandrival.Pub

5、licGoodsAreneitherexcludablenorrival.CommonResourcesArerivalbutnotexcludable.NaturalMonopoliesAreexcludablebutnotrival.Figure1FourTypesofGoodsCopyright©2004South-WesternRival?YesYes•Ice-creamcones•Clothing•Congestedtollroads•Fireprotection•CableTV•UncongestedtollroadsNoPri

6、vateGoodsNaturalMonopoliesNoExcludable?•Fishintheocean•Theenvironment•Congestednontollroads•Tornadosiren•Nationaldefense•UncongestednontollroadsCommonResourcesPublicGoodsPUBLICGOODSAfree-riderisapersonwhoreceivesthebenefitofagoodbutavoidspayingforit.TheFree-RiderProblemSin

7、cepeoplecannotbeexcludedfromenjoyingthebenefitsofapublicgood,individualsmaywithholdpayingforthegoodhopingthatotherswillpayforit.Thefree-riderproblempreventsprivatemarketsfromsupplyingpublicgoods.TheFree-RiderProblemSolvingtheFree-RiderProblemThegovernmentcandecidetoprovide

8、thepublicgoodifthetotalbenefitsexceedthecosts.Thegovernmentcanmakeeveryonebetteroffbyprov