曼昆经济学原理19-收入与歧视

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1、EarningsandDiscriminationChapter19DifferencesinEarningsintheU.S.TodayThetypicalphysicianearnsabout$200,000ayear.Thetypicalpoliceofficerearnsabout$50,000ayear.Thetypicalfarmworkerearnsabout$20,000ayear.Whatcausesearningstovarysomuch?Wagesaregovernedbylaborsupplyan

2、dlabordemand.Labordemandreflectsthemarginalproductivityoflabor.Whatcausesearningstovarysomuch?Inequilibrium,eachworkerispaidthevalueofhisorhermarginalcontributiontotheeconomy’sproductionofgoodsandservices.SomeDeterminantsofEquilibriumWagesCompensatingdifferential

3、sHumancapitalAbility,effort,andchanceSignalingThesuperstarphenomenonCompensatingDifferentialsCompensatingdifferentialsrefertodifferencesinwagesthatarisesfromnonmonetarycharacteristicsofdifferentjobs.Coalminersarepaidmorethanotherswithsimilarlevelsofeducation.Nigh

4、tshiftworkersarepaidmorethandayshiftworkers.Professorsarepaidlessthanlawyersanddoctors.HumanCapitalHumancapitalistheaccumulationofinvestmentsinpeople.Themostimportanttypeofhumancapitaliseducation.HumanCapitalEducationrepresentsanexpenditureofresourcesatonepointin

5、timetoraiseproductivityinthefuture.CollegegraduatesintheU.S.earnabout65percentmorethanworkerswithahighschooldiploma.AverageAnnualearningsbyEducationalAttainmentWhyhasthegapinearningsbetweenskilledandunskilledworkersriseninrecentyears?Internationaltradehasalteredt

6、herelativedemandforskilledandunskilledlabor.Changesintechnologyhavealteredtherelativedemandforskilledandunskilledlabor.Ability,Effort,andChanceAnAlternativeViewofEducation:SignalingFirmsuseeducationalattainmentasawayofsortingbetweenhigh-abilityandlow-abilityworke

7、rs.Itisrationalforfirmstointerpretacollegedegreeasasignalofability.TheSuperstarPhenomenonSuperstarsariseinmarketsthatexhibitthefollowingcharacteristics:Everycustomerinthemarketwantstoenjoythegoodsuppliedbythebestproducer.Thegoodisproducedwithatechnologythatmakesi

8、tpossibleforthebestproducertosupplyeverycustomeratalowcost.Whyare,forsomeworkers,wagessetabovethelevelthatbringssupplyanddemandintoequilibrium?Minimum-wagelaws