曼昆《经济学原理》15 monopoly--(汉魅HanMei—经济金.ppt

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1、15MonopolyWhileacompetitivefirmisapricetaker,amonopolyfirmisapricemaker.Afirmisconsideredamonopolyif...itisthesolesellerofitsproduct.itsproductdoesnothaveclosesubstitutes.WHYMONOPOLIESARISEThefundamentalcauseofmonopolyisbarrierstoentry.WHYMONOPOLIESARISEBarrierstoentryhavet

2、hreesources:Ownershipofakeyresource.Thegovernmentgivesasinglefirmtheexclusiverighttoproducesomegood.Costsofproductionmakeasingleproducermoreefficientthanalargenumberofproducers.MonopolyResourcesAlthoughexclusiveownershipofakeyresourceisapotentialsourceofmonopoly,inpracticem

3、onopoliesrarelyariseforthisreason.Government-CreatedMonopoliesGovernmentsmayrestrictentrybygivingasinglefirmtheexclusiverighttosellaparticulargoodincertainmarkets.Government-CreatedMonopoliesPatentandcopyrightlawsaretwoimportantexamplesofhowgovernmentcreatesamonopolytoserve

4、thepublicinterest.NaturalMonopoliesAnindustryisanaturalmonopolywhenasinglefirmcansupplyagoodorservicetoanentiremarketatasmallercostthancouldtwoormorefirms.NaturalMonopoliesAnaturalmonopolyariseswhenthereareeconomiesofscaleovertherelevantrangeofoutput.Figure1EconomiesofScale

5、asaCauseofMonopolyCopyright©2004South-WesternQuantityofOutputAveragetotalcost0CostHOWMONOPOLIESMAKEPRODUCTIONANDPRICINGDECISIONSMonopolyversusCompetitionMonopolyIsthesoleproducerFacesadownward-slopingdemandcurveIsapricemakerReducespricetoincreasesalesCompetitiveFirmIsoneofm

6、anyproducersFacesahorizontaldemandcurveIsapricetakerSellsasmuchoraslittleatsamepriceFigure2DemandCurvesforCompetitiveandMonopolyFirmsCopyright©2004South-WesternQuantityofOutputDemand(a)ACompetitiveFirm’sDemandCurve(b)AMonopolist’sDemandCurve0PriceQuantityofOutput0PriceDeman

7、dAMonopoly’sRevenueTotalRevenuePQ=TRAverageRevenueTR/Q=AR=PMarginalRevenueDTR/DQ=MRTable1AMonopoly’sTotal,Average,andMarginalRevenueCopyright©2004South-WesternAMonopoly’sRevenueAMonopoly’sMarginalRevenueAmonopolist’smarginalrevenueisalwayslessthanthepriceofitsgood.Thedema

8、ndcurveisdownwardsloping.Whenamonopolydropsthepricetosellonemoreunit,therevenuerec