曼昆 经济学原理 19-收入与歧视.ppt

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1、EarningsandDiscriminationChapter19DifferencesinEarningsintheU.S.TodayThetypicalphysicianearnsabout$200,000ayear.Thetypicalpoliceofficerearnsabout$50,000ayear.Thetypicalfarmworkerearnsabout$20,000ayear.Whatcausesearningstovarysomuch?Wagesaregovernedbylaborsu

2、pplyandlabordemand.Labordemandreflectsthemarginalproductivityoflabor.Whatcausesearningstovarysomuch?Inequilibrium,eachworkerispaidthevalueofhisorhermarginalcontributiontotheeconomy’sproductionofgoodsandservices.SomeDeterminantsofEquilibriumWagesCompensating

3、differentialsHumancapitalAbility,effort,andchanceSignalingThesuperstarphenomenonCompensatingDifferentialsCompensatingdifferentialsrefertodifferencesinwagesthatarisesfromnonmonetarycharacteristicsofdifferentjobs.Coalminersarepaidmorethanotherswithsimilarleve

4、lsofeducation.Nightshiftworkersarepaidmorethandayshiftworkers.Professorsarepaidlessthanlawyersanddoctors.HumanCapitalHumancapitalistheaccumulationofinvestmentsinpeople.Themostimportanttypeofhumancapitaliseducation.HumanCapitalEducationrepresentsanexpenditur

5、eofresourcesatonepointintimetoraiseproductivityinthefuture.CollegegraduatesintheU.S.earnabout65percentmorethanworkerswithahighschooldiploma.AverageAnnualearningsbyEducationalAttainmentWhyhasthegapinearningsbetweenskilledandunskilledworkersriseninrecentyears

6、?Internationaltradehasalteredtherelativedemandforskilledandunskilledlabor.Changesintechnologyhavealteredtherelativedemandforskilledandunskilledlabor.Ability,Effort,andChanceAnAlternativeViewofEducation:SignalingFirmsuseeducationalattainmentasawayofsortingbe

7、tweenhigh-abilityandlow-abilityworkers.Itisrationalforfirmstointerpretacollegedegreeasasignalofability.TheSuperstarPhenomenonSuperstarsariseinmarketsthatexhibitthefollowingcharacteristics:Everycustomerinthemarketwantstoenjoythegoodsuppliedbythebestproducer.

8、Thegoodisproducedwithatechnologythatmakesitpossibleforthebestproducertosupplyeverycustomeratalowcost.Whyare,forsomeworkers,wagessetabovethelevelthatbringssupplyanddemandintoequilibrium?Minimum-wagelaws